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Jones SA, Tipsord J, Nagel BJ, Nigg JT. A preliminary study of white matter correlates of a laboratory measure of attention and motor stability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:110-116. [PMID: 36804107 PMCID: PMC10023490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex behavioral disorder, often difficult and time consuming to diagnose. Laboratory assessment of ADHD-related constructs of attention and motor activity may be helpful in elucidating neurobiology; however, neuroimaging studies evaluating laboratory measures of ADHD are lacking. In this preliminary study, we assessed the association between fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter microstructure, and laboratory measures of attention and motor behavior using the QbTest, a widely used measure thought to improve clinician diagnostic confidence. This is the first look at neural correlates of this widely used measure. The sample included adolescents and young adults (ages 12-20, 35% female) with ADHD (n = 31) and without (n = 52). As expected, ADHD status was associated with motor activity, and cognitive inattention and impulsivity in the laboratory. With regard to MRI findings, laboratory observed motor activity and inattention were associated with greater FA in white matter regions of the primary motor cortex. All three laboratory observations were associated with lower FA in regions subserving fronto-striatal-thalamic and frontoparietal (i.e. superior longitudinal fasciculus) circuitry. Further, FA in white matter regions of the prefrontal cortex appeared to mediate the relationship between ADHD status and motor activity on the QbTest. These findings, while preliminary, suggest that performance on certain laboratory tasks is informative with regard to neurobiological correlates of subdomains of the complex ADHD phenotype. In particular, we provide novel evidence for a relationship between an objective measure of motor hyperactivity and white matter microstructure in motor and attentional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Jessica Tipsord
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Jones SA, Nagel BJ, Nigg JT, Karalunas SL. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and white matter microstructure: the importance of dimensional analyses and sex differences. JCPP Adv 2022; 2:e12109. [PMID: 36817187 PMCID: PMC9937645 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has substantial heterogeneity in clinical presentation. A potentially important clue may be variation in brain microstructure. Using fractional anisotropy (FA), previous studies have produced equivocal results in relation to ADHD. This may be due to insufficient consideration of possible sex differences and ADHD's multi-componential nature. Methods Using whole-brain analyses, we investigated the association between FA and both ADHD diagnosis and ADHD symptom domains in a well-characterized, ADHD (n = 234; 32% female youth) and non-ADHD (n = 177; 52% female youth), case-control cohort (ages 7-12). Sex-specific effects were tested. Results No ADHD group differences were found using categorical assessment of ADHD without consideration of moderators. However, dimensional analyses found total symptoms were associated with higher FA in the superior corona radiata. Further, inattention symptoms were associated with higher FA in the corpus callosum and ansa lenticularis, and lower FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, after control for overlap with hyperactivity-impulsivity. Hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms were associated with higher FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and lower FA in the superior cerebellar peduncles, after control for overlap with inattention. Meanwhile, both categorical and dimensional analyses revealed ADHD-by-sex interactions (voxel-wise p < 0.01). Girls with ADHD had higher FA, but boys with ADHD had lower FA (or no effect), compared to their same-sex peers, in the bilateral anterior corona radiata. Further, higher ADHD symptom severity was associated with higher FA in girls, but lower FA in boys, in the anterior and posterior corona radiata and cerebral peduncles. Conclusions ADHD symptom domains appear to be differentially related to white matter microstructure, highlighting the multi-componential nature of the disorder. Further, sex differences will be crucial to consider in future studies characterizing ADHD-related differences in white matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Bonnie J. Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Mazzetti C, Gonzales Damatac C, Sprooten E, ter Huurne N, Buitelaar JK, Jensen O. Dorsal-to-ventral imbalance in the superior longitudinal fasciculus mediates methylphenidate's effect on beta oscillations in ADHD. