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Hwang YW, Shin TJ, Seo JH, Kim MH, Lee WJ, Ruoff RS, Seong WK, Lee SH. Effect of Sample Geometry on Graphitization of Polyacrylonitrile. Small 2024:e2400301. [PMID: 38712481 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In this study, it is analyzed how sample geometry (spheres, nanofibers, or films) influences the graphitization behavior of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) molecules. The chemical bonding and changes in the composition of these three geometries are studied at the oxidation, carbonization, and graphitization stages via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in situ thermogravimetric-infrared (TGA-IR) analysis, elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of molecular alignment on the graphitization of the three sample geometries is investigated using synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of molecular alignment at different draw rates during spinning are explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Hwang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fiber System Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyeok Kim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Lee
- Department of Fiber System Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyung Seong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Mamun A, Kiari M, Sabantina L. A Recent Review of Electrospun Porous Carbon Nanofiber Mats for Energy Storage and Generation Applications. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:830. [PMID: 37888002 PMCID: PMC10608773 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats have excellent properties, such as a large surface area, tunable porosity, and excellent electrical conductivity, and have attracted great attention in energy storage and power generation applications. Moreover, due to their exceptional properties, they can be used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), membrane electrodes for fuel cells, catalytic applications such as oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs), and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs), and sensing applications such as biosensors, electrochemical sensors, and chemical sensors, providing a comprehensive insight into energy storage development and applications. This study focuses on the role of electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats in improving energy storage and generation and contributes to a better understanding of the fabrication process of electrospun porous carbon nanofiber mats. In addition, a comprehensive review of various alternative preparation methods covering a wide range from natural polymers to synthetic carbon-rich materials is provided, along with insights into the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Junior Research Group “Nanomaterials”, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mohamed Kiari
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Materials, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Faculty of Apparel Engineering and Textile Processing, Berlin University of Applied Sciences—HTW Berlin, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Acarer S, Pir İ, Tüfekci M, Erkoç T, Öztekin V, Dikicioğlu C, Demirkol GT, Durak SG, Özçoban MŞ, Çoban TYT, Çavuş S, Tüfekci N. Characterisation and Mechanical Modelling of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Nanocomposite Membranes Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12213721. [PMID: 36364496 PMCID: PMC9657008 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, neat polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and fumed silica (FS)-doped PAN membranes (0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt% doped PAN/FS) are prepared using the phase inversion method and are characterised extensively. According to the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, the addition of FS to the neat PAN membrane and the added amount changed the stresses in the membrane structure. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results show that the addition of FS increased the porosity of the membrane. The water content of all fabricated membranes varied between 50% and 88.8%, their porosity ranged between 62.1% and 90%, and the average pore size ranged between 20.1 and 21.8 nm. While the neat PAN membrane's pure water flux is 299.8 L/m2 h, it increased by 26% with the addition of 0.5 wt% FS. Furthermore, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques are used to investigate the membranes' thermal properties. Finally, the mechanical characterisation of manufactured membranes is performed experimentally with tensile testing under dry and wet conditions. To be able to provide further explanation to the explored mechanics of the membranes, numerical methods, namely the finite element method and Mori-Tanaka mean-field homogenisation are performed. The mechanical characterisation results show that FS reinforcement increases the membrane rigidity and wet membranes exhibit more compliant behaviour compared to dry membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Acarer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - İnci Pir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Mertol Tüfekci
- South Kensington Campus, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tuğba Erkoç
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Vehbi Öztekin
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Can Dikicioğlu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul 34437, Turkey
| | - Güler Türkoğlu Demirkol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Güneş Durak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şükrü Özçoban
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul 34220, Turkey
| | - Tuba Yelda Temelli Çoban
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Selva Çavuş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Neşe Tüfekci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul 34320, Turkey
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Pierpaoli M, Jakóbczyk P, Dec B, Giosuè C, Czerwińska N, Lewkowicz A, Ruello ML, Bogdanowicz R. A novel hierarchically-porous diamondized polyacrylonitrile sponge-like electrodes for acetaminophen electrochemical detection. Electrochim Acta 2022; 430:141083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Rodaev VV, Razlivalova SS, Tyurin AI, Vasyukov VM. The Nanofibrous CaO Sorbent for CO2 Capture. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:1677. [PMID: 35630899 PMCID: PMC9146495 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The nanofibrous CaO sorbent for high-temperature CO2 capture was fabricated by the calcination of electrospun composite filaments containing calcium acetylacetonate and polyacrylonitrile as a calcium-oxide precursor and a binder polymer, respectively. The calcination was carried out in air to prevent PAN carbonization and to obtain pure CaO nanofibers. The resulting mats of CaO nanofibers with the average diameter of 130 nm were characterized by a specific surface area of 31 m2/g, a CO2-uptake capacity of 16.4 mmol/g at the carbonation temperature of 618 °C, a hardness of 1.87 MPa, and the indentation Young’s modulus of 786 MPa. The low decarbonation temperature makes the fabricated sorbent promising, for example, for the calcium-looping technology of CO2 removal from the hot exhaust gases of fossil-fueled power plants.
