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Simpson, Maaijen, Roelofsen, Hage. The Evolution of Catalysis for Alkyd Coatings: Responding to Impending Cobalt Reclassification with Very Active Iron and Manganese Catalysts, Using Polydentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands. Catalysts 2019; 9:825. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoxidation processes to achieve curing of alkyd resins in paints, inks, and coatings are ubiquitous in many applications. Cobalt soaps have been employed for these applications for many decades and most of the paint and ink alkyd resin formulations have been optimized to achieve optimal benefits of the cobalt soaps. However, cobalt soaps are under increased scrutiny because of likely reclassification as carcinogenic under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restrictions of Chemicals) legislation in Europe. This is critical, since such coatings are available for regular human contact. Alternative manganese- and iron-based siccatives have been developed to address this need for over a decade. They often show very high curing activity depending on the organic ligands bound to the metal centers. Recently, new classes of catalysts and modes of application have been published or patented to create safe paints, whilst delivering performance benefits via their unique reaction mechanisms. Besides the use of well-defined, preformed catalysts, paint formulations have also been developed with mixtures of metal soaps and ligands that form active species in-situ. The change from Co-soaps to Mn- and Fe-based siccatives meant that important coating issues related to radical-based curing, such as skinning, had to be rethought. In this paper we will review the new catalyst technologies and their performance and modes of action, as well as new compounds developed to provide anti-skinning benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Honzíček
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema PD. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Solvent Diffusion and Film Swelling in Oil Paint Model Systems. Macromolecules 2018; 51:7134-7144. [PMID: 30270940 PMCID: PMC6158679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the restoration of paintings, solvent diffusion and swelling of polymeric oil paint binding media are important factors to consider. Common cleaning methods with organic solvents or aqueous solutions could lead to undesirable physicochemical changes in the paint in the long term, though the extent of this effect is not yet clear. We used tailored nonporous model systems for aged oil paint to measure paint swelling and solvent diffusion for a wide range of relevant solvents. Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the glass transition temperature of our model systems was found to be close to room temperature. Subsequently, with a custom sample cell and time-dependent attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, we were able to accurately track swelling and diffusion processes in the polymer films. To quantify the spectroscopic data, we developed a model that completely describes the solvent migration process, including significant film swelling and non-Fickian solvent diffusion. The relation between solvent properties, the diffusion coefficient, and the swelling capacity proved to be rather complex and could not be explained using a single solvent parameter. However, it was found that strongly swelling solvents generally diffuse faster than weakly swelling solvents and that pigmentation does not significantly influence solvent diffusion. These results contribute to a better understanding of transport phenomena in paintings and support the development of improved paint restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Conservation
and Restoration, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, PO Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet D. Iedema
- Van‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Honzíček J, Vinklárek J. Chemical curing of alkyd resin catalyzed by benzoylferrocene: Performance, kinetics, and thickness effects. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Honzíček
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Vinklárek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10 Czech Republic
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Erich SJ, Gezici-koç Ö, Michel MB, Thomas CA, van der Ven LG, Huinink HP, Flapper J, Duivenvoorde FL, Adan OC. The influence of calcium and zirconium based secondary driers on drying solvent borne alkyd coatings. POLYMER 2017; 121:262-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Preininger O, Charamzová I, Vinklárek J, Císařová I, Honzíček J. Oxovanadium(IV) complexes bearing substituted pentane-2,4-dionate ligands: Synthesis, structure and drying activity in solvent-borne alkyd paints. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. de Boer
- Catexel BV, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD Leiden, the Netherlands, Fax: +31‐71‐3322222, http://www.catexel.com
| | - Philana V. Wesenhagen
- Catexel BV, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD Leiden, the Netherlands, Fax: +31‐71‐3322222, http://www.catexel.com
| | - Erica C. M. Wenker
- Catexel BV, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD Leiden, the Netherlands, Fax: +31‐71‐3322222, http://www.catexel.com
| | - Karin Maaijen
- Catexel BV, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD Leiden, the Netherlands, Fax: +31‐71‐3322222, http://www.catexel.com
| | - Franjo Gol
- OMG Borchers GmbH, Berghausener Strasse 100, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany, http://www.borchers.com
| | - Hugh Gibbs
- OMG Borchers GmbH, Berghausener Strasse 100, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany, http://www.borchers.com
| | - Ronald Hage
- Catexel BV, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD Leiden, the Netherlands, Fax: +31‐71‐3322222, http://www.catexel.com
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Abstract
Abstract
This review analyses and summarises the previous investigations on the oxidation of linseed oil and the self-heating of cotton and other materials impregnated with the oil. It discusses the composition and chemical structure of linseed oil, including its drying properties. The review describes several experimental methods used to test the propensity of the oil to induce spontaneous heating and ignition of lignocellulosic materials soaked with the oil. It covers the thermal ignition of the lignocellulosic substrates impregnated with the oil and it critically evaluates the analytical methods applied to investigate the oxidation reactions of linseed oil.
Initiation of radical chains by singlet oxygen (1Δg), and their propagation underpin the mechanism of oxidation of linseed oil, leading to the self-heating and formation of volatile organic species and higher molecular weight compounds. The review also discusses the role of metal complexes of cobalt, iron and manganese in catalysing the oxidative drying of linseed oil, summarising some kinetic parameters such as the rate constants of the peroxidation reactions.
With respect to fire safety, the classical theory of self-ignition does not account for radical and catalytic reactions and appears to offer limited insights into the autoignition of lignocellulosic materials soaked with linseed oil. New theoretical and numerical treatments of oxidation of such materials need to be developed. The self-ignition induced by linseed oil is predicated on the presence of both a metal catalyst and a lignocellulosic substrate, and the absence of any prior thermal treatment of the oil, which destroys both peroxy radicals and singlet O2 sensitisers. An overview of peroxyl chemistry included in the article will be useful to those working in areas of fire science, paint drying, indoor air quality, biofuels and lipid oxidation.
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Shaaban AF, Mostafa HA, Khedr MA, Mohamed MS. Process engineering development for the manufacturing of manganese octoate on a pilot plant scale. Chem Eng Res Des 2012; 90:643-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Doulia D, Rokotas S, Georgopoulou K. Production of alkyd resins and their paints: Effect of catalyst on their properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 89:215-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02699663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Erich S, Laven J, Pel L, Huinink H, Kopinga K. Influence of catalyst type on the curing process and network structure of alkyd coatings. POLYMER 2006; 47:1141-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oyman ZO, Ming W, van der Linde R, ter Borg J, Schut A, Bieleman JH. Oxidative drying of alkyd paints catalysed by a dinuclear manganese complex (MnMeTACN). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02699583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Oyman Z, Ming W, van der Linde R, van Gorkum R, Bouwman E. Effect of [Mn(acac)3] and its combination with 2,2′-bipyridine on the autoxidation and oligomerisation of ethyl linoleate. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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