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Elgoulli M, Zahir H, Ellouali M, Latrache H. Chlorination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in potable water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38576328 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2338891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of chlorine (NaOCl) disinfection on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in potable water. The adhesion of the bacteria on glass surfaces and the growth of the adherent cells were measured after treatment with chlorine (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/L). Adhesion was assessed by optical microscopy, and cultivability of the adherent cells was estimated by counting the bacteria on solid medium after being recovered from the support surface. Regardless of the concentration applied, P. aeruginosa did not lose the ability to adhere or grow after adhesion. However, the two factors were influenced by the chlorine treatments. The results showed that the adhesive capacity and cultivability of adherent cells were linked. The maximum inhibition of adherence and cultivability was observed in the 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L treatments. At 0.75 and 1 mg/L, the adhesive capability and post-adhesive cultivability were slightly increased. The results suggest that residual concentrations of sodium hypochlorite fixed by standards (less than 1 mg/L) may be ineffective against P. aeruginosa, and thus could have an impact on consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Elgoulli
- Industrial and surface engineering laboratory, Team: Bioprocesses and biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hafida Zahir
- Industrial and surface engineering laboratory, Team: Bioprocesses and biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Ellouali
- Industrial and surface engineering laboratory, Team: Bioprocesses and biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hassan Latrache
- Industrial and surface engineering laboratory, Team: Bioprocesses and biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. A review of research advances on disinfection strategies for biofilm control in drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121273. [PMID: 38359597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is responsible for water quality deterioration and a possible source of public health risks. Different factors impact the biological stability of drinking water (DW) in the distribution networks, such as the presence and concentration of nutrients, water temperature, pipe material composition, hydrodynamic conditions, and levels of disinfectant residual. This review aimed to evaluate the current state of knowledge on strategies for DW biofilm disinfection through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the literature published over the last decade. A systematic review method was performed on the 562 journal articles identified through database searching on Web of Science and Scopus, with 85 studies selected for detailed analysis. A variety of disinfectants were identified for DW biofilm control such as chlorine, chloramine, UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and others at a lower frequency, namely, electrolyzed water, bacteriophages, silver ions, and nanoparticles. The disinfectants can impact the microbial communities within biofilms, reduce the number of culturable cells and biofilm biomass, as well as interfere with the biofilm matrix components. The maintenance of an effective residual concentration in the water guarantees long-term prevention of biofilm formation and improves the inactivation of detached biofilm-associated opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, strategies based on multi-barrier processes by optimization of primary and secondary disinfection combined with other water treatment methods improve the control of opportunistic pathogens, reduce the chlorine-tolerance of biofilm-embedded cells, as well as decrease the corrosion rate in metal-based pipelines. Most of the studies used benchtop laboratory devices for biofilm research. Even though these devices mimic the conditions found in real DWDS, future investigations on strategies for DW biofilm control should include the validity of the promising strategies against biofilms formed in real DW networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maria Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Bezerra Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Chaves Simões
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Plácido A, Simões LC, Eaton P, Simões M. The impact of potassium peroxymonosulphate and chlorinated cyanurates on biofilms of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: effects on biofilm control, regrowth, and mechanical properties. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:691-705. [PMID: 37811587 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2254704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The activity of two chlorinated isocyanurates (NaDCC and TCCA) and peroxymonosulphate (OXONE) was evaluated against biofilms of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an emerging pathogen isolated from drinking water (DW), and for the prevention of biofilm regrowth. After disinfection of pre-formed 48 h-old biofilms, the culturability was reduced up to 7 log, with OXONE, TCCA, and NaDCC showing more efficiency than free chlorine against biofilms formed on stainless steel. The regrowth of biofilms previously exposed to OXONE was reduced by 5 and 4 log CFU cm-2 in comparison to the unexposed biofilms and biofilms exposed to free chlorine, respectively. Rheometry analysis showed that biofilms presented properties of viscoelastic solid materials, regardless of the treatment. OXONE reduced the cohesiveness of the biofilm, given the significant decrease in the complex shear modulus (G*). AFM analysis revealed that biofilms had a fractured appearance and smaller bacterial aggregates dispersed throughout the surface after OXONE exposure than the control sample. In general, OXONE has been demonstrated to be a promising disinfectant to control DW biofilms, with a higher activity than chlorine. The results also show the impact of the biofilm mechanical properties on the efficacy of the disinfectants in biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Plácido
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Simões
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - P Eaton
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- The Bridge, School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zarei M, Paknejad M, Eskandari MH. Sublethal chlorine stress promotes the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and expression of the related genes. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104232. [PMID: 36906303 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine treatment is the most common disinfection method in food-related environments. In addition to being simple and inexpensive, this method is very effective if used properly. However, insufficient chlorine concentrations only cause a sublethal oxidative stress in the bacterial population and may alter the growth behavior of stressed cells. In the present study, the effect of sublethal chlorine stress on the biofilm formation characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis was evaluated. Our results demonstrated that, sublethal chlorine stress (350 ppm total chlorine) activates the biofilm (csgD, agfA, adrA and bapA) and quorum-sensing (sdiA and luxS) related genes in planktonic cells of S. Enteritidis. The higher expression of these genes illustrated that the chlorine stress induced the initiation of the biofilm formation process in S. Enteritidis. Results of the initial attachment assay confirmed this finding. In addition, the number of chlorine-stressed biofilm cells was significantly higher than non-stressed biofilm cells after 48 h incubation at 37 °C. In S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 and S. Enteritidis KL19, the number of chlorine-stressed biofilm cells were 6.93 ± 0.48 and 7.49 ± 0.57 log CFU/cm2, while the number of non-stressed biofilm cells were 5.12 ± 0.39 and 5.63 ± 0.51 log CFU/cm2, respectively. These findings were confirmed by measurements of the major components of biofilm, i.e., eDNA, protein and carbohydrate. The amount of these components in 48-h biofilms was higher when the cells were initially subjected to sublethal chlorine stress. However, the up-regulation of the biofilm and quorum sensing genes was not observed in 48-h biofilm cells, indicating that the effect of chlorine stress had vanished in the subsequent generations of Salmonella. In total, these results revealed that sublethal chlorine concentrations can promote the biofilm-forming ability of S Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Paknejad
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Eskandari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Long T, Hu Z, Gao Z, Luo H, Li H, Chen Y, Liu L, Xu D. Carbon dots electrochemically prepared from dopamine and epigallocatechin gallate for hypochlorite detection with high selectivity via a dynamic quenching mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122947. [PMID: 37295382 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring hypochlorite levels in water is of great importance because of its high toxicity and wide applications as water disinfectants. In this manuscript, carbon dot (CD) was electrochemically prepared by using dopamine and epigallocatechin gallate (molar ratio 1:1) as the carbon source for efficient hypochlorite determination. By electrolyzing the solution at 10 V for 12 min with PBS as an electrolyte, dopamine would react with epigallocatechin at the anode, and through polymerization, dehydration, and carbonization, strong blue-fluorescent CDs were obtained. CDs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR, etc. These CDs have an excitation wavelength at 372 nm and an emission wavelength at 462 nm, owing an average particle size of 5.5 nm. The presence of hypochlorites can quench the fluorescence of CDs, and its reduction in intensity is linear with hypochlorite concentration over the range of 0.5-50 μM, ΔF/F0 = 0.0056 + 0.0194CClO-, R2=0.997. The detection limit achieved 0.23 μM (S/N = 3). The mechanism for fluorescence quenching is via a dynamic process. Different from many other fluorescence methods based on the strong oxidizing ability of hypochlorites, our method shows strong selectivity toward hypochlorites over other oxidizing agents such as H2O2. The assay was validated by the detection of hypochlorites in water samples, with recoveries between 98.2% and 104.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Long