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Kumar M, Venugopal AKP, Pakshirajan K. Novel biologically synthesized metal nanopowder from wastewater for dye removal application. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:38478-38492. [PMID: 35080723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel adsorbent based on metal sulfide nanoparticles (MeSNPs) was biologically synthesized from metallic wastewater and examined for azo dyes removal from aqueous solution in batch and continuous systems. The size of the MeSNPs was in the range of 8-10 nm, with an average specific surface area of 120.4 m2/g. Batch adsorption study was then carried out using Direct Red 80 (DR 80) and Mordant Blue 9 (MB 9) as the model azo dyes by varying MeSNPs dosage, contact time, pH, and initial dye concentration. More than 99% removal efficiency of both the dyes was achieved by using MeSNPs at the following optimum conditions: 200 mg dosage, pH 2, 6 min contact time, and 100 mg L-1 initial dye concentration. The batch sorption isotherm results were described using the Sips model, with the maximum predicted capacity values of 143.7 and 198.3 mg of dye per gram of adsorbent for DR 80 and MB 9, respectively. Besides, the sorption kinetic data for both the dyes followed the pseudo-second-order rate. Furthermore, maximum desorption efficiency values of 93% for DR 80 and 97% for MB 9 were achieved using an aqueous solution of pH 12, thus indicating that the adsorbent can be regenerated and reused further. Dynamic adsorption of the dyes was studied using a fixed-bed column with the MeSNPs as a function of liquid flow rates. The results showed an increase in breakthrough time with a decline in the flow rates for both DR 80 and MB 9 and the breakthrough behavior was explained using Thomas, Clark, and Yoon-Nelson models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Madej M, Lipińska J, Kapica R, Kędzierska-Sar A, Frątczak E, Kochana J, Baś B, Tyczkowski J. Innovative modification of the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes by nanofilms directly deposited in cold acrylonitrile plasma. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Febrina M, Rianjanu A, Rajak A, Mukti RR, Djamal M. Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Mixed with Citric Acid as a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Ammonia Vapor Sensor. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melany Febrina
- Department of Physics Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
- Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
| | - Aditya Rianjanu
- Department of Materials Engineering Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
- Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
| | - Abdul Rajak
- Department of Physics Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
| | - Rino R. Mukti
- Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center for Catalysis Reaction and Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung 40132 Indonesia
- Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
| | - Mitra Djamal
- Department of Physics Institut Teknologi Sumatera Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung Lampung 35365 Indonesia
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9
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Liu Q, Yang X, Xuan D, Lu Z, Luo F, Li S, Ye Y, Wang D, Miao C, Liu Z, Wang D, Zheng Z. Insights into pyrolysis behavior of polyacrylonitrile precursors using Py-GC/MS. Chem Pap 2021; 75:5297-5311. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Mutharani B, Ranganathan P, Tsai HC, Lai JY. Synthesis of hierarchically porous 3D polymeric carbon superstructures with nitrogen-doping by self-transformation: a robust electrocatalyst for the detection of herbicide bentazone. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:271. [PMID: 34302235 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bentazone (BEZ) is one of the utmost selective problematic contact-past herbicide with high toxicity for humans owing to feasible contamination of surface and ground water. In this work, an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the sensitive detection of BEZ, based on hierarchically porous three-dimensional (3D) carbon superstructures (CS)-modified electrodes. The CSs (namely, CSHEX, CSPY, CSACN, and CSNOS) were prepared by the pyrolysis process from organic porous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) superstructure particles (namely, PANHEX, PANPY, PANACN, and PANNOS) obtained by free radical polymerization method using different solvents (hexane, pyridine, acetonitrile, and also no solvent). The assembly with the working electrode of CSs causes the electrocatalytic BEZ oxidation by rapid electron transfer compared to the PAN superstructures and bare electrodes. Intriguingly, compared to all electrodes, CSHEX-modified electrode showed the superior electrochemical detection of BEZ at a working potential of 0.99 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), very low detection limit (0.002 μM), wide dynamic linear range (0.03 to 200 μM), high sensitivity (9.95 μA μM-1 cm-2), and excellent reliability. The advanced sensors displayed an intensification of oxidation peak current of BEZ with high selectivity, remarkable sensitivity, and reproducibility for BEZ detection and received satisfactory outcomes designating the application of sensors for the determination of BEZ in river water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Palraj Ranganathan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. .,R & D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,R & D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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11
