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Ullah I, Shahzad SA, Assiri MA, Ullah MZ, Irshad H, Farooq U. A combined experimental and theoretical approach for doxycycline sensing using simple fluorescent probe with distinct fluorescence change in wide range of interferences. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 314:124224. [PMID: 38574611 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Overuse of doxycycline (DOXY) can cause serious problems to human health, environment and food quality. So, it is essential to develop a new sensing methodology that is both sensitive and selective for the quantitative detection of DOXY. In our current research, we synthesized a simple fluorescent probe 4,4'-bis(benzyloxy)-1,1'-biphenyl (BBP) for the highly selective detection of doxycycline by through fluorescence spectroscopy. The probe BBP displayed ultra-sensitivity towards doxycycline due to Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Fluorescence spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT), 1H NMR titration, UV-Vis, and Job's plot were used to confirm the sensing mechanism. The charge transfer between the probe and analyte was further examined qualitatively by electron density differences (EDD) and quantitively by natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. Whereas the non-covalent nature of probe BBP towards DOXY was verified by theoretical non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis as along with Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis. Furthermore, probe BBP was also practically employed for the detection of doxycycline in fish samples, pharmaceutical wastewater and blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zahid Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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2
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Pervaiz A, Shahzad SA, Assiri MA, Javid T, Irshad H, Khan KO. Extensive optical and DFT studies on novel AIE active fluorescent sensor for Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of nitrobenzene in Solid, solution and vapor phase. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 313:124121. [PMID: 38460231 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
An electron rich isophthalamide based sensor IPA has been synthesized through a simple two-step reaction, containing noteworthy aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties. Considering the significant emission with λmax at 438 nm, sensor IPA has been employed for the sensing of nitrobenzene (NB) in solid, solution and vapor state with high sensitivity and selectivity. Sensor IPA showed noteworthy colorimetric and fluorometric quenching in fluorescence emission when exposed to NB. Small size of NB and involvement of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) lead to detection of NB down to 60 nM. IPA-NB interaction was studied through UV-Vis. spectroscopic studies along with fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover, 1H and 13C NMR titration experiments provided additional support for determination of interaction type. Furthermore, by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, thermodynamic stability was studied. Additionally, non-covalent interactions (NCI), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), density of states (DOS), were investigated for providing further evidence of nitrobenzene sensing and its interaction with sensor. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was carried out for charge transfer studies. Quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) and SAPT0 studies provided information about interaction points and binding energy. Additionally, IPA was investigated for NB sensing in real water samples, and its effective participation in solid state on-site detection as well as in solution phase was brought to light along with logic gate construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Pervaiz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayyeba Javid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khanzadi Omama Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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Majumder R, Jana D, Ghorai BK. Synthesis of V-shaped Thiophene Based Rotor-Stilbene: Substituent Dependent Aggregation and Photophysical Properties. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03591-2. [PMID: 38319521 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Thiophene core V-shaped rotor-stilbene derivatives have been synthesized utilizing two-fold Heck coupling reaction. These compounds are blue emitters with moderate quantum yield in dilute solution. Rotor nature of the synthesized stilbenes supports aggregation induced emission (AIE) behaviour and they show substituent dependent emission behavior in aggregate state. In presence of donating groups (e.g., tert-butyl, methoxy, diphenylamine group) in stilbenes, they exhibit AIE property. But with the introduction of electron withdrawing group (nitro group), they shows aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) behavior. Different types of nano-aggregates formation is observed in aggregated state, which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The details photophysical (absorption, fluorescence, and lifetime), electrochemical property (cyclic voltammetry) and thermal stability have been investigated. Optimized structure, energy and electronic distribution of molecular orbitals have been studied by theoretical calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India
| | - Debabrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, 700 118, India
| | - Binay Krishna Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India.