- The Health Management Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843100, China
| | - Zhongyang Hu
- The Neurology Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ziyun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- The Health Management Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hongchen Li
- The Health Management Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Hunan Intellijoy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Lei Liu
- The Health Management Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Dong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-products Further Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Pereira AR, Gomes IB, Simões M. Impact of parabens on drinking water bacteria and their biofilms: The role of exposure time and substrate materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117413. [PMID: 36764214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parabens have been detected in drinking water (DW) worldwide, however, their impact on DW microbial communities remains to be explored. Microorganisms can easily adapt to environmental changes. Therefore, their exposure to contaminants of emerging concern, particularly parabens, in DW distribution systems (DWDS) may affect the microbiological quality and safety of the DW reaching the consumers tap. This work provides a pioneer evaluation of the effects of methylparaben (MP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP), and their combination (MIX), in bacterial biofilms formed on different surfaces, representative of DWDS materials - high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PPL) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, isolated from DW, were used to form single and dual-species biofilms on the surface materials selected. The exposure to MP for 7 days caused the most significant effects on biofilms, by increasing their cellular culturability, density, and thickness up to 233%, 150%, and 224%, respectively, in comparison to non-exposed biofilms. Overall, more pronounced alterations were detected for single biofilms than for dual-species biofilms when HDPE and PPL, demonstrating that the surface material used affected the action of parabens on biofilms. Swimming motility and the production of virulence factors (protease and gelatinase) by S. maltophilia were increased up to 141%, 41%, and 73%, respectively, when exposed to MP for 7 days. The overall results highlight the potential of parabens to interfere with DW bacteria in planktonic state and biofilms, and compromise the DW microbiological quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pereira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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Bahrami S, Asadi Z, Zarei M, Hamidinejat H, Henriquez FL. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorine enhances the cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1371-1380. [PMID: 37037947 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are the causative agents of infections in humans and animals. Many studies are being conducted to find effective compounds against amoebae, but their sublethal concentration effects on surviving amoebae seem to have been overlooked. Chlorine is a common disinfection agent commonly added to public water facilities and supplies. In this study, the cytopathic and phagocytic properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites following exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorine were examined. Two hours of exposure to 5 ppm hypochlorite calcium was considered the sublethal concentration for A. castellanii trophozoites. To compare the pathogenic potential of treated and untreated Acanthamoeba trophozoites, cytotoxicity, adhesion assays in RAW 264.7 macrophages, osmo, and thermotolerance tests were carried out. Bacterial uptake was assessed in treated cells to evaluate their phagocytic characteristics. Oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant activities were compared in treated and untreated trophozoites. Finally, the mRNA expression of the mannose-binding protein (MBP), cysteine protease 3 (CP3), and serine endopeptidase (SEP) genes was determined in cells. In all the experiments, untreated trophozoites were considered the control. In comparison to untreated trophozoites, in chlorine-treated trophozoites, cytopathic effects were more extensive and resulted in the detachment of macrophage monolayers. Treated trophozoites could not grow at high temperatures (43 °C). Besides, they showed osmotolerance to 0.5 M D-mannitol but not to 1 M. Results demonstrated a higher bacterial uptake rate by chlorine-treated trophozoites than untreated cells. The treated and untreated cells had significantly different glutathione and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratios. Antioxidant enzyme activities, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde levels were increased significantly in chlorine-treated cells. Quantifying mRNA expression in chlorine-treated trophozoites revealed that virulence genes were upregulated. Chlorine can form resistance and virulent amoebae if it is not used at a proper concentration and exposure time. Identification of stress responses, their mechanisms in Acanthamoeba, and their relation to amoeba virulence would give us a better perception of their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Asadi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Hamidinejat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fiona L Henriquez
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland (UWS), Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
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Elgoulli M, Zahir H, Ellouali M, Latrache H. Disruption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adherent Cells by NaCl and NaOCl in Drinking Water. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:138. [PMID: 36920670 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare and explain the disruptive effect of sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite on the adherent cells of P. aeruginosa on glass slides. To this end, the surface characteristics of glass slides and P. aeruginosa were estimated using the contact angle method. In addition, the effects of NaCl and NaOCl on the attachment of the adherent cells were revealed using optical microscopy. The contact angle data showed moderate effects of NaCl and NaOCl on the P. aeruginosa surface, which became faintly more hydrophilic (21.9 mJ/m2, 51.1 mJ/m2) and a stronger electrons donor (53.4 mJ/m2, 54.3 mJ/m2). NaCl reversed the hydrophobicity of glass, with its surface becoming very hydrophobic (- 31.7 mJ/m2) and a weak electrons donor (7.4 mJ/m2), whereas NaOCl enhanced the hydrophobicity of glass (49.3 mJ/m2) and its electrons donor character (62.7 mJ/m2). The optical microscopy showed that NaCl caused a clear and progressive disruption of the colonization, while NaOCl had no effect. Briefly, this study suggests that a combination of NaCl and NaOCl may solve the problem of P. aeruginosa installation in water tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Elgoulli
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hafida Zahir
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Ellouali
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hassan Latrache
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
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Lim ES, Nam SJ, Koo OK, Kim JS. Protective role of Acinetobacter and Bacillus for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in biofilms against sodium hypochlorite and extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Interactions between Penicillium brevicompactum/Penicillium expansum and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolated from drinking water in biofilm development and control. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 384:109980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bacterial Response to the Surface Aging of PLA Matrices Loaded with Active Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224976. [PMID: 36433103 PMCID: PMC9698402 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of active components in biomaterials improves the properties of existing ones and makes it possible to obtain new devices with antibacterial properties that prevent infections after implantation, thus guaranteeing the success of the implant. In this work, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and magnesium particles were incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) films to assess the extent to which progressive aging of the new surfaces resists bacterial colonization processes. For this purpose, the films' surface was characterized by contact angle measurements, ToF-SIMS and AFM, and adhesion, viability and biofilm growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria on these films were also evaluated. The results show that the inclusion of Mg and CTAB in PLA films changes their surface properties both before and after aging and also modifies bacterial adhesion on the polymer. Complete bactericidal activity is exhibited on non-degraded films and films with CTAB. This antibacterial behavior is maintained after degradation for three months in the case of films containing a higher amount of CTAB.