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Zhou H, Liu H, Xing X, Wang Z, Yu S, Veith GM, Liu P. Quantification of the ion transport mechanism in protective polymer coatings on lithium metal anodes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7023-7032. [PMID: 34123330 PMCID: PMC8153219 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective Polymer Coatings (PPCs) have been proposed to protect lithium metal anodes in rechargeable batteries to stabilize the Li/electrolyte interface and to extend the cycle life by reducing parasitic reactions and improving the lithium deposition morphology. However, the ion transport mechanism in PPCs remains unclear. Specifically, the degree of polymer swelling in the electrolyte and the influence of polymer/solvent/ion interactions are never quantified. Here we use poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (PAN-PBD) with controlled cross-link densities to quantify how the swelling ratio of the PPC affects conductivity, Li+ ion selectivity, activation energy, and rheological properties. The large difference in polarities between PAN (polar) and PBD (non-polar) segments allows the comparison of PPC properties when swollen in carbonate (high polarity) and ether (low polarity) electrolytes, which are the two most common classes of electrolytes. We find that a low swelling ratio of the PPC increases the transference number of Li+ ions while decreasing the conductivity. The activation energy only increases when the PPC is swollen in the carbonate electrolyte because of the strong ion-dipole interaction in the PAN phase, which is absent in the non-polar PBD phase. Theoretical models using Hansen solubility parameters and a percolation model have been shown to be effective in predicting the swelling behavior of PPCs in organic solvents and to estimate the conductivity. The trade-off between conductivity and the transference number is the primary challenge for PPCs. Our study provides general guidelines for PPC design, which favors the use of non-polar polymers with low polarity organic electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Haodong Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Xing Xing
- Department of NanoEngineering 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego USA
| | - Sicen Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Material Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of NanoEngineering 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla California 92093 USA
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Haider MK, Ullah A, Sarwar MN, Yamaguchi T, Wang Q, Ullah S, Park S, Kim IS. Fabricating Antibacterial and Antioxidant Electrospun Hydrophilic Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Loaded with AgNPs by Lignin-Induced In-Situ Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:748. [PMID: 33670863 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning the environmental hazards owing to the chemical-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), this study aimed to investigate the possibility of synthesizing AgNPs on the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers utilizing biomacromolecule lignin. SEM observations revealed that the average diameters of the produced nanofibers were slightly increased from ~512 nm to ~673 nm due to several factors like-swellings that happened during the salt treatment process, surface-bound lignin, and the presence of AgNPs. The presence of AgNPs was validated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The amount of synthesized AgNPs on PAN nanofibers was found to be dependent on both precursor silver salt and reductant lignin concentration. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra confirm the presence of lignin on PAN nanofibers. Although the X-ray diffraction pattern did not show any AgNPs band, the reduced intensity of the stabilized PAN characteristics bands at 2θ = 17.28° and 29.38° demonstrated some misalignment of PAN polymeric chains. The water contact angle (WCA) of hydrophobic PAN nanofibers was reduced from 112.6 ± 4.16° to 21.4 ± 5.03° for the maximum AgNPs coated specimen. The prepared membranes exhibited low thermal stability and good swelling capacity up to 20.1 ± 0.92 g/g and 18.05 ± 0.68 g/g in distilled water and 0.9 wt% NaCl solution, respectively. Coated lignin imparts antioxidant activity up to 78.37 ± 0.12% at 12 h of incubation. The resultant nanofibrous membranes showed a proportional increase in antibacterial efficacy with the rise in AgNPs loading against both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacterial strains by disc diffusion test (AATCC 147-1998). Halos for maximum AgNPs loading was calculated to 18.89 ± 0.15 mm for S. aureus and 21.38 ± 0.17 mm for E. coli. An initial burst release of silver elements within 24 h was observed in the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) test, and the release amounts were proportionally expansive with the increase in Ag contents. Our results demonstrated that such types of composite nanofibers have a strong potential to be used in biomedicine.
