Tardive dystonia and tardive sensory syndrome related to trazodone: a case report

Putative Mechanism of Action of Trazodone-Related Oromandibular Dyskinesia

This is a case report of three cases of trazodone-induced buccal-lingual dyskinesias. Each case demonstrated the distinct pattern of the development of this dyskinesia after trazodone exposure for several months. All cases showed abrupt cessation of the movement disorder when the drug was discontinued. One of the three cases demonstrated a highly unusual presentation of an on/off pattern of buccal dyskinesia directly related to repetitive exposure and termination of the drug trazodone. Two of the three cases had no prior exposure to any dopamine blocking agents. One of the three had a distant exposure to a dopamine antagonist. As opposed to other antidepressants, trazodone has a mechanism of action which can account for both the development and treatment of dyskinetic movements. Its metabolite, M/chlorophenylpiperazine (M-CPP) is a 5HT2C agonist capable of causing abnormal oral-facial movements in rodent models. The presence of oromandibular dyskinetic movements can occur spontaneously with age, with trazodone being a potential predisposing factor. This article will discuss proposed mechanisms for trazodone's action with an emphasis on case reports of dystonic movements.

Tardive sensory syndrome related to lurasidone: A case report

BACKGROUND

Tardive sensory syndrome (TSS) is a subtype of tardive syndrome (TS), and its etiology is still uncertain. Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic that has high affinity for dopamine D2- and serotonergic 5HT2A- and 5-HT7-receptors.

CASE SUMMARY

A 52-year-old woman, previously diagnosed with schizophrenia, and with no history of movement disorders and no sensory paresthesia, had taken lurasidone, initiate dose 40 mg daily then up titration to 120 mg daily, since March 2021, and developed mandibular sensory (pain) paresthesia after 3 mo of administration. After switching from lurasidone to quetiapine, she reported obvious impr-ovement in her mandibular pain.

CONCLUSION

It is noteworthy that TSS is a rare subtype of TS, and lurasidone, an atypical antipsychotic, usually has a lower risk of causing TS. In light of the temporal relationship, it is therefore concluded that use of lurasidone might have caused TSS in this patient. We reported this rare case as a reminder that clinicians should adopt a cautious approach when prescribing atypical antipsychotics, so as to prevent TS.

Tardive Oromandibular Dystonia Induced by Trazodone: A Clinical Case and Management from the Perspective of the Dental Specialist

BACKGROUND

Tardive Oromandibular Dystonia is an iatrogenic drug-induced movement form of extrapyramidal symptoms associated primarily with chronic consumption of dopamine receptor blocking agents. Tardive symptoms attributable to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants are far less prevalent.

CLINICAL CASE

The authors will present a clinical case and management, from the dental specialist perspective, of a 55-year-old female patient who developed tardive oromandibular dystonia induced by Trazodone prescribed for sleep insomnia.

CONCLUSIONS

Trazodone-induced oromandibular dystonia is extremely rare. Early identification and assessment of tardive symptoms are imperative for successful treatment. Trazodone should be prescribed with caution in patients taking other medications with the potential to cause tardive syndromes.

Tardive dystonia improved with discontinuation of trazodone in an elderly schizophrenia patient: a case report

BACKGROUND

Tardive dystonia associated with antidepressant use is rare and often under-recognized. We had an experience with trazodone, which is used for delirium and insomnia prescribed in general hospital, inducing tardive dystonia.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 61-year-old Japanese woman had been treated for schizophrenia. She was moved to general hospital because of consciousness disturbance. She was prescribed trazodone (25 mg/day) for delirium and insomnia. After she was discharged, she returned to the psychiatric hospital with tardive dystonia. Her dystonia symptoms improved with 3 days of discontinuing trazodone.

CONCLUSION

In the present case, long-term use of trazodone induced tardive dystonia. Discontinuing trazodone rapidly improved tardive dystonia.

Tardive dyskinesia: Epidemiology

The term tardive syndrome (TS) encompasses a few different phenomenologic conditions, some of which occur in isolation and others in association with each other. This, along with the unusual confound for a drug side effect, in which increased use of the drug improves the problem, and the need for most patients to continue taking the offending drug, makes understanding the epidemiology difficult and unreliable. While the change from the "first generation" to the "second generation" of antipsychotic drugs is generally believed to have reduced the incidence of TS, prospective research studies have not supported that contention. Published reports have found point prevalences of 13% with second generation antipsychotics and 32% with first, yet others have found no differences. One study found increasing rates of TS with a 68% prevalence by 25 years, while another found a decreased prevalence over time, due presumably to masking effects of the antipsychotic drugs. Regardless of the possible differences, it is clear that TS remains a significant and common problem associated with almost all antipsychotic drugs. There have also been scattered reports of TS caused by drugs not known to inhibit dopamine receptors. These are reviewed and were found to be often of dubious reliability.

Acute Dystonia After Single Dose of Bupropion

Bupropion is an antidepressant that is effective in the treatment of major depressive disorders, smoking cessation, and sexual side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acute dystonia is characterized by prolonged muscle contraction often represented by spasms of the head and neck muscles as well as occasional jaw clenching and temporomandibular joint syndrome. Although it is believed that dystonia is the result of an abnormality of the basal ganglia, its pathophysiology is still unclear. A few cases of dystonia resulting from bupropion have been reported in prior research papers. This case report discusses a patient who had a neck spasm painful enough to wake him up and dystonic distortion after taking only one dose of 75 mg bupropion. The patient was a young 34-year-old man with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with 60 mg fluoxetine. Bupropion was added to his medications because of sexual side effects caused by the fluoxetine. It seems that we must be careful to watch for dystonic symptoms when bupropion is mixed with other drugs that affect serotonin reuptake. Although dystonia is a rare side effect of bupropion, physicians should be aware of it and manage it if it occurs.

Drug-induced hyperkinetic movement disorders by nonneuroleptic agents

Hyperkinetic movement disorders are characterized by excess movement, and include chorea, akathesia, asterixis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, and tics. A wide variety of pharmacologic agents may induce or exacerbate these disorders. Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and levodopa-induced hyperkinesia are the most common causes of medication-induced chorea. However, several nonneuroleptic agents, including antidepressants and antiepileptic medications, may also worsen hyperkinetic movement disorders. Over-the-counter medications, such as analgesics and antiheartburn medications, have also occasionally been implicated as causing hyperkinetic movement disorders. Most information regarding drug-induced hyperkinetic disorders comes from case reports and anecdotes, rather than controlled clinical trials. Further research with larger controlled trials needs to verify many of these findings.

Duloxetine-related tardive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia: a case report

Tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia are caused by dopamine receptor blocking agents, mostly antipsychotics and sometimes antidepressants or calcium channel blockers. Duloxetine-related tardive syndrome is rarely reported in the literature. We report one case of tardive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia occurring in a 58-year-old female with major depressive disorder, who developed distressing oral dyskinesia, mandibular dystonia with trismus and dystonia over left neck after treatment of duloxetine (30-60 mg per day) for 18 months. Despite discontinuation of duloxetine, she only obtained partial remission. Even though this association has been rarely reported, duloxetine may pose a potential risk of inducing tardive syndrome. Clinicians should cautiously detect early signs of movement abnormality when prescribing antidepressants.