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Arruda V, Simões M, Gomes IB. The impact of synthetic musk compounds in biofilms from drinking water bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129185. [PMID: 35739716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musk fragrances have been detected in drinking water (DW) at trace concentrations. However, their impact on the microbial quality of DW has been disregarded. This work provides a pioneer evaluation of the effects of two synthetic musks contaminants, tonalide (AHTN) and galaxolide (HHCB), in microbial biofilms formed on two different surfaces, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel AISI 316 (SS316). Three bacterial species isolated from DW (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Burkholderia cepacia and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia), were used to develop 7-day-old single and mixed species biofilms. The impact of musks was assessed directly on biofilms but also on the bacteria motility, biofilm formation ability and biofilm susceptibility to chlorination. AHTN musk caused the most remarkable effects by increasing the cellular density and viability of mixed biofilms, and the extracellular polysaccharides content of biofilms on SS316. Most of the alterations caused by the direct exposure of biofilms to musks were observed when SS316 was used as an adhesion surface. In contrast, the ability to form biofilms and their susceptibility to chlorine were more affected for bacteria from HHCB-exposed biofilms on PVC. The overall results demonstrate that the presence of musks at residual concentrations influences DW bacterial dynamics, with the potential to impact the DW quality and safety. The type of plumbing material may further impact the effects of musks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Arruda
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Gupta V, Shekhawat SS, Kulshreshtha NM, Gupta AB. A systematic review on chlorine tolerance among bacteria and standardization of their assessment protocol in wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:261-291. [PMID: 35906907 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though chlorine is a cost-effective disinfectant for water and wastewaters, the bacteria surviving after chlorination pose serious public health and environmental problems. This review critically assesses the mechanism of chlorine disinfection as described by various researchers; factors affecting chlorination efficacy; and the re-growth potential of microbial contaminations in treated wastewater post chlorination to arrive at meaningful doses for ensuring health safety. Literature analysis shows procedural inconsistencies in the assessment of chlorine tolerant bacteria, making it extremely difficult to compare the tolerance characteristics of different reported tolerant bacteria. A comparison of logarithmic reduction after chlorination and the concentration-time values for prominent pathogens led to the generation of a standard protocol for the assessment of chlorine tolerance. The factors that need to be critically monitored include applied chlorine doses, contact time, determination of chlorine demands of the medium, and the consideration of bacterial counts immediately after chlorination and in post chlorinated samples (regrowth). The protocol devised here appropriately assesses the chlorine-tolerant bacteria and urges the scientific community to report the regrowth characteristics as well. This would increase the confidence in data interpretation that can provide a better understanding of chlorine tolerance in bacteria and aid in formulating strategies for effective chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Gupta
- Alumnus, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandeep Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail: ; School of Life and Basic Sciences, SIILAS Campus, Jaipur National University Jaipur, India
| | - Niha Mohan Kulshreshtha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail:
| | - Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail:
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14
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. Chlorinated cyanurates and potassium salt of peroxymonosulphate as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents for drinking water disinfection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152355. [PMID: 34921876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of microbial susceptibility to disinfectants is an important step to provide drinking water (DW) of adequate microbiological quality. In drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) the application of disinfectants is the main approach to control microorganisms. Although chlorine has been commonly used for DW treatment, the increase of microbial resistance and the production of harmful disinfection by-products promote the necessity to seek new alternatives. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), and pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate) (OXONE) against two emerging pathogens isolated from DW, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Free chlorine from calcium hypochlorite was used for comparison. The dose and time-responses against planktonic bacteria were performed as well as the assessment of the effects on membrane integrity. Moreover, the effects against 48 h-old biofilms formed on polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel were evaluated in terms of biofilm culturability and removal. Minimum bactericidal concentrations of 2.1 and 3.1 mg/L for NaDCC, 2.5 and 3.8 mg/L for TCCA, 340 and 690 mg/L for OXONE, and 0.80 and 1.0 mg/L for free chlorine alone were obtained against S. maltophilia and A. calcoaceticus, respectively. The kinetic modeling revealed that NaDCC and TCCA caused similar inactivation rates and the time for first log reduction by OXONE was less than 10 min, for both bacteria. All the disinfectants triggered significant bacterial cytoplasmic membrane destabilization, even at sub-lethal concentrations. A 30 min treatment with the disinfectants allowed a reduction in the biofilm culturability up to 5 log. OXONE was the disinfectant with the best efficiency against both bacterial biofilms. However, none of the disinfectants caused significant biofilm removal (reduction < 1 log cells/cm2). This study highlights NaDCC, TCCA, and OXONE as promising alternatives to free chlorine for DW disinfection, particularly for planktonic growth control and biofilm culturability reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maria Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Bezerra Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Chaves Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Water Systems and Their Impact on Microbial Communities. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in aquatic systems and their potential effects on ecosystems have sparked the interest of the scientific community with a consequent increase in their report. Moreover, the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment should be assessed through the “One-Health” approach since all the living organisms are exposed to those contaminants at some point and several works already reported their impact on ecological interactions. There are a wide variety of concerning emerging contaminants in water sources, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, house-care products, nanomaterials, fire-retardants, and all the vast number of different compounds of indispensable use in routine tasks. Synthetic musks are examples of fragrances used in the formulation of personal and/or house-care products, which may potentially cause significant ecotoxicological concerns. However, there is little-to-no information regarding the effect of synthetic musks on microbial communities. This study reviews the presence of musk fragrances in drinking water and their impact on aquatic microbial communities, with a focus on the role of biofilms in aquatic systems. Moreover, this review highlights the research needed for a better understating of the impact of non-pharmaceutical contaminants in microbial populations and public health.
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16
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Antibiofilm activity of glycolic acid and glyoxal and their diffusion–reaction interactions with biofilm components. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Hierro-Oliva M, Gallardo-Moreno AM, González-Martín ML. Surface Characterisation of Human Serum Albumin Layers on Activated Ti6Al4V. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7416. [PMID: 34885570 PMCID: PMC8658959 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adpsortion of protein layers on biomaterials plays an important role in the interactions between implants and the bio-environment. In this context, human serum albumin (HSA) layers have been deposited on modified Ti6Al4V surfaces at different ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation times to observe possible changes in the adsorbed protein layer. Protein adsorption was done from solutions at concentraions lower than the serum protein concentration, to follow the surface modifications at the beginning of the albumin adhesion process. For this purpose, the surface of the protein-coated samples has been characterized by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), contact angle and zeta potential measurements. The results obtained show a reduction in the total surface tension and zeta potential of samples treated with UV-C light when coated with a protein layer. Furthermore, the UV-C light treatment applied to titanium alloy surfaces is able to modify the conformation, orientation and packing of the proteins arranged in the adsorbed layer. Low irradiation time generates an unstable surface with the lowest protein adsorption and the highest hydrophobic/hydrophilic protein ratio, indicating a possible denaturalization of the protein on these surfaces. However, surface changes are stabilized after 15 h or UV-C irradiation, favoring the protein adsorption through electrical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hierro-Oliva
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.H.-O.); (M.L.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- University Institute of Extremadura Sanity Research (INUBE), 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Amparo M. Gallardo-Moreno
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.H.-O.); (M.L.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- University Institute of Extremadura Sanity Research (INUBE), 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Luisa González-Martín
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.H.-O.); (M.L.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- University Institute of Extremadura Sanity Research (INUBE), 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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18
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Li Q, Liu L, Guo A, Zhang X, Liu W, Ruan Y. Formation of Multispecies Biofilms and Their Resistance to Disinfectants in Food Processing Environments: A Review. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2071-2083. [PMID: 34324690 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In food processing environments, various microorganisms can adhere and aggregate on the surface of equipment, resulting in the formation of multispecies biofilms. Complex interactions among microorganisms may affect the formation of multispecies biofilms and resistance to disinfectants, which are food safety and quality concerns. This article reviews the various interactions among microorganisms in multispecies biofilms, including competitive, cooperative, and neutral interactions. Then, the preliminary mechanisms underlying the formation of multispecies biofilms are discussed in relation to factors, such as quorum-sensing signal molecules, extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm-regulated genes. Finally, the resistance mechanisms of common contaminating microorganisms to disinfectants in food processing environments are also summarized. This review is expected to facilitate a better understanding of interspecies interactions and provide some implications for the control of multispecies biofilms in food processing. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailing Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.,National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinshuai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wukang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Ruan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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19