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Storck JL, Grothe T, Tuvshinbayar K, Diestelhorst E, Wehlage D, Brockhagen B, Wortmann M, Frese N, Ehrmann A. Stabilization and Incipient Carbonization of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Fixated on Aluminum Substrates. Fibers 2020; 8:55. [DOI: 10.3390/fib8090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, prepared by electrospinning, are often used as a precursor for carbon nanofibers. The thermal carbonization process necessitates a preceding oxidative stabilization, which is usually performed thermally, i.e., by carefully heating the electrospun nanofibers in an oven. One of the typical problems occurring during this process is a strong deformation of the fiber morphologies—the fibers become thicker and shorter, and show partly undesired conglutinations. This problem can be solved by stretching the nanofiber mat during thermal treatment, which, on the other hand, can lead to breakage of the nanofiber mat. In a previous study, we have shown that the electrospinning of PAN on aluminum foils and the subsequent stabilization of this substrate is a simple method for retaining the fiber morphology without breaking the nanofiber mat. Here, we report on the impact of different aluminum foils on the physical and chemical properties of stabilized PAN nanofibers mats, and on the following incipient carbonization process at a temperature of max. 600 °C, i.e., below the melting temperature of aluminum.
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Konstantopoulos G, Soulis S, Dragatogiannis D, Charitidis C. Introduction of a Methodology to Enhance the Stabilization Process of PAN Fibers by Modeling and Advanced Characterization. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2749. [PMID: 32560406 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A methodology for designing the oxidative stabilization process of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers is examined. In its core, this methodology is based on a model that describes the characteristic fiber length variation during thermal processing, through the de-convolution of three main contributors (i.e., entropic and chemical shrinkage and creep elongation). The model demonstrated an additional advantage of offering further insight into the physical and chemical phenomena taking place during the treatment. Validation of PAN-model prediction performance for different processing parameters was achieved as demonstrated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Τensile testing revealed the effect of processing parameters on fiber quality, while model prediction demonstrated that ladder polymer formation is accelerated at temperatures over 200 °C. Additionally, according the DSC and FTIR measurements predictions from the application of the model during stabilization seem to be more precise at high-temperature stabilization stages. It was shown that mechanical properties could be enhanced preferably by including a treatment step below 200 °C, before the initiation of cyclization reactions. Further confirmation was provided via Raman spectroscopy, which demonstrated that graphitic like planes are formed upon stabilization above 200 °C, and thus multistage stabilization is required to optimize synthesis of carbon fibers. Optical Microscopy proved that isothermal stabilization treatment did not severely alter the cross section geometry of PAN fiber monofilaments.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview on manufacturing composite carbon nanofiber-based aerogels through freeze casting technology. As known, freeze casting is a relatively new manufacturing technique for generating highly porous structures. During the process, deep cooling is used first to rapidly solidify a well-dispersed slurry. Then, vacuum drying is conducted to sublimate the solvent. This allows the creation of highly porous materials. Although the freeze casting technique was initially developed for porous ceramics processing, it has found various applications, especially for making aerogels. Aerogels are highly porous materials with extremely high volume of free spaces, which contributes to the characteristics of high porosity, ultralight, large specific surface area, huge interface area, and in addition, super low thermal conductivity. Recently, carbon nanofiber aerogels have been studied to achieve exceptional properties of high stiffness, flame-retardant and thermal-insulating. The freeze casting technology has been reported for preparing carbon nanofiber composite aerogels for energy storage, energy conversion, water purification, catalysis, fire prevention etc. This review deals with freeze casting carbon nanofiber composite materials consisting of functional nanoparticles with exceptional properties. The content of this review article is organized as follows. The first part will introduce the general freeze casting manufacturing technology of aerogels with the emphasis on how to use the technology to make nanoparticle-containing composite carbon nanofiber aerogels. Then, modeling and characterization of the freeze cast particle-containing carbon nanofibers will be presented with an emphasis on modeling the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the carbon nanofiber network aerogels. After that, the applications of the carbon nanofiber aerogels will be described. Examples of energy converters, supercapacitors, secondary battery electrodes, dye absorbents, sensors, and catalysts made from composite carbon nanofiber aerogels will be shown. Finally, the perspectives to future work will be presented.