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14008. [PMID: 35165906 PMCID: PMC9287074 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) is a first line intervention for ADHD, its mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated. We here seek to identify the white matter tracts that mediate MPH's effect on beta oscillations. We implemented a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, where boys diagnosed with ADHD underwent behavioral and MEG measurements during a spatial attention task while on and off MPH. The results were compared with an age/IQ-matched control group. Estimates of white matter tracts were obtained using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Via a stepwise model selection strategy, we identified the fiber tracts (regressors) significantly predicting values of the dependent variables of interest (i.e., oscillatory power, behavioral performance, and clinical symptoms): the anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), the superior longitudinal fasciculus ("parietal endings") (SLFp), and superior longitudinal fasciculus ("temporal endings") (SLFt). ADHD symptoms severity was associated with lower fractional anisotropy (FA) within the ATR. In addition, individuals with relatively higher FA in SLFp compared to SLFt, led to stronger behavioral effects of MPH in the form of faster and more accurate responses. Furthermore, the same parietotemporal FA gradient explained the effects of MPH on beta modulation: subjects with ADHD exhibiting higher FA in SLFp compared to SLFt also displayed greater effects of MPH on beta power during response preparation. Our data suggest that the behavioral deficits and aberrant oscillatory modulations observed in ADHD depend on a possibly detrimental structural connectivity imbalance within the SLF, caused by a diffusivity gradient in favor of parietal rather than temporal, fiber tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mazzetti
- Department of Basic NeurosciencesUniversity of GenevaGenèveSwitzerland
| | - Christienne Gonzales Damatac
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels ter Huurne
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive NeuroscienceRadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Tsai CJ, Lin HY, Tseng IWY, Gau SSF. White matter microstructural integrity correlates of emotion dysregulation in children with ADHD: A diffusion imaging tractography study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110325. [PMID: 33857524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation (ED) is prevalent in youths with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and causes more social impairment and poor adaptive function. Alterations in the integrity of white matter (WM) tracts might have important implications for affective processing related to ED. However, little is known about the WM correlates underpinning ED in ADHD. METHODS Using diffusion spectrum image tractography, we obtained generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values of 76 WM tracts in 77 children with ADHD and 105 typically developing controls (TDC). ED severity was defined by the dysregulation profile from the child behavior checklist. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was performed to identify modes that relate WM microstructural property to ED severity and cognitive measures. RESULTS The application of CCA identified one significant mode (r = 0.638, FWE-corrected p = 0.046) of interdependencies between WM property patterns and diagnosis, ADHD total symptom levels, dysregulation by diagnosis interaction, and full-scale intellectual quotient (FIQ). GFA values of 19 WM tracts that were linked to affective-processing, sensory-processing and integration, and cognitive control circuitry were positively correlated with ED severity in TDC but negatively correlated with ED severity in ADHD. ADHD symptom severity and diagnosis were negatively associated with the GFA patterns of this set of tract bundles. In contrast, FIQ was positively correlated with this set of tract bundles. CONCLUSIONS This study used the CCA to show that children with ADHD and TDC had distinct multivariate associations between ED severity (diagnosis by ED interaction) and microstructural property in a set of WM tracts. These tracts interconnect the cortical regions that are principally involved in emotion processing, integration, and cognitive control in multiple brain systems. The WM microstructure integrity impairment might be an essential correlate of emotion dysregulation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isaac Wen-Yih Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences and Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Saad JF, Griffiths KR, Kohn MR, Braund TA, Clarke S, Williams LM, Korgaonkar MS. No support for white matter connectivity differences in the combined and inattentive ADHD presentations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245028. [PMID: 33951031 PMCID: PMC8099057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from functional neuroimaging studies support neural differences between the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) presentation types. It remains unclear if these neural deficits also manifest at the structural level. We have previously shown that the ADHD combined, and ADHD inattentive types demonstrate differences in graph properties of structural covariance suggesting an underlying difference in neuroanatomical organization. The goal of this study was to examine and validate white matter brain organization between the two subtypes using both scalar and connectivity measures of brain white matter. We used both tract-based spatial statistical (TBSS) and tractography analyses with network-based Statistics (NBS) and graph-theoretical analyses in a cohort of 35 ADHD participants (aged 8–17 years) defined using DSM-IV criteria as combined (ADHD-C) type (n = 19) or as predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) type (n = 16), and 28 matched neurotypical controls. We performed TBSS analyses on scalar measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD), and axial (AD) diffusivity to assess differences in WM between ADHD types and controls. NBS and graph theoretical analysis of whole brain inter-regional tractography examined connectomic differences