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Yan J, Xie J. Removal of Shewanella putrefaciens Biofilm by acidic electrolyzed water on food contact surfaces. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Tao MT, Zhang J, Luo ZZ, Zhou NN, Song CC. Dynamic and quantitative characterization of antagonism within disinfectant mixtures by a modified area-concentration ratio method. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112455. [PMID: 34174735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of various typical disinfectant pollutants has the potential to produce toxicity interaction towards organisms in the environment. A suitable model is necessary to evaluate the interaction quantitatively. Hence, the area-concentration ratio (ACR) method was modified (MACR) by combing confidence intervals to dynamically and quantitatively evaluate the toxicity interactions within disinfectant mixture pollutants. Disinfectant mixtures were designed by the direct equipartition design ray method using three guanidine disinfectants, chlorhexidine diacetate (CD), chlorhexidine (CHL), and polyhexamethylene biguanidine (POL) and one chlorine-containing disinfectant calcium hypochlorite (CAL). The toxicities of the four disinfectants and their mixtures towards Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) were determined by the time-dependent toxicity microplate analysis method. And the toxicity mechanism was analyzed by determining the effects of four disinfectants and their binary mixtures on the structure of cell, DNA and proteins (Pro) for Q67. The results show that the toxicities of CD and CHL to Q67vary little with time, but POL and CAL show the obvious time-dependent toxicity. The toxicities of CD, CHL and POL to Q67 are significantly stronger than that of CAL at the same exposure time. The toxicities of three binary mixture systems don't have significant difference in different exposure time. MACR can dynamically, quantitatively and accurately characterize toxicity interactions compared with ACR. According to MACR, the antagonism intensity dynamically changes with the prolongation of exposure time for binary mixture rays of three guanidine disinfectants and CAL, and linearly correlates with the components' concentration ratios. Four disinfectants all can destroy cell membrane and cause desaturation DNA of test organism, and CAL even can destroy the structure of DNA and protein. The probably reason for the antagonism within binary mixtures is the reaction between guanidine group and ClO-, which is called chemical antaogism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Tao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zong-Zong Luo
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Na-Na Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Cong-Cong Song
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
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21
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Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
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22
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Luo LW, Wu YH, Yu T, Wang YH, Chen GQ, Tong X, Bai Y, Xu C, Wang HB, Ikuno N, Hu HY. Evaluating method and potential risks of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB): A review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116474. [PMID: 33039832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) are commonly defined as bacteria with high resistance to chlorine disinfection or bacteria which can survive or even regrow in the residual chlorine. Chlorine disinfection cannot completely control the risks of CRB, such as risks of pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance and microbial growth. Currently, researchers pay more attention to CRB with pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. The microbial growth risks of non-pathogenic CRB in water treatment and reclamation systems have been neglected to some extent. In this review, these three kinds of risks are all analyzed, and the last one is also highlighted. In order to study CRB, various methods are used to evaluate chlorine resistance. This review summarizes the evaluating methods for chlorine resistance reported in the literatures, and collects the important information about the typical isolated CRB strains including their genera, sources and levels of chlorine resistance. To our knowledge, few review papers have provided such systematic information about CRB. Among 44 typical CRB strains from 17 genera isolated by researchers, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Legionella, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas were the five genera with the highest frequency of occurrence in literatures. They are all pathogenic or opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. In addition, although there are many studies on CRB, information about chlorine resistance level is still limited to specie level or strain level. The difference in chlorine resistance level among different bacterial genera is less well understood. An inconvenient truth is that there is still no widely-accepted method to evaluate chlorine resistance and to identify CRB. Due to the lack of a unified method, it is difficult to compare the results about chlorine resistance level of bacterial strains in different literatures. A recommended evaluating method using logarithmic removal rate as an index and E. coli as a reference strain is proposed in this review based on the summary of the current evaluating methods. This method can provide common range of chlorine resistance of each genus and it is conducive to analyzing the distribution and abundance of CRB in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Luo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Tong Yu
- Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yun-Hong Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Bai
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao-Bin Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nozomu Ikuno
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
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23
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Kim T, Cho J, Cha D, Kim MS, Park EJ, Lee HJ, Lee C. Cupric ion in combination with hydrogen peroxide and hydroxylamine applied to inactivation of different microorganisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123305. [PMID: 32947709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbial inactivation by cupric ion (Cu(II)) in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxylamine (HA) was investigated for twelve different microorganisms (five Gram-negative bacteria, three Gram-positive bacteria, and four bacteriophages). The inactivation efficacy, protein oxidation, and RNA (or DNA) damage were monitored during and after treatment by Cu(II), Cu(II)/HA, Cu(II)/H2O2 and Cu(II)/HA/H2O2. The rate of microbial inactivation by the (combined) microbicides generally increased in the order of Cu(II) < Cu(II)/H2O2 < Cu(II)/HA < Cu(II)/HA/H2O2; Cu(II)/HA/H2O2 resulted in 0.18-0.31, 0.10-0.18, and 0.55-3.83 log inactivation/min for Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and bacteriophages, respectively. The degrees of protein oxidation and RNA (or DNA) damage increased in the order of Cu(II) < Cu(II)/HA < Cu(II)/H2O2 < Cu(II)/HA/H2O2. In particular, Cu(II)/HA/H2O2 led to exceptionally fast inactivation of the viruses. Gram-positive bacteria tended to show higher resistance to microbicides than other microbial species. The microbicidal effects of the combined microbicides on the target microorganisms were explained by the roles of Cu(I) and Cu(III) generated by the redox reactions of Cu(II) with H2O2, HA, and oxygen. Major findings of this study indicate that Cu(II)-based combined microbicides are promising disinfectants for different waters contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Cha
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
| | - Erwin Jongwoo Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Lu N, Sun S, Chu F, Wang M, Zhao Q, Shi J, Jia R. Identification and inactivation of Gordonia, a new chlorine-resistant bacterium isolated from a drinking water distribution system. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:995-1008. [PMID: 33328370 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-resistant bacteria threaten drinking water safety in water distribution systems. In this study, a novel chlorine-resistant bacterium identified as Gordonia was isolated from the drinking water supply system of Jinan City for the first time. We examined the resistance and inactivation of the isolate by investigating cell survival, changes in cell morphology, and the permeability of cell membranes exposed to chlorine. After 240 min chlorine exposure, the chlorine residual was greater than 0.5 mg L-1 and the final inactivation was about 3 log reduction, which showed that the Gordonia strain had high chlorine tolerance. Flow-cytometric analysis indicated that, following sodium hypochlorite treatments with increasing membrane permeability, culturable cells enter a viable but nonculturable state and then die. We also investigated the inactivation kinetics of Gordonia following chlorine dioxide and ultraviolet radiation treatment. We found that these treatments can effectively inactivate Gordonia, which suggests that they may be used for the regulation of chlorine-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Lu
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
| | - Fumin Chu
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
| | - Jinmiao Shi
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Center, No.5111, Aotizhong Road, Jinan, China E-mail:
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Li Y, Tan L, Guo L, Zhang P, Malakar PK, Ahmed F, Liu H, Wang JJ, Zhao Y. Acidic electrolyzed water more effectively breaks down mature Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm than DNase I. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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da Cruz Nizer WS, Inkovskiy V, Overhage J. Surviving Reactive Chlorine Stress: Responses of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Hypochlorous Acid. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1220. [PMID: 32796669 PMCID: PMC7464077 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are the most commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. HOCl is a fast-acting and potent antimicrobial agent that interacts with several biomolecules, such as sulfur-containing amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane components, causing severe cellular damage. It is also produced by the immune system as a first-line of defense against invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize the adaptive responses of Gram-negative bacteria to HOCl-induced stress and highlight the role of chaperone holdases (Hsp33, RidA, Cnox, and polyP) as an immediate response to HOCl stress. We also describe the three identified transcriptional regulators (HypT, RclR, and NemR) that specifically respond to HOCl. Besides the activation of chaperones and transcriptional regulators, the formation of biofilms has been described as an important adaptive response to several stressors, including HOCl. Although the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in HOCl biofilm stimulation is limited, studies have shown that HOCl induces the formation of biofilms by causing conformational changes in membrane properties, overproducing the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, and increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic-di-GMP. In addition, acquisition and expression of antibiotic resistance genes, secretion of virulence factors and induction of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state has also been described as an adaptive response to HOCl. In general, the knowledge of how bacteria respond to HOCl stress has increased over time; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this stress response is still in its infancy. A better understanding of these mechanisms could help understand host-pathogen interactions and target specific genes and molecules to control bacterial spread and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joerg Overhage
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (W.S.d.C.N.); (V.I.)