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Dugger TW, Sarkar S, Correa-Garhwal SM, Zhernenkov M, Zhang Y, Kolhatkar G, Mohan R, Cruz L, Lubio AD, Ruediger A, Hayashi CY, Uhrich KE, Kisailus DJ. Ultrastructures and Mechanics of Annealed Nephila clavipes Major Ampullate Silk. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1186-1194. [PMID: 32003982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The semicrystalline protein structure and impressive mechanical properties of major ampullate (MA) spider silk make it a promising natural alternative to polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers for carbon fiber manufacture. However, when annealed using a similar procedure to carbon fiber production, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of MA silk decrease. Despite this, MA silk fibers annealed at 600 °C remain stronger and tougher than similarly annealed PAN but have a lower Young's modulus. Although MA silk and PAN graphitize to similar extents, annealing disrupts the hydrogen bonding that controls crystal alignment within MA silk. Consequently, unaligned graphite crystals form in annealed MA silk, causing it to weaken, while graphite crystals in PAN maintain alignment along the fiber axis, strengthening the fibers. These shortcomings of spider silk when annealed provide insights into the selection and design of future alternative carbon fiber precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Dugger
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sourangsu Sarkar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sandra M Correa-Garhwal
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 743 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Yugang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 743 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gitanjali Kolhatkar
- Nanoelectronics-Nanophotonics, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650, Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X1S2, Québec, Canada
| | - Ramya Mohan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Luz Cruz
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Aura D Lubio
- Nanoelectronics-Nanophotonics, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650, Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X1S2, Québec, Canada
| | - Andreas Ruediger
- Nanoelectronics-Nanophotonics, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650, Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X1S2, Québec, Canada
| | - Cheryl Y Hayashi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192, United States
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David J Kisailus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Tay YS, Liu M, Lim JSK, Chen H, Hu X. Phthalonitrile prepolymer and PAN blends: New strategy for precursor stabilization and pyrolytic char yield enhancement. Polym Degrad Stab 2020; 172:109056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bonincontro D, Fraschetti F, Squarzoni C, Mazzocchetti L, Maccaferri E, Giorgini L, Zucchelli A, Gualandi C, Focarete ML, Albonetti S. Pd/Au Based Catalyst Immobilization in Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes via Electrospinning for the Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Processes (Basel) 2020; 8:45. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative nanofibrous membranes based on Pd/Au catalysts immobilized via electrospinning onto different polymers were engineered and tested in the selective oxidation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in an aqueous phase. The type of polymer and the method used to insert the active phases in the membrane were demonstrated to have a significant effect on catalytic performance. The hydrophilicity and the glass transition temperature of the polymeric component are key factors for producing active and selective materials. Nylon-based membranes loaded with unsupported metal nanoparticles were demonstrated to be more efficient than polyacrylonitrile-based membranes, displaying good stability and leading to high yield in 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. These results underline the promising potential of large-scale applications of electrospinning for the preparation of catalytic nanofibrous membranes to be used in processes for the conversion of renewable molecules.
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Xu T, Nguyen A, Rosas N, Flores I, Chen C, Gan JB, Hamdan AS, Gan YX. Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Electrical Property and Photosensitivity of a PAN-PMMA Derived Carbon Fiber. ChemEngineering 2019; 3:86. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering3040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibers are promising materials being utilized in electronics, principally in the areas of capacitors and sensors. In this study, we examine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the electrical conductive behavior and photosensitivity of a carbon-based fiber, which was made by electrospinning a polymer solution containing polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and dimethylformamide (DMF). Converting the polymeric fiber into a carbon fiber was performed through the controlled pyrolysis during which oxidation, stabilization, and carbonization happened. After oxidation at an elevated temperature, the linear polymer fiber was stabilized to have a backbone structure. Then the oxidized fiber was treated in an even higher temperature range to be partially carbonized under the protection of argon gas. We utilized multiple samples of the fibers treated at various pyrolysis temperatures inside a heat furnace and examined the effects of the temperatures on the properties. The partially carbonized fiber is highly active in view of electron generation under photon energy excitation. The unique electrical and photovoltaic property are due to their semiconducting behavior. The morphology of the specimen before and after the pyrolysis was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images displayed the shrinkage of the fiber due to the pyrolysis. There are two stages of pyrolysis kinetics. Stage I is related to the oxidation of the PAN polymer. Stage II is associated with the carbonization and the activation energy of carbonization is calculated as 118 kJ/mol.