and brain network organization, respectively. None of the scalar measures significantly differed between ADHD types or relative to controls. Similarly, there were no tractography connectivity differences between the two subtypes and relative to controls using NBS. Global and regional graph measures were also similar between the groups. A single significant finding was observed for nodal degree between the ADHD-C and controls, in the right insula (corrected p = .029). Our result of no white matter differences between the subtypes is consistent with most previous findings. These findings together might suggest that the white matter structural architecture is largely similar between the DSM-based ADHD presentations is similar to the extent of being undetectable with the current cohort size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F. Saad
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristi R. Griffiths
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael R. Kohn
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Centre for Research into Adolescents’ Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taylor A. Braund
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon Clarke
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Centre for Research into Adolescents’ Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Mayuresh S. Korgaonkar
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Griffiths KR, Braund TA, Kohn MR, Clarke S, Williams LM, Korgaonkar MS. Structural brain network topology underpinning ADHD and response to methylphenidate treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 33654073 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioural disturbances in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are thought to be due to dysfunction of spatially distributed, interconnected neural systems. While there is a fast-growing literature on functional dysconnectivity in ADHD, far less is known about the structural architecture underpinning these disturbances and how it may contribute to ADHD symptomology and treatment prognosis. We applied graph theoretical analyses on diffusion MRI tractography data to produce quantitative measures of global network organisation and local efficiency of network nodes. Support vector machines (SVMs) were used for comparison of multivariate graph measures of 37 children and adolescents with ADHD relative to 26 age and gender matched typically developing children (TDC). We also explored associations between graph measures and functionally-relevant outcomes such as symptom severity and prediction of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment response. We found that multivariate patterns of reduced local efficiency, predominantly in subcortical regions (SC), were able to distinguish between ADHD and TDC groups with 76% accuracy. For treatment prognosis, higher global efficiency, higher local efficiency of the right supramarginal gyrus and multivariate patterns of increased local efficiency across multiple networks at baseline also predicted greater symptom reduction after 6 weeks of MPH treatment. Our findings demonstrate that graph measures of structural topology provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers of ADHD, which may aid in mechanistic understanding of this complex disorder.
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Bessette KL, Stevens MC. Neurocognitive Pathways in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and White Matter Microstructure. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2019; 4:233-42. [PMID: 30478002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to identify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) abnormalities in relationships between brain white matter structure and individual differences in several types of impulsive behavior. METHODS Adolescents, n = 67 with ADHD combined subtype and n = 68 without ADHD, were given neuropsychological tests and underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans. Principal component analysis reduced test scores into factors representing different types of impulsive behavior. Tract-based spatial statistics quantified white matter integrity in relationship to components of impulsive behavior. ADHD versus non-ADHD differences in the strength and nature of linear relationships between regional white matter and three impulsivity components were examined using multiple regression. RESULTS Principal component analysis found three separate impulsivity-related factors that were interpreted as motor response inhibition, impulsive choice, and delay aversion. Relationships between regional fractional anisotropy and response inhibition or impulsive choice did not differ between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. There was a significant interaction between diagnostic group and delay aversion test performance relationships with regional fractional anisotropy. For youths without ADHD, greater anisotropy in numerous tracts predicted better delay aversion test performance. In contrast, anisotropy in regions including the corpus callosum, corona radiata, internal capsule, and corticospinal tracts had either a negative or no relationship with delay aversion test performance in ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The results provide additional support that different proposed etiological pathways to ADHD have discretely different neurobiological features. Large disorganization of white matter microstructure appears to contribute to reward-based ADHD pathways rather than motor inhibition.