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Zhao L, Liu YW, Li N, Fan XY, Li X. Response of bacterial regrowth, abundant and rare bacteria and potential pathogens to secondary chlorination in secondary water supply system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137499. [PMID: 32120107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of secondary chlorination on bacterial regrowth, microbial communities (abundant and rare taxa) and bacterial functions of pipe wall biofilm and bulk water in simulated secondary water supply system (SWSS). Continuous secondary chlorination was more effective than short-term secondary chlorination to control the bacterial regrowth in both biofilm and water samples. Bacterial diversity slightly reduced after continuous secondary chlorination, and 19.27% of the total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared by biofilm and water samples, with Bacillus as the dominant genus. Abundant and rare taxa exhibited different community structures. Proteobacteria and candidate division WPS-1 predominated in abundant and rare phyla were sensitive to chlorine, while Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes, exhibited relative strong chlorine resistance. The abundant genera in control sample (e.g., Bosea, Sphingobium and Gemmata) exhibited poor tolerance to chlorine, while Bacillus in biofilm and Defluviimonas in water were the main chlorine-resistant genera. Moreover, the composition of rare genera in each sample was obviously different. Furthermore, a total of 18 potential pathogens were detected with Pseudomonas as the dominant genus, most of which were significantly reduced after disinfection. There were mainly positive interactions among potential pathogenic bacteria, with Enterococcus, Legionella and Vibrio as the hub genera as revealed by network analysis. Similar bacterial functions in both biofilm and water were observed with metabolism as the predominant bacterial function, while, human disease function only accounted for 1.07% of bacterial functions. These results highlighted the importance of continuous secondary chlorination for controlling biosafety of SWSS and identified the dissimilar responses of abundant and rare bacteria to the disinfection, as well as the co-occurrence patterns among potential pathogens, improving our understanding of bacterial communities in SWSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- China Architecture Design and Research Group, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Yong-Wang Liu
- China Architecture Design and Research Group, Beijing 100044, PR China; College of Architecture and Civil engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Architecture and Civil engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fan
- College of Architecture and Civil engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Architecture and Civil engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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28
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Shekhawat SS, Kulshreshtha NM, Gupta AB. Investigation of chlorine tolerance profile of dominant gram negative bacteria recovered from secondary treated wastewater in Jaipur, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109827. [PMID: 31739205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Management of bacterial survival post chlorine disinfection is vital for safe wastewater reuse for irrigation, as the presence of microorganisms in large numbers may lead to subsequent contamination of the surface and ground water reservoirs. Even after satisfying the current norms of coliform counts after disinfection (less than 1000 MPN per 100 mL), chlorine tolerant bacteria surviving in inadequately treated wastewater may pose a public health threat as many of these bacteria are able to re-grow upon storage. The current study is aimed to assess the magnitude of the problem posed by chlorine tolerant bacteria during chlorine disinfection and attempts to derive a strategy for safe disinfection. The chlorine tolerance was examined in the dominant gram negative bacteria (GNB) recovered from secondary treated sewage from a treatment plant located at Jaipur, India. Bacterial survival and re-growth (after 24 h) studies on test species (n = 11) with reference to E.coli ATCC 25922 reveal that, while the lethal doses of isolates ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 mgL-1,the chlorine doses for complete inhibition of re-growth were much higher (0.75-1.75 mgL-1).The isolates showing highest lethal dose and re-growth inhibition dose, identified as Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella sp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia also exhibited very low log effective reduction (0.72-1.90) values and were selected as chlorine tolerant bacteria. Results of inactivation kinetics experiments on chlorine tolerant bacteria reveal a strong correlation (R2 > 0.89-0.99) between log reduction values and contact time. In re-growth kinetics experiments, maximum re-growth was observed after 6 h exposure following which, only marginal increase was registered up to 24 h. The study indicates that the existing approach of bacterial elimination post chlorine treatment may be grossly inadequate to assess the performance of the disinfection process adopted for drinking water treatment. It further brings out a novel approach to arrive at meaningful chlorine doses that take bacterial re-growth into account for achieving safe disinfection.