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Kozior T, Trabelsi M, Mamun A, Sabantina L, Ehrmann A. Stabilization of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats Used for Filters by 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1618. [PMID: 31590455 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a well-known technology used to create nanofiber mats from diverse polymers and other materials. Due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, such nanofiber mats are often applied as air or water filters. Especially the latter, however, have to be mechanically highly stable, which is challenging for common nanofiber mats. One of the approaches to overcome this problem is gluing them on top of more rigid objects, integrating them in composites, or reinforcing them using other technologies to avoid damage due to the water pressure. Here, we suggest another solution. While direct 3D printing with the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique on macroscopic textile fabrics has been under examination by several research groups for years, here we report on direct FDM printing on nanofiber mats for the first time. We show that by choosing the proper height of the printing nozzle above the nanofiber mat, printing is possible for raw polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats, as well as for stabilized and even more brittle carbonized material. Under these conditions, the adhesion between both parts of the composite is high enough to prevent the nanofiber mat from being peeled off the 3D printed polymer. Abrasion tests emphasize the significantly increased mechanical properties, while contact angle examinations reveal a hydrophilicity between the original values of the electrospun and the 3D printed materials.
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Phan DN, Dorjjugder N, Saito Y, Taguchi G, Ullah A, Kharaghani D, Kim IS. The synthesis of silver-nanoparticle-anchored electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and a comparison with as-spun silver/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite membranes upon antibacterial activity. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Huang C, Wei T, Peng S, Lee K. Study of electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers with porous and ultrafine nanofibril structures: Effect of stabilization treatment on the resulting carbonized structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien‐Lin Huang
- Department of Fiber and Composite MaterialsFeng Chia University Taichung 40724 Taiwan
| | - Tzu‐Hsin Wei
- Department of Fiber and Composite MaterialsFeng Chia University Taichung 40724 Taiwan
| | - Sheng‐Yin Peng
- Department of Fiber and Composite MaterialsFeng Chia University Taichung 40724 Taiwan
| | - Kun‐Mu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringChang Gung University Taoyuan 33302 Taiwan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of PediatricsChang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Taoyuan 33305 Taiwan
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Benko A, Nocuń M, Gajewska M, Błażewicz M. Addition of carbon nanotubes to electrospun polyacrylonitrile as a way to obtain carbon nanofibers with desired properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhou Y, Sha Y, Liu W, Gao T, Yao Z, Zhang Y, Cao W. Hierarchical radial structure of polyacrylonitrile precursor formed during the wet-spinning process. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17051-17056. [PMID: 35519895 PMCID: PMC9064467 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02125f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), micro-beam wide angle X-ray diffraction (Micro-beam WAXD), micro-Raman and nano-infrared (nano-IR) spectroscopy were performed to characterize the hierarchical radial structure within polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibre which was obtained by the wet-spinning method, including morphology, aggregation structure and molecular chain conformation. The results indicated that along the radial direction of the PAN fibre, the skin layer reflects denser morphology compared to the core region. The crystallinity, d-spacing of the (100) Miller plane and crystalline orientation in PAN fibres were gradually decreased from the skin layer to the central part, while the crystalline size shows opposite distribution tendency which was affected by the diffusion depending on the coagulation environment. As to the molecular chain structure, PAN chains tend to keep the helical conformation rather than planar zigzag conformation and packed more orderly in the skin layer of fibres. The study focused on the multiscale to clarify the radial structure in PAN precursors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Corrosion and Protection for Aviation Materials
| | - Yang Sha