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Ullah MZ, Shahzad SA, Assiri MA, Irshad H, Rafique S, Shakir SA, Mumtaz A. An extensive experimental and DFT studies on highly selective detection of nitrobenzene through deferasirox based new fluorescent sensor. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 306:123607. [PMID: 37948931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A deferasirox based substituted triazole amine sensor TAD has been synthesized for the highly selective detection of nitrobenzene in real samples. Sensor TAD exhibited selective quenching response against nitrobenzene among the other nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process was devised as plausible sensing mechanisms which was supported via UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR titration experiment, density functional theory (DFT) analysis and Job's plot. Non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis and Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis were performed to investigate the presence of non-covalent interactions and symmetry perturbation theory (SAPT0) was performed for energy decomposition and quantitative analysis of interaction energies between sensor TAD and NB. Furthermore, sensor TAD was practically applied for the identification of NB in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ahmed Shakir
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Mondal S, Vashi Y, Ghosh P, Kalita P, Kumar S, Iyer PK. Self-Assembly Driven Formation of Functional Ultralong "Artificial Fibers" to Mitigate the Neuronal Damage Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:4383-4391. [PMID: 37769186 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is the key event in the amyloid neurotoxicity process that induces a chain of toxic events including oxidative stress, caspase activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in neuronal loss and memory decline manifesting as clinical dementia in humans. Herein, we report the development of a novel, biologically active supramolecular probe, INHQ, and achieve functional nanoarchitectures via a self-assembly process such that ultralong fibers are achieved spontaneously. With specifically decorated functional groups on INHQ such as imidazole, hydroxyquinoline, hydrophobic chain, and hydroxyquinoline molecules, these ultralong fibers coassembled efficiently with toxic Aβ oligomers and mitigated the amyloid-induced neurotoxicity by blocking the aforementioned biochemical events leading to neuronal damage in mice. These functional ultralong "Artificial Fibers" morphologically resemble the amyloid fibers and provide a higher surface area of interaction that improves its clearance ability against the Aβ aggregates. The efficacy of this novel INHQ molecule was ascertained by its high ability to interact with Aβ. Moreover, this injectable, ultralong INHQ functional "artificial fiber" translocates through the blood-brain barrier and successfully attenuates the amyloid-triggered neuronal damage and pyknosis in the cerebral cortex of wild-type mouse. Utilizing various spectroscopic techniques, morphology analysis, and in vitro, in silico, and in vivo studies, these ultralong INHQ fibers are proven to hold great promise for treating neurological disorders at all stages with a potential to replace the existing medications, reduce complications in the brain, and eradicate the amyloid-triggered neurotoxicity implicated in numerous disorders in human through a rare synergistic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam. India
| | - Yoya Vashi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam. India
| | - Priyam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam. India
| | - Pankaj Kalita
- Department of Zoology, Eastern Karbi Anglong College, Assam 782480, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam. India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam. India
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam. India
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Irshad H, Assiri MA, Rafique S, Khan AM, Imran M, Shahzad SA. Triazine based fluorescent sensor for sequential detection of Hg 2+ and L-Cysteine in real samples and application in logic Gate: A combination of Extensive experimental and theoretical analysis. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 300:122934. [PMID: 37270970 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triazine based fluorescent sensor TBT was rationally designed and synthesized to achieve sequential detection of Hg2+ and L-cysteine based on the presence of sulfur moiety and suitable cavity in the molecule. Sensor TBT exhibited excellent sensing potential for the selective detection of Hg2+ ions and L-cysteine (Cys) in real samples. Upon addition of Hg2+ to sensor TBT, enhancement in emission intensity of sensor TBT was observed which was accredited to the presence of sulfur moiety and size of cavity in the sensor. Upon interaction with Hg2+ blockage of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) along with chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) resulted in the increase in fluorescence emission intensity of sensor TBT. Further, TBT-Hg2+ complex was employed for the selective detection of Cys through fluorescence quenching mechanism. This was attributed to the significantly stronger interaction of Cys with Hg2+, which resulted in the formation of Cys-Hg2+ complex and subsequently sensor TBT was released from TBT-Hg2+ complex. The nature of interaction between TBT-Hg2+ and Cys-Hg2+ complex was evaluated through 1H NMR titration experimentations. Extensive DFT studies were also carried out which include thermodynamic stability, frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), density of states (DOS), non-covalent interaction (NCI), quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM), electron density differences (EDD) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. All the studies supported the non-covalent type of interaction between analytes and sensor TBT. The limit of detection for Hg2+ ions was found to be as low as 61.9 nM. Sensor TBT was also employed for the quantitative detection of Hg2+ and Cys in real samples. Additionally, logic gate was fabricated by using sequential detection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Rafique S, Alzahrani AYA, Irshad H, Khan AM, Shahzad SA. New fluorescent probe for sensing of mefenamic acid in aqueous medium: An integrated experimental and theoretical analysis. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 300:122946. [PMID: 37262973 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal levels of mefenamic acid (MFA) in living organisms can result in hepatic necrosis, liver, and gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, development of accurate and effective method for detection of MFA is of great significance for the protection of public health. Herein, we designed a stilbene based sensor ECO for the sensitive and selective detection of mefenamic acid by employing fluorescence spectroscopy for the first time. The developed sensor ECO displayed fluorescence turn-off response towards MFA based on PET (photoinduced electron transfer) and hydrogen bonding. The sensing mechanism of MFA was investigated through 1H NMR titration experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The presence of non-covalent interaction was confirmed through spectroscopic analysis and was further supported by non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis and Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis. Additionally, the sensor ECO coated test strips were fabricated for on-site detection of mefenamic acid. Furthermore, the practical applicability of sensor ECO to detect MFA was also explored in human blood and artificial urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | | | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Ni JS, Lu GH. Natural protoberberine alkaloid-montmorillonite nanocomposite powders with AIE features for visualizing high-resolution latent fingerprints. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 300:122908. [PMID: 37247553 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and in-situ fluorescence visualization technologies have attention to in the forensic analysis of latent fingerprints (LFPs). The fingerprint powders with high performance and biocompatibility are essential for imaging LFPs with high definition and safety. In this work, five quaternary protoberberine alkaloid (QPA) derivatives were analyzed with reorganization energy and four-point calculations to explain the relationship between the substituent effect and luminescent properties and further resolve the luminous behaviors of four QPA-based natural products in solution. Thanks to the restriction of the intramolecular motions mechanism, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active BBC nanoaggregates could sensitively detect explosive analog, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, at a nanomolar level (9.8 nM of detection limit). Combined with natural montmorillonite (MMT) mineral powders, three levels of details for fingerprints were successfully imaged with solid-luminous BBC/MMT nanocomposites. The insight into the substituted effect of alkoxy groups on the QPA framework not only provides a new concept to design rotor-free AIE luminogens but also expands natural products and their nanocomposites into LFP and detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan.
| | - Guan-Hua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
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Alzahrani AYA, Khan KO, Rafique S, Irshad H, Khan AM, Shahzad SA. Theoretical and experimental studies on mechanochromic triphenylamine based fluorescent "ON-OFF-ON" sensor for sequential detection of Fe 3+ and deferasirox. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 297:122745. [PMID: 37084683 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel triphenylamine (TPA) based sensor TTU was rationally designed and synthesized that exhibited reversible mechanochromic and aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties. The AIEE active sensor was employed for fluorometric detection of Fe3+ in aqueous medium, with distinguished selectivity. The sensor showed a highly selective quenching response towards Fe3+ that is ascribed to complex formation with paramagnetic Fe3+. Subsequently, TTU-Fe3+ complex acted as a fluorescence sensor for the detection of deferasirox (DFX). The subsequent addition of DFX to TTU-Fe3+ complex led to the recovery of fluorescence emission intensity of sensor TTU that was attributed to the displacement of Fe3+ by DFX and release of sensor TTU. The proposed sensing mechanisms for Fe3+ and DFX was confirmed through 1H NMR titration experiment and DFT calculations. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), density of states (DOS), natural bond orbital (NBO), non-covalent interaction (NCI) and electron density difference (EDD) analysis were performed using DFT calculations to support the experimental results. Moreover, sensor TTU displayed colorimetric detection of Fe3+. Further, the sensor was employed for the detection of Fe3+ and DFX in real water samples. Finally, logic gate was fabricated by using sequential detection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khanzadi Omama Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Asad Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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