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29
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Salazar Mercado SA, Maldonado Bayona HA. Evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of sodium hypochlorite using meristematic root cells of Lens culinaris Med. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134992. [PMID: 31715484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to monitor the cytotoxic potential of Sodium Hypochlorite using lentil (Lens culinaris) as a bioindicator of toxicity. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), is a chemical compound that is used mainly for its disinfectant properties, its effect is widely toxic, which is why it is marketed in low concentrations and it is also a component in various products such as agrochemicals. In the present study the L. culinaris seeds were exposed to different NaClO dose 0, 0.2, 1, 3, 5 and 7 mg L-1 during 24, 48 and 72 h; timeslots in which the root growth was also studied. The cytotoxic potential of NaClO was determined by calculating the mitotic index (MI), calculating cellular anomalies (CA) and observing the longitudinal growth of the roots during the various time periods. The radicular growth was prolonged and it was observed that there was a greater growth at the dose of 1 and 7 mg L-1 in the time of 72 h. The cytotoxic effects could be analyzed in the mitotic index, since the higher the concentration, the lower the mitotic index, as observed in the dose of 7 mg L-1 where a reduction of the mitotic index of the meristematic cells is observed. The results indicate that NaClO has a cytotoxic effect that induces various types of chromosomal abnormalities. This indicates that Sodium Hypochlorite has a cytotoxic effect according to the increase in its dose. Therefore, Lens culinaris turned out to be a kind of appropriate bioindicator to study the cytotoxic effects of various potentially toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran, Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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30
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Fernández-Calderón M, Romero-Guzmán D, Ferrández-Montero A, Pérez-Giraldo C, González-Carrasco JL, Lieblich M, Benavente R, Ferrari B, González-Martín M, Gallardo-Moreno AM. Impact of PLA/Mg films degradation on surface physical properties and biofilm survival. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 185:110617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Zhu Z, Shan L, Hu F, Li Z, Zhong D, Yuan Y, Zhang J. Biofilm formation potential and chlorine resistance of typical bacteria isolated from drinking water distribution systems. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31295-31304. [PMID: 35520667 PMCID: PMC9056398 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are the main carrier of microbial communities throughout drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), and strongly affect the safety of drinking water. Understanding biofilm formation potential and chlorine resistance is necessary for exploring future disinfection strategies and preventing water-borne diseases. This study investigated biofilm formation of five bacterial strains isolated from a simulated DWDS at different incubation times (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h), then evaluated chlorine resistance of 72 h incubated biofilms under chlorine concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 1, 2, 4, and 10 mg L−1. All five bacterial strains had biofilm formation potential when incubated for 72 h. The biofilm formation potential of Acinetobacter sp. was stronger than that of Bacillus cereus, Microbacterium sp. and Sphingomonas sp. were moderate, and that of Acidovorax sp. was weak. In contrast, the order of chlorine resistance was Bacillus sp. > Sphingomonas sp. > Microbacterium sp. > Acidovorax sp. > Acinetobacter sp. Thus, the chlorine resistance of a single-species biofilm has little relation with the biofilm formation potential. The biofilm biomass is not a major factor affecting chlorine resistance. Moreover, the chlorine resistance of a single-species biofilm is highly related to the physiological state of bacterial cells, such as their ability to form spores or secrete extracellular polymeric substances, which could reduce the sensitivity of the single-species biofilm to a disinfectant or otherwise protect the biofilm. Biofilms are the main carrier of microbial communities throughout drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), and strongly affect the safety of drinking water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- East China Jiao Tong University
- Nanchang
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
| | - Lili Shan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- East China Jiao Tong University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Fengping Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- East China Jiao Tong University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Zehua Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- East China Jiao Tong University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Yixing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
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32
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Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. Influence of surface copper content on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm control using chlorine and mechanical stress. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:1-13. [PMID: 31997661 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1708334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the action of materials with different copper content (0, 57, 96 and 100%) on biofilm formation and control by chlorination and mechanical stress. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from drinking water was used as a model microorganism and biofilms were developed in a rotating cylinder reactor using realism-based shear stress conditions. Biofilms were characterized phenotypically and exposed to three control strategies: 10 mg l-1 of free chlorine for 10 min, an increased shear stress (a fluid velocity of 1.5 m s-1 for 30s), and a combination of both treatments. These shock treatments were not effective in biofilm control. The benefits from the use of copper surfaces was found essentially in reducing the numbers of non-damaged cells. Copper materials demonstrated better performance in biofilm prevention than chlorine. In general, copper alloys may have a positive public health impact by reducing the number of non-damaged cells in the water delivered after chlorine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Simões
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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33
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Guo L, Sun Y, Zhu Y, Wang B, Xu L, Huang M, Li Y, Sun J. The antibacterial mechanism of ultrasound in combination with sodium hypochlorite in the control of Escherichia coli. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108887. [PMID: 32036906 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the action mechanism of ultrasound (US) combined with sodium hypochlorite (SH) against Escherichia coli was illustrated by different analysis, including reduction, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), K+ leakage, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence spectroscopy of Escherichia coli. The results showed that ultrasound improved the antimicrobial effect of SH in control of E. coli. No significant difference was obtained in reduction of E. coli, CLSM analysis and K+ leakage between US + SH30 (US + 30 ppm SH) and SH50 (50 ppm SH) treatment. Smaller particle size was recorded in US and US + SH30 treatment. The changes of morphology and intracellular organization of E. coli cells as a result of these treatments were confirmed by SEM and TEM analyses. Fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated SH30, US + SH30 and SH50 treatment caused the burial of tyrosine residues and tryptophan residues as well as increase of hydrophobicity. Therefore, the mechanism of US + SH30 treatment against E. coli involved decreased particle size, damaged membrane and changes of intracellular organization and protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Shandong Reseach Center for Meat Food Quality Control, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcai Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Shandong Reseach Center for Meat Food Quality Control, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglian Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Shandong Reseach Center for Meat Food Quality Control, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baowei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Shandong Reseach Center for Meat Food Quality Control, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Shandong Reseach Center for Meat Food Quality Control, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Huang
- Nanjing Innovation Center of Meat Products Processing, and College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Poultry Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250023, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, and Shandong Reseach Center for Meat Food Quality Control, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Aging of Solvent-Casting PLA-Mg Hydrophobic Films: Impact on Bacterial Adhesion and Viability. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9120814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials used for the manufacture of biomedical devices must have suitable surface properties avoiding bacterial colonization and/or proliferation. Most biomaterial-related infections start during the surgery. Bacteria can begin colonization of the surface of a device right after implantation or in the next few hours. This time may also be sufficient to begin the deterioration of a biodegradable implant. This work explores the surface changes that hydrophobic films of poly(lactic) acid reinforced with Mg particles, prepared by solving-casting, undergone after in vitro degradation at different times. Hydrophobicity, surface tension, zeta potential, topography, and elemental composition were obtained from new and aged films. The initial degradation for 4 h was combined with unspecific bacterial adhesion and viability tests to check if degraded films are more or less susceptible to be contaminated. The degradation of the films decreases their hydrophobicity and causes the appearance of a biocompatible layer, composed mainly of magnesium phosphate. The release of Mg2+ is very acute at the beginning of the degradation process, and such positive charges may favor the electrostatic approach and attachment of Staphylococci. However, all bacteria attached on the films containing Mg particles appeared damaged, ensuring the bacteriostatic effect of these films, even after the first hours of their degradation.