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Teng Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhuwei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Weiyu Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fibre and Functional Polymer
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
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Liu H, Song W, Xing A. In situ K2S activated electrospun carbon nanofibers with hierarchical meso/microporous structures for supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33539-33548. [PMID: 35529146 PMCID: PMC9073374 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06847c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) can be produced by a more advantageous ‘in situ activation’ method by electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with an activation agent. However, most in situ activated electrospinning processes yield porous CNFs with rather limited surface area and less porosity due to the inappropriately selected activation agents. Here we found K2S could perfectly meet both compatibility and reactivity requirements of PAN electrospinning to generate hierarchical meso/micropores inside electrospun CNFs. During the whole fabrication process, K2S experiences a phase evolution loop and the hierarchical pore structures are formed by the reaction between K2S oxidative derivatives and the as-formed carbon during heat treatment. The hierarchical meso/microporous CNFs not only showed a large surface area (835.0 m2 g−1) but also exhibited a high PAN carbonization yield (84.0 wt%) due to improved cyclization of PAN's nitrile group during the pre-oxidation stage. As an electrode material for supercapacitors, the corresponding electrodes have a capacitance of 210.7 F g−1 at the current density of 0.2 A g−1 with excellent cycling durability. The hierarchically porous CNFs produced via in situ activation by K2S combine the advantages of interconnected meso/micropores and are a promising candidate for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. K2S was found to be an excellent in situ activation agent for the fabrication of electrospun carbon nanofibers with large surface area (835.0 m2 g−1) and hierarchical meso/microporous structures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy
- Beijing 102211
- P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Aihua Xing
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy
- Beijing 102211
- P. R. China
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Verdier N, Lepage D, Prébé A, Aymé-Perrot D, Dollé M, Rochefort D. Crosslinker free thermally induced crosslinking of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Verdier
- Départment de Chimie; Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville; Montréal Canada H3T1J4
| | - David Lepage
- Départment de Chimie; Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville; Montréal Canada H3T1J4
| | - Arnaud Prébé
- Hutchinson, 3600 boulevard du Tricentenaire; Montréal Québec Canada H1B 5M8
| | | | - Mickaël Dollé
- Départment de Chimie; Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville; Montréal Canada H3T1J4
| | - Dominic Rochefort
- Départment de Chimie; Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-Ville; Montréal Canada H3T1J4
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Chen S, Koshy DM, Tsao Y, Pfattner R, Yan X, Feng D, Bao Z. Highly Tunable and Facile Synthesis of Uniform Carbon Flower Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10297-10304. [PMID: 30067349 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon materials with flower-like superstructures are of great interest for energy applications since their unique shape not only provides high accessible surface area and consequently more exposed active sites but also facilitates ion transport for high-rate capability. However, finding a controllable way to make porous carbons with such specific shapes has been challenging. Herein, we report a tunable and simple method for one-pot synthesis of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymer nanostructured particles with various superstructures (flower, pompom, hairy leave, and petal shapes) controlled by employing various solvents or by the incorporation of different co-monomers. The correlation between polymer particle shapes and solvent properties has been identified through Hansen solubility parameters analysis. The obtained uniform polyacrylonitrile particles could be readily converted into porous carbons by high-temperature gas treatment while maintaining the original shape of the polymer precursor structures. The resulting carbon materials have high nitrogen-doping concentration (7-15 at%) and tunable porous structures. This novel synthetic method provides a simple way to make porous carbons with controllable morphology and potentially advantageous properties for a variety of potential energy and environmental applications, such as electrochemical energy conversion and wastewater treatment.