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van Ewijk H, Bralten J, van Duin ED, Hakobjan M, Buitelaar JK, Heslenfeld DJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman C, Hoogman M, Oosterlaan J, Franke B. Female-specific association of NOS1 genotype with white matter microstructure in ADHD patients and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:958-966. [PMID: 28589541 PMCID: PMC5513773 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1) exon 1f (ex1f) VNTR is a known genetic risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), particularly in females. NOS1 plays an important role in neurite outgrowth and may thus influence brain development, specifically white matter (WM) microstructure, which is known to be altered in ADHD. The current study aimed to investigate whether NOS1 is associated with WM microstructure in (female) individuals with and without ADHD. METHODS Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) scans were collected from 187 participants with ADHD (33% female) and 103 controls (50% female), aged 8-26 years, and NOS1-ex1f VNTR genotype was determined. Whole-brain analyses were conducted for fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to examine associations between NOS1 and WM microstructure, including possible interactions with gender and diagnosis. RESULTS Consistent with previous literature, NOS1-ex1f was associated with total ADHD and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but not inattention; this effect was independent of gender. NOS1-ex1f was also associated with MD values in several major WM tracts in females, but not males. In females, homozygosity for the short allele was linked to higher MD values than carriership of the long allele. MD values in these regions did not correlate with ADHD symptoms. Results were similar for participants with and without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS NOS1-ex1f VNTR is associated with WM microstructure in females in a large sample of participants with ADHD and healthy controls. Whether this association is part of a neurodevelopmental pathway from NOS1 to ADHD symptoms should be further investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke van Ewijk
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther D.A. van Duin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Hakobjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Section Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ercan ES, Suren S, Bacanlı A, Yazıcı KU, Callı C, Ardic UA, Aygunes D, Kosova B, Ozyurt O, Aydın C, Rohde LA. Altered structural connectivity is related to attention deficit/hyperactivity subtypes: A DTI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 256:57-64. [PMID: 27130841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide novel insights into the white matter (WM) microstructural properties of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes by recruiting a relatively large sample of stimulant-naïve children and adolescents who had no comorbidity other than Oppositional Defiant Disorder and were homogenous according to the DAT1 gene polymorphism. A sample of 72 ADHD subjects and 24 controls aged 8-15 years were enrolled in the study. We applied tract-based spatial statistics to the DTI measures for obtaining fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial, radial diffusivity (AD, RD) measures to explore ADHD type-related differences in WM for the whole brain. Comparing ADHD-Combined group (ADHD-C) with the ADHD predominantly inattentive group (ADHD-I) we detected increased RD in several bilateral brain area and increased AD mostly in left side of the brain, including the body and splenium of the corpus callosum; the anterior and posteriors limbs of the internal capsule; the superior, anterior and posterior corona radiata; the posterior thalamic radiation; and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Likewise, mostly in the overlapping brain areas, the ADHD-C group presented increased AD values than ADHD-RI. Significant differences among ADHD types could be a preliminary evidence that they have distinct microstructural properties. There were no significant differences in diffusivity between controls and both the ADHD group as whole or any ADHD subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Kemal Utku Yazıcı
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Cem Callı
- Radiology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Ulku Akyol Ardic
- Denizli State Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aygunes
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Buket Kosova
- Medical Biology Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozyurt
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cahide Aydın
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
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Kabukcu Basay B, Buber A, Basay O, Alacam H, Ozturk O, Suren S, Izci Ay O, Acikel C, Agladıoglu K, Erdal ME, Ercan ES, Herken H. White matter alterations related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and COMT val(158)met polymorphism: children with valine homozygote attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have altered white matter connectivity in the right cingulum (cingulate gyrus). