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Lian X, Tang G, Dao X, Hu X, Xiong X, Zhang G, Wang Z, Cheng C, Wang X, Bi X, Li L, Li M, Zhou Z. Seasonal variations of imidazoles in urban areas of Beijing and Guangzhou, China by single particle mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:156995. [PMID: 35777561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Imidazoles (IMs) are potential contributors to brown carbon; they may notably contribute to climate radiative forcing. However, only a few studies have assessed the mixing state, seasonal and spatial distributions of IMs, and influencing factors for IM formation in urban aerosols. In this study, two single-particle aerosol mass spectrometers were employed to investigate the IM-containing particles in the urban areas of Beijing and Guangzhou, China. IM-containing particles were identified in the size range (dva) of 0.2-2.0 μm, accounting for 0.7-21.7 % of all the detected particles. The number fractions of IM-containing particles in both cities were the lowest in winter and the highest in spring, probably owing to the difference in the abundance of precursors and the particle acidity. Majority of (60-80 % by number) the IM-containing particles were mixed with organic carbon (OC), with the lowest fractions found in summer. Although the number fractions of IM-containing particles in Beijing were generally higher (~1.5-3 times) than those in Guangzhou, the mixing states of the IM-containing particles at these two sites were only slightly different. Potassium-rich (K-rich) and potassium-sodium (KNa) particles were rarely found in Guangzhou; they accounted for ~15 % of the IM-containing particles in Beijing. Additionally, our results indicate that particles with higher acidity are favorable for IM formation. These findings help improving our knowledge of the mixing state, seasonal variation, and spatial distribution of IMs in urban aerosols, and the insights in influencing factors into IM formation provide valuable information for future studies of the atmospheric chemical processes associated with IMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xu Dao
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zaihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Tang S, Li F, Lv J, Liu L, Wu G, Wang Y, Yu W, Wang Y, Jiang G. Unexpected molecular diversity of brown carbon formed by Maillard-like reactions in aqueous aerosols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8401-8411. [PMID: 35919720 PMCID: PMC9297531 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) exerts a key impact on the global radiative balance due to its light-absorbing properties. Maillard-like reactions between carbonyl and amino compounds have been identified as an important pathway for forming secondary BrC. Although optical properties have been widely studied, the molecular composition of secondary BrC generated in Maillard chemistry remains unclear, resulting in a knowledge gap to understand its formation and light-absorbing mechanism. In this study, a combination of optical spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was employed to comprehensively characterize the chemical and light-absorbing characteristics of secondary BrC. The results indicate that both the light-absorbing and molecular characteristics of secondary BrC were highly related to the structures of their precursors. Organic amine precursors consistently result in enhanced light-absorbing capacities of BrC compared to ammonium, but have inconsistent effects on the molecular diversity of BrC. Compared to amino precursors (i.e., glycine, ethylamine, propylamine, and ammonium), carbonyl precursors play a more important role in determining the molecular diversity of BrC. Different from black carbon, the light-absorbing products from Maillard-like reactions are mainly nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Unexpectedly, 35–64% of molecular formulae detected in real atmospheric samples were found in simulated Maillard reaction products, implying a potentially important contribution of Maillard chemistry to the atmospheric organic molecular pool. These results will improve our understanding of the formation and molecular diversity of BrC, and further help to manage emissions of secondary aerosol precursors. We found unexpected molecular diversity of brown carbon formed by Maillard-like reactions in aqueous aerosols, and carbonyl precursors play a more important role in determining the molecular diversity of brown carbon.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Tang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Feifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jitao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yarui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Gao Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Luo H, Zhou Z. Aqueous brown carbon formation by aldehyde compounds reaction with Glycine/Ammonium sulfate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 248:119230. [PMID: 33310608 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) can absorb solar radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) and near visible (Vis) regions, which plays an important role in the Earth's radiative balance and global climate. 