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35
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Gomes IB, Querido MM, Teixeira JP, Pereira CC, Simões LC, Simões M. Prolonged exposure of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilms to trace levels of clofibric acid alters antimicrobial tolerance and virulence. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:327-335. [PMID: 31265978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in water sources, including in drinking water (DW), is increasingly being recognized as an emerging and global concern for the environment and public health. Based on the principles of the "One Health" initiative, the present work aims to understand the effects of clofibric acid (CA), a lipid regulator, on the behavior of a selected bacterium isolated from drinking water (DW). Biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were exposed to CA for 12 weeks at 170 and 17000 ng/L. The effects of CA were evaluated on planktonic S. maltophilia susceptibility to chlorine and antibiotics (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, kanamycin, levofloxacin, oxacillin, spectinomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), biofilm formation, motility, siderophores production and on the adhesion and internalization of the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). It was found that CA did not affect planktonic S. maltophilia tolerance to chlorine exposure. Additionally, no effects were observed on biofilm formation, motility and siderophores production. However, biofilms formed after CA exposure were more tolerant to chlorine disinfection and lower CFU reductions were obtained. Of additional concern was the effect of CA exposure on S. maltophilia increased tolerance to erythromycin. CA exposure also slightly reduced S. maltophilia ability to invade HT-29 cells. In conclusion, this work reinforces the importance of studying the effects of non-antibiotic contaminants on the behavior of environmental microorganisms, particularly their role as drivers affecting resistance evolution and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - M M Querido
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health DR. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - J P Teixeira
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health DR. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - C C Pereira
- Department of Environmental Health, Portuguese National Institute of Health DR. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Simões
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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36
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Flores-Treviño S, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Camacho-Ortiz A, Morfín-Otero R, Salazar-Sesatty HA, Garza-González E. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm: its role in infectious diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:877-893. [PMID: 31658838 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1685875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Infections caused by the opportunistic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pathogen in immunocompromised patients are complicated to treat due to antibiotic resistance and the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm.Areas covered: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed of available literature to describe the role of biofilm produced by S. maltophilia in the diseases it causes, including biofilm-influencing factors, the biofilm forming process and composition. The antimicrobial resistance due to S. maltophilia biofilm production and current antibiofilm strategies is also included.Expert opinion: Through the production of biofilm, S. maltophilia strains can easily adhere to the surfaces in hospital settings and aid in its transmission. The biofilm can also cause antibiotic tolerance rendering some of the therapeutic options ineffective, causing setbacks in the selection of an appropriate treatment. Conventional susceptibility tests do not yet offer therapeutic guidelines to treat biofilm-associated infections. Current S. maltophilia biofilm control strategies include natural and synthetic compounds, chelating agents, and commonly prescribed antibiotics. As biofilm age and matrix composition affect the level of antibiotic tolerance, their characterization should be included in biofilm susceptibility testing, in addition to molecular and proteomic analyzes. As for now, several commonly recommended antibiotics can be used to treat biofilm-related S. maltophilia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Flores-Treviño
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Rayo Morfín-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Humberto Antonio Salazar-Sesatty
- Unidad de Terapias Experimentales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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37
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Dhakal J, Sharma CS, Nannapaneni R, McDANIEL CD, Kim T, Kiess A. Effect of Chlorine-Induced Sublethal Oxidative Stress on the Biofilm-Forming Ability of Salmonella at Different Temperatures, Nutrient Conditions, and Substrates. J Food Prot 2019; 82:78-92. [PMID: 30586327 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorine-induced oxidative stress on biofilm formation by various Salmonella strains on polystyrene and stainless steel (SS) surfaces at three temperatures (30, 25 [room temperature], and 4°C) in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and 1/10 TSB. Fifteen Salmonella strains (six serotypes) were exposed to a sublethal chlorine concentration (150 ppm of total chlorine) in TSB for 2 h at the predetermined temperatures. The biofilm-forming ability of the Salmonella strains was determined in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates by using a crystal violet staining method and on SS coupons in 24-well tissue culture plates. All tested strains of Salmonella produced biofilms on both surfaces tested at room temperature and at 30°C. Of the 15 strains tested, none (chlorine stressed and nonstressed) formed biofilm at 4°C. At 30°C, Salmonella Heidelberg (ID 72), Salmonella Newport (ID 107), and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) formed more biofilm than did their respective nonstressed controls on polystyrene ( P ≤ 0.05). At room temperature, only stressed Salmonella Reading (ID 115) in 1/10 TSB had significantly more biofilm formation than did the nonstressed control cells ( P ≤ 0.05). Salmonella strains formed more biofilm in nutrient-deficient medium (1/10 TSB) than in full-strength TSB. At 25°C, chlorine-stressed Salmonella Heidelberg (ATCC 8326) and Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 4931) formed stronger biofilms on SS coupons ( P ≤ 0.05) than did the nonstressed cells. These findings suggest that certain strains of Salmonella can produce significantly stronger biofilms on plastic and SS upon exposure to sublethal chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak Dhakal
- 1 Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Chander S Sharma
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- 3 Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Christopher D McDANIEL
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Taejo Kim
- 4 Food and Nutrition Department, University of Wisconsin, Menomonie, Wisconsin 54751, USA
| | - Aaron Kiess
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
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38
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Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. The role of surface copper content on biofilm formation by drinking water bacteria. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32184-32196. [PMID: 35530774 PMCID: PMC9072912 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper alloys demonstrated comparable or higher performance than elemental copper in biofilm control. The alloy containing 96% copper was the most promising surface in biofilm control and regrowth prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. B. Gomes
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- 4200-465 Porto
| | - L. C. Simões
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- 4200-465 Porto
| | - M. Simões
- LEPABE
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Porto
- 4200-465 Porto
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Kang M, Chen C, Song Y, Li H. Effects of chlorination/chlorine dioxide disinfection on biofilm bacterial community and corrosion process in a reclaimed water distribution system. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:62-73. [PMID: 30312918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, reclaimed water treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) at 1, 2, and 4 mg/L was operated successively for 30 days respectively, in annular reactors with new cast iron coupons, corresponding to stages I (days 0-30), II (days 31-60), and III (days 61-90). The Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform was used to analyze the bacterial community composition, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were conducted to characterize corrosion scales, and the weight loss method was served to determine the general corrosion rate. Results reveal the precise disinfection effect on biofilm bacteria to be dose dependent and species specific. In stage I, disinfection caused a reduction in the number of operational taxonomic units, but, had little effect on biofilm composition. In stage II, NaClO and ClO2 induced a reduction of Proteobacteria proportion, but increased the dominance of Firmicutes; the diminished Proteobacteria in NaClO test mainly included Gammaproteobacteria, while, that in ClO2 test mainly included the Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria. In stage III, Firmicutes presented a certain resistance to NaClO and ClO2 as the accumulation of corrosion scales. Results also indicated that disinfection enhanced the corrosion process, and the promoting effect of ClO2 was more pronounced than that of NaClO. Moreover, this promoting effect was more obvious in stage I than that in the latter two stages. The strong oxidization effect associated with disinfection in stage I was the dominant factor promoting corrosion, whereas, the bacterial community also played a crucial role in stages II and III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yimei Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Mengxin Kang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yarong Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Han Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. The effects of emerging environmental contaminants on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from drinking water in planktonic and sessile states. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1348-1356. [PMID: 30189551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concerns on the presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water sources have increased in recent years. The lack of efficient technologies to remove ECs from residual waters contributes for their appearance in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Therefore, sessile microorganisms on DWDS pipes are continuously exposed to trace concentrations of ECs. However, no data exists on the role of ECs on the resident microbiota. The present work aims to understand the effects of prolonged exposure of a bacterial strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, isolated from a DWDS, in both planktonic and biofilm states, to trace concentrations of selected ECs (antipyrine-ANTP; diclofenac sodium salt-DCF; ibuprofen-IBP; galaxolide-GAL; tonalide-TON; carbamazepine-CBZ; clofibric acid-CA; tylosin-TY) on its tolerance to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and resistance to antibiotics. Pre-established S. maltophilia biofilms were exposed to ECs for 26 d. Subsequently, the planktonic behaviour of the biofilm cells grown in the presence of ECS was characterized in terms of susceptibility to NaOCl and to selected antibiotics (levofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Moreover, S.maltophilia was tested on its biofilm productivity in the presence of ECs (alone and mixed). These biofilms were challenged by NaOCl in order to assess the role of ECs on biofilm susceptibility. The results did not evidence remarkable effects of ECs on planktonic S. maltophilia susceptibility to NaOCl and antibiotics. However, S. maltophilia biofilm production and susceptibility to NaOCl was affected from ECs pre-exposure, particularly by the combination of different ECs (CA + CBZ, CA + IBP, CA + CBZ + IBP). S. maltophilia biofilms became more resistant to removal by NaOCl when developed in the presence of mixtures of CA + CBZ and CA + CBZ + IBP. Also, biofilm production was significantly affected. CA was present in all the combinations that altered biofilm behaviour. The overall results propose that exposure to ECs for 26 days had not a huge impact on S. maltophilia planktonic antimicrobial susceptibility. Nevertheless, the prolonged exposure to some ECs altered biofilm production and tolerance to NaOCl, with a potential practical outcome of hindering DWDS disinfection. The simultaneous presence of different ECs in the environment may amplify biofilm resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia C Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Filion-Côté S, Melaine F, Kirk AG, Tabrizian M. Monitoring of bacterial film formation and its breakdown with an angular-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Analyst 2018; 142:2386-2394. [PMID: 28555681 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a leading cause of infection in health-care settings. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors stand as valuable tools not only for the detection of biological entities and the characterisation of biomaterials but also as a suitable means to monitor bacterial film formation. This article reports on a proof-of-concept study for the use of an angular-based SPR biosensor for the monitoring of bacterial cell growth and biofilm formation and removal under the effect of different cleaning agents. The benefit of this custom-made SPR instrument is that it records simultaneously both the critical and resonant angles. This provides unique information on the growth of bacterial cells which is otherwise not obtainable with commonly used intensity-based SPR systems. The results clearly showed that a multilayer biofilm can be formed in 48 hours and the steps involved can be monitored in real-time with the SPR instrument through the measurement of the refractive index change and following the evolution in the shape of the SPR curve. The number, the depth and the sharpness of the reflection ripples varied as the film became thicker. Simulation results confirmed that the number of layers of bacteria affected the number of ripples at the critical angle. Real-time monitoring of the film breakdown with three cleaning agents indicated that bleach solution at 4.5% was the most effective in disrupting the biofilm from the gold sensor. Our overall findings suggest that the SPR biosensor with angular modulation presented in this article can perform real-time monitoring of biofilm formation and has the potential to be used as a platform to test the efficiency of disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Filion-Côté
- The Photonic Systems Group, Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, McConnell Engineering Building, Montréal, H3A 0E9, Canada
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Fish KE, Boxall JB. Biofilm Microbiome (Re)Growth Dynamics in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Are Impacted by Chlorine Concentration. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2519. [PMID: 30459730 PMCID: PMC6232884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are the dominant form of microbial loading (and organic material) within drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), yet our understanding of DWDS microbiomes is focused on the more easily accessible bulk-water. Disinfectant residuals are commonly provided to manage planktonic microbial activity in DWDS to safeguard water quality and public health, yet the impacts on the biofilm microbiome are largely unknown. We report results from a full-scale DWDS facility used to develop biofilms naturally, under one of three chlorine concentrations: Low, Medium, or High. Increasing the chlorine concentration reduced the bacterial concentration within the biofilms but quantities of fungi were unaffected. The chlorine regime was influential in shaping the community structure and composition of both taxa. There were microbial members common to all biofilms but the abundance of these varied such that at the end of the Growth phase the communities from each regime were distinct. Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-proteobacteria were the most abundant bacterial classes; Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Microbotryomycetes were the most abundant classes of fungi. Mechanical cleaning was shown to immediately reduce the bacterial and fungal concentrations, followed by a lag effect on the microbiome with continued decreases in quantity and ecological indices after cleaning. However, an established community remained, which recovered such that the microbial compositions at the end of the Re-growth and initial Growth phases were similar. Interestingly, the High-chlorine biofilms showed a significant elevation in bacterial concentrations at the end of the Re-growth (after cleaning) compared the initial Growth, unlike the other regimes. This suggests adaptation to a form a resilient biofilm with potentially equal or greater risks to water quality as the other regimes. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the interaction between chlorine and the microbiome of DWDS biofilms representative of real networks, implications are made for the operation and maintenance of DWDS disinfectant and cleaning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Fish
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joby B Boxall
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Gomes IB, Lemos M, Mathieu L, Simões M, Simões LC. The action of chemical and mechanical stresses on single and dual species biofilm removal of drinking water bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:987-993. [PMID: 29728008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is a global public health concern as they can harbor pathogenic microorganisms. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most commonly used disinfectant for microbial growth control in DWDS. However, its effect on biofilm removal is still unclear. This work aims to evaluate the effects of the combination of chemical (NaOCl) and mechanical stresses on the removal of single and dual species biofilms of two bacteria isolated from DWDS and considered opportunistic, Acinectobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A rotating cylinder reactor was successfully used for the first time in drinking water biofilm studies with polyvinyl chloride as substratum. The single and dual species biofilms presented different characteristics in terms of metabolic activity, mass, density, thickness and content of proteins and polysaccharides. Their complete removal was not achieved even when a high NaOCl concentrations and an increasing series of shear stresses (from 2 to 23Pa) were applied. In general, NaOCl pre-treatment did not improve the impact of mechanical stress on biofilm removal. Dual species biofilms were colonized mostly by S. maltophilia and were more susceptible to chemical and mechanical stresses than these single species. The most efficient treatment (93% biofilm removal) was the combination of NaOCl at 175mg·l-1 with mechanical stress against dual species biofilms. Of concern was the high tolerance of S. maltophilia to chemical and mechanical stresses in both single and dual species biofilms. The overall results demonstrate the inefficacy of NaOCl on biofilm removal even when combined with high shear stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Lemos
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Mathieu
- EPHE, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Microbiology for the Environment, UMR 7564 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - L C Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Qi J, Wang H, Cai L, Wang H, Xu X, Zhou G. Aeromonas salmonicida isolates: Attachment ability and sensitivity to four disinfectants. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Owoseni M, Okoh A. Assessment of chlorine tolerance profile of Citrobacter species recovered from wastewater treatment plants in Eastern Cape, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:201. [PMID: 28364327 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This present study assessed the chlorine tolerance of some Citrobacter species recovered from secondary effluents from the clarifiers of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The bacterial survival, chlorine lethal dose and inactivation kinetics at lethal doses were examined. Inactivation of the test bacteria (n = 20) at the recommended dose of 0.5 mg/l for 30 min exposure showed a progressive reduction in bacterial population from 4 to 5 log reduction and residuals ranged between 0.12 and 0.46 mg/l. The bactericidal activity of chlorine increased at higher dosages with a substantial reduction in viability of the bacteria and complete inactivation of the bacterial population at a lethal dose of 0.75 and 1.0 mg/l in 30 min. For the inactivation kinetics, bactericidal activity of chlorine increased with time showing a 3.67-5.4 log reduction in 10 min, 4.0-5.6 log reduction in 20 min and above 6.3 log reductions to complete sterilization of bacterial population over 30 min for all the entire test Citrobacter isolates used in this study. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation (R 2 > 0.84) between bacteria inactivation and increase in contact time. This study appears to have provided support for laboratory evidence of bacterial tolerance to chlorine disinfection at current recommended dose (0.5 mg/l for 30 min), and chlorine concentration between 0.75 and 1.0 mg/l was found to have a better disinfecting capacity to check tolerance of Citrobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojisola Owoseni
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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