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:969-81. [PMID: 27143897 PMCID: PMC4844431 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this article, the COMT gene val(158)met polymorphism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related differences in diffusion-tensor-imaging-measured white matter (WM) structure in children with ADHD and controls were investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 71 children diagnosed with ADHD and 24 controls aged 8-15 years were recruited. Using diffusion tensor imaging, COMT polymorphism and ADHD-related WM alterations were investigated, and any interaction effect between the COMT polymorphism and ADHD was also examined. The effects of age, sex, and estimated total IQ were controlled by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). RESULTS First, an interaction between the COMT val(158)met polymorphism and ADHD in the right (R) cingulum (cingulate gyrus) (CGC) was found. According to this, valine (val) homozygote ADHD-diagnosed children had significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity (RD) in the R-CGC than ADHD-diagnosed methionine (met) carriers, and val homozygote controls had higher FA and lower RD in the R-CGC than val homozygote ADHD patients. Second, met carriers had higher FA and axial diffusivity in the left (L)-uncinate fasciculus and lower RD in the L-posterior corona radiata and L-posterior thalamic radiation (include optic radiation) than the val homozygotes, independent of ADHD diagnosis. Third, children with ADHD had lower FA in the L-CGC and R-retrolenticular part of the internal capsule than the controls, independent of the COMT polymorphism. CONCLUSION Significant differences reported here may be evidence that the COMT gene val(158)met polymorphism variants, as well as ADHD, could affect brain development. ADHD and the COMT polymorphism might be interactively affecting WM development in the R-CGC to alter the WM connectivity in children with val homozygote ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burge Kabukcu Basay
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Buber
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Omer Basay
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Alacam
- Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Onder Ozturk
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Izci Ay
- Medical Biology and Genetics Department, Mersin University Medical Faculty, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Kadir Agladıoglu
- Radiology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Medical Biology and Genetics Department, Mersin University Medical Faculty, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Herken
- Psychiatry Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
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Abstract
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) is a popular method used by neuroscientists to uncover unique information about the structural connections within the brain. dMRI is a non-invasive imaging methodology in which image contrast is based on the diffusion of water molecules in tissue. While applicable to many tissues in the body, this review focuses exclusively on the use of dMRI to examine white matter in the brain. In this review, we begin with a definition of diffusion and how diffusion is measured with MRI. Next we introduce the diffusion tensor model, the predominant model used in dMRI. We then describe acquisition issues related to acquisition parameters and scanner hardware and software. Sources of artifacts are then discussed, followed by a brief review of analysis approaches. We provide an overview of the limitations of the traditional diffusion tensor model, and highlight several more sophisticated non-tensor models that better describe the complex architecture of the brain's white matter. We then touch on reliability and validity issues of diffusion measurements. Finally, we describe examples of ways in which dMRI has been applied to studies of brain disorders and how identified alterations relate to symptomatology and cognition.
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Rossi ASU, de Moura LM, de Mello CB, de Souza AAL, Muszkat M, Bueno OFA. Attentional Profiles and White Matter Correlates in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:122. [PMID: 26441684 PMCID: PMC4569813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widely studied neurodevelopmental disorder. It is a highly heterogeneous condition, encompassing different types of expression. The predominantly inattentive type is the most prevalent and the most stable over the lifetime, yet it is the least-studied presentation. To increase understanding of its cognitive profile, 29 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder of predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) and 29 matched controls, aged 7-15 years, had their attentional abilities assessed through the Conners' continuous performance test. Diffusion tensor imaging data were collected for all of the participants using a 3.0-T MRI system. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were obtained for 20 fiber tracts, and brain-behavior correlations were calculated for 42 of the children. The ADHD-I children differed significantly from the typically developing (TD) children with respect to attentional measures, such as the ability to maintain response-time consistency throughout the task (Hit RT SE and Variability), vigilance (Hit RT ISI and Hit RT ISI SE), processing speed (Hit RT), selective attention (Omissions), sustained attention (Hit RT Block Change), error profile (Response Style), and inhibitory control (Perseverations). Evidence of significant differences between the ADHD-I and the TD participants was not found with respect to the mean FA values in the fiber tracts analyzed. Moderate and strong correlations between performance on the attention indicators and the tract-average FA values were found for the ADHD-I group. Our results contribute to a better characterization of the attentional profile of ADHD-I individuals and suggest that in children and adolescents with ADHD-I, attentional performance is mainly associated with the white matter structure of the long associative fibers that connect anterior-posterior brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Muszkat
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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