1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol (DD), glyoxal (GX) and acetaldehyde (AAld) appeared moderate absorbent and fluorescent, when each of them reaction with glycine (Gly)/ammonium sulfate (AS). Combined with the previous experimental studies of the methylglyoxal (MG), GX reaction with GX/AS, novelty conclusions are as following: the absorbance of the reaction products in the same reaction time followed the order: MG-Gly>DD-Gly>GX-Gly>AAld-Gly, DD-AS>MG-AS>GX-AS>AAld-AS. And for the same aldehyde compound reaction with Gly the reaction rate was faster than with AS. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) plot showed that, with the increasing of reaction time, red shift of emission peak occurred in MG-Gly/AS and GX-Gly, no shift occurred in DD-Gly/AS and AAld-Gly, and blue shift occurred in GX-AS. The H2O2 oxidation photolysis results showed that the effective H2O2 oxidation photolysis rate constants (k) in the visible region are larger than in UV region for the reaction MG, GX, DD with Gly. But for AAld-Gly system, the k in the visible region is smaller than in the UV region. Besides, the reaction MG, GX, DD, AAld with Gly clearly showed that the presence of abundant organic products by Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yingbo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhimao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Kasthuriarachchi NY, Rivellini LH, Chen X, Li YJ, Lee AKY. Effect of Relative Humidity on Secondary Brown Carbon Formation in Aqueous Droplets. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13207-13216. [PMID: 32924450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a significant contributor to particulate light absorption. Reactions between small aldehydes and reduced nitrogen species have been shown to produce secondary BrC in atmospheric droplets. These reactions can be substantially accelerated upon droplet evaporation. Despite aqueous droplets undergoing continuous water evaporation and uptake in response to the surrounding relative humidity (RH), secondary BrC formation in these droplets under various RH conditions remains poorly understood. In this work, we investigate BrC formation from reactions of two aqueous-phase precursors, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, with ammonium sulfate or glycine in aqueous droplets after drying at a range of RH (30-90%). Our results illustrate, for the first time, that BrC production varies as a function of RH. For all four chemical reaction systems being investigated, mass absorption efficiencies (MAE, m2/g C) of aqueous aerosol products (from 270 to 512 nm wavelength range) generally increase with reducing RH to reach a maximum at ∼55-65% RH and subsequently decrease, caused by further drying. Chemical characterization using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry shows that the formation of nitrogen-containing organic species also follows a similar variation with RH. Our observations reveal that the acceleration of BrC production from evaporation of water may be diminished by other factors, such as limited particle-phase water content, phase transition, and volatility of reactants and products. Overall, our results highlight that intermediate RH conditions in the atmosphere may be more efficient in secondary BrC formation, indicating that the effect of RH needs to be included in atmospheric models for a more accurate representation of light-absorbing aerosol formation in aqueous droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethmi Y Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Laura-Hélèna Rivellini
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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Fan M, Ma S, Ferdousi N, Dai Z, Woo JL. Modeling of Carbonyl/Ammonium Sulfate Aqueous Brown Carbon Chemistry via UV/Vis Spectral Decomposition. Atmosphere 2020; 11:358. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The proper characterization of aqueous brown carbon (BrC) species, their formation, and their light absorbance properties is critical to understanding the aggregate effect that they have on overall atmospheric aerosol climate forcing. The contribution of dark chemistry secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products from carbonyl-containing organic compounds (CVOCs) to overall aqueous aerosol optical properties is expected to be significant. However, the multiple, parallel pathways that take place within CVOC reaction systems and the differing chromophoricity of individual products complicates the ability to reliably model the chemical kinetics taking place. Here, we proposed an alternative method of representing UV-visible absorbance spectra as a composite of Gaussian lineshape functions to infer kinetic information. Multiple numbers of curves and different CVOC/ammonium reaction systems were compared. A model using three fitted Gaussian curves with magnitudes following first-order kinetics achieved an accuracy within 65.5% in the 205–300-nm range across multiple organic types and solution aging times. Asymmetrical peaks that occurred in low-200-nm wavelengths were decomposed into two overlapping Gaussian curves, which may have been attributable to different functional groups or families of reaction products. Component curves within overall spectra exhibited different dynamics, implying that the utilization of absorbance at a single reference wavelength to infer reaction rate constants may result in misrepresentative kinetics for these systems.
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