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Gissinger JR, Pramanik C, Newcomb B, Kumar S, Heinz H. Nanoscale Structure-Property Relationships of Polyacrylonitrile/CNT Composites as a Function of Polymer Crystallinity and CNT Diameter. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:1017-1027. [PMID: 29231715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites are used as precursors for ultrastrong and lightweight carbon fibers. However, insights into the structure at the nanoscale and the relationships to mechanical and thermal properties have remained difficult to obtain. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation with accurate potentials and available experimental data were used to describe the influence of different degrees of PAN preorientation and CNT diameter on the atomic-scale structure and properties of the composites. The inclusion of CNTs in the polymer matrix is favored for an intermediate degree of PAN orientation and small CNT diameter whereas high PAN crystallinity and larger CNT diameter disfavor CNT inclusion. The glass transition at the CNT/PAN interface involves the release of rotational degrees of freedom of the polymer backbone and increased mobility of the protruding nitrile side groups in contact with the carbon nanotubes. The glass-transition temperature of the composite increases in correlation with the amount of CNT/polymer interfacial area per unit volume, i.e., in the presence of CNTs, for higher CNT volume fraction, and inversely with CNT diameter. The increase in glass-transition temperature upon CNT addition is larger for PAN of lower crystallinity than for PAN of higher crystallinity. Interfacial shear strengths of the composites are higher for CNTs of smaller diameter and for PAN with preorientation, in correlation with more favorable CNT inclusion energies. The lowest interfacial shear strength was observed in amorphous PAN for the same CNT diameter. PAN with ∼75% crystallinity exhibited hexagonal patterns of nitrile groups near and far from the CNT interface which could influence carbonization into regular graphitic structures. The results illustrate the feasibility of near-quantitative insights into macroscale properties of polymer/CNT composites from simulations of nanometer-scale composite domains. Guidance is most effective when key assumptions in experiment and simulation are closely aligned, such as exfoliation versus bundling of CNTs, size, type, potential defects of CNTs, and precise measures for polymer crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Gissinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chandrani Pramanik
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bradley Newcomb
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Satish Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Olivieri L, Roso M, De Angelis MG, Lorenzetti A. Evaluation of electrospun nanofibrous mats as materials for CO 2 capture: A feasibility study on functionalized poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN). J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Suktha P, Sawangphruk M. Electrospinning of Carbon–Carbon Fiber Composites for High-Performance Single Coin-Cell Supercapacitors: Effects of Carbon Additives and Electrolytes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phansiri Suktha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Payupnai, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Montree Sawangphruk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Payupnai, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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Arbab S, Teimoury A, Mirbaha H, Adolphe DC, Noroozi B, Nourpanah P. Optimum stabilization processing parameters for polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofibers and their difference with carbon (micro) fibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2017; 142:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jin S, Guo C, Lu Y, Zhang R, Wang Z, Jin M. Comparison of microwave and conventional heating methods in carbonization of polyacrylonitrile-based stabilized fibers at different temperature measured by an in-situ process temperature control ring. Polym Degrad Stab 2017; 140:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Stodolak-zych E, Benko A, Szatkowski P, Długoń E, Nocuń M, Paluszkiewicz C, Błażewicz M. Spectroscopic studies of the influence of CNTs on the thermal conversion of PAN fibrous membranes to carbon nanofibers. J Mol Struct 2016; 1126:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Lei S, Wu S, Gao A, Cao W, Li C, Xu L. The formation of conjugated structure and its transformation to pseudo-graphite structure during thermal treatment of polyacrylonitrile. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316669990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three types of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were considered in order to investigate the effect of molecular composition and configuration on the formation of conjugated structures during stabilization and the conversion of that to pseudo-graphite sheets after carbonization. The stabilization process was performed in an inert or oxidative atmosphere with a temperature ramp from 180°Cto 280°C. The thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, and the change of chemical groups and conjugated structures was detected by in situ measurement of infrared (Fourier transform infrared) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, respectively. The carbonization process of the stabilized samples was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer under nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of 150°C–1200°C, and Raman spectra were applied to study the pseudo-graphite sheets of the residuals. It is suggested that the introduction of comonomer or the improvement of the isotactic regularity of the polymer chain are helpful to promote the stabilization reactions and accelerate the formation of conjugated structures rather than the extent of conjugation during stabilization in nitrogen. Moreover, they are also beneficial to obtain higher degree of graphitization and larger size of the pseudo-graphite sheets with less structural defects after carbonization. While stabilization is performed in air, atactic PAN copolymer has the highest extent of stabilization among these three PAN samples, but they are extremely close. PAN samples with comonomer or higher isotacticity still show a little advantage in the formation speed of the conjugated structures. After carbonization, PAN with higher isotacticity has the highest carbon yield and graphitization degree and the largest size of pseudo-graphite sheets with least structural defects. In addition, the presence of oxygen during stabilization is contributory to increase the extent of stabilization and generate some bigger conjugated structures, which leads to obtain higher graphitization degree and larger size of pseudo-graphite sheets, but it also brings more structural defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lianghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Vinh N, Kim H. Electrospinning Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber for Air Filter Applications. Applied Sciences 2016; 6:235. [DOI: 10.3390/app6090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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