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Niu J, Qin W, Wang L, Zhang M, Wu J, Zhang Y. Climate change impact on photovoltaic power potential in China based on CMIP6 models. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159776. [PMID: 36309276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
China has the largest worldwide cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity, which is expected to be 1300 GW in 2050. Industrial production, population explosion and fossil fuel combustion would reduce the surface solar radiation that could be received by PV panels. However, it is still a problem to explore the integrated effects of socio-economic and air pollutant emissions on PV power potential in China. In this study, climate change impact on PV power potential in 2023-2100 were assessed using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model, combining Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The validation results with ground-based surface solar radiation measurements collected from 17 China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations showed that the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2-0 (MRI-ESM2-0) attained a better performance with mean correlation coefficients (R), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.85, 35.80 Wm-2 and 29.37 Wm-2, respectively. Then, the MRI-ESM2-0 model was selected to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in PV power potential. PV power potential decreased significantly in SSP585 ranging from 192.71 Wm-2 to 189.96 Wm-2 in 2023-2100 corresponding to the growing resource intensity and fossil fuel dependency. In contrast, if China continues on the path of sustainable and low-carbon development and keeps temperature rise to about 1.5 °C by 2100, PV power potential will increase by 1.36-5.90 Wm-2. Meanwhile, the effects of climatological factors on PV power potential were analyzed by Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) method. Results indicated that surface solar radiation had the highest contribution of >50 %, and the contribution of aerosols and cloud cover was about 20 %. This study is conducive to the full utilization of solar resources and has important implications for the future formulation of solar energy policy in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Niu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenmin Qin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lunche Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinyang Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Ecological Environment in Dongting Lake Area, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Ecology and Environmental Change, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Cao J, Qiu X, Liu Y, Yan X, Gao J, Peng L. Identifying the dominant driver of elevated surface ozone concentration in North China plain during summertime 2012-2017. Environ Pollut 2022; 300:118912. [PMID: 35092729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasingly serious surface ozone (O3) pollution in North China Plain (NCP) has received wide attention. However, the contribution of the changes for each emission source to the elevated O3 concentration, as well as the direct and indirect effect of meteorological condition variation on increased O3 level have not been comprehensively analyzed. This study applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with the integrated source apportionment method (ISAM) to quantify changes in daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentration (MDA8 O3) under different air pollutants emissions and meteorological conditions during summertime 2012-2017. The results showed that incoordinate NOx/VOC emission control sustainably increased MDA8 O3 by 2.2-36.2 μg/m3 in the NCP, of which emission changes from industrial and transportation sectors were the predominant contributors (-0.6-19.5 μg/m3 for industrial sector and 1.2-18.1 μg/m3 for transportation, respectively). In contrast, MDA8 O3 decreased by 2.5-9.2 μg/m3 for the power plants. The effect of changes in meteorological condition on MDA8 O3 exhibited significantly spatial and temporal variation and unfavorable meteorological fields were shown in 2014, 2016, and 2017, which enhanced MDA8 O3 by -2.5-23.1, -5.3-20.7, and -7.2-25.8 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, the changed meteorological factors indirectly affected the biogenic emission thus prompting the increases of MDA8 O3 by -3.9-4.9 μg/m3 in the NCP during 2012-2017. The sensitive simulations suggested that more aggressive control measures about VOC reduction in industrial and transportation sectors should be implemented to further mitigate the O3 pollution under unfavorable meteorological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lin Peng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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3
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Wolffe MC, Wild O, Long SP, Ashworth K. Temporal variability in the impacts of particulate matter on crop yields on the North China Plain. Sci Total Environ 2021; 776:145135. [PMID: 33652318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The North China Plain (NCP) is a major agricultural region, producing 45% of China's maize. It is also vital to the Chinese economy, encompassing the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacity region. Anthropogenic factors increasingly impact crop yields on the NCP, and globally. Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a significant problem in this region, where annual average PM concentrations over three times the Chinese national air quality standard were recorded for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei megacity region between 2013 and 18. PM absorbs light, reducing total shortwave radiation (SW), thereby limiting plant productivity. However, PM also scatters incoming SW, increasing the diffuse fraction, which has been shown to increase growth and biomass assimilation. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) crop model was used to assess the net impact of these competing changes in light on NCP maize yields. In contrast to some previous analyses, we find that PM-associated decreases in SW outweigh any positive impact on yield from an increasing proportion of diffuse radiation. Furthermore, carbon allocation to different portions of the growing cropchanges during the development cycle. We find significant differences between the effect on final yield of identical changes to diffuse fraction and total SW occurring during different development stages. The greatest simulated yield gains from increased SW and reduced diffuse fraction, consistent with reductions in PM, are observed during the early reproductive stage of development (July-August), when the simulated gain of yield is as much as 12.9% more than in other periods. To further assess the impact of PM-linked changes in SW and diffuse fraction on NCP crop yields, radiation profiles from different city regions were then applied across the NCP. The changes in SW associated with these city regions could increase maize yields across China by ~8 Mt. This would completely offset China's annual maize imports, increasing both national and global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Wolffe
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Long
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom; Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Kirsti Ashworth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
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Rabaia MKH, Abdelkareem MA, Sayed ET, Elsaid K, Chae KJ, Wilberforce T, Olabi AG. Environmental impacts of solar energy systems: A review. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:141989. [PMID: 32920388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The annual increases in global energy consumption, along with its environmental issues and concerns, are playing significant roles in the massive sustainable and renewable global transmission of energy. Solar energy systems have been grabbing most attention among all the other renewable energy systems throughout the last decade. However, even renewable energies can have some adverse environmental repercussions; therefore, further attention and proper precautional procedures should be given. This paper discusses in detail the environmental impacts of several commercial and emerging solar energy systems at both small- and utility-scales. The study expands to some of the related advances, as well as some of the essential elements in their systems. The approach follows all the stages, starting with the designs, then throughout their manufacturing, materials, construction or installation phases, and over operation lifetime and decommissioning. Specific solutions for most systems such as waste minimization and recycling are discussed, alongside with some technically and ecologically favorable recommendations for mitigating the impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Kamal Hussien Rabaia
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt.
| | - Enas Taha Sayed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt
| | - Khaled Elsaid
- Chemical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA
| | - Kyu-Jung Chae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tabbi Wilberforce
- Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - A G Olabi
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Koplitz SN, Nolte CG, Sabo RD, Clark CM, Horn KJ, Thomas RQ, Newcomer-Johnson TA. The contribution of wildland fire emissions to deposition in the U S: implications for tree growth and survival in the Northwest. Environ Res Lett 2021; 16:10.1088/1748-9326/abd26e. [PMID: 33747119 PMCID: PMC7970516 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abd26e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems require access to key nutrients like nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) to sustain growth and healthy function. However, excessive deposition can also damage ecosystems through nutrient imbalances, leading to changes in productivity and shifts in ecosystem structure. While wildland fires are a known source of atmospheric N and S, little has been done to examine the implications of wildland fire deposition for vulnerable ecosystems. We combine wildland fire emission estimates, atmospheric chemistry modeling, and forest inventory data to (a) quantify the contribution of wildland fire emissions to N and S deposition across the U S, and (b) assess the subsequent impacts on tree growth and survival rates in areas where impacts are likely meaningful based on the relative contribution of fire to total deposition. We estimate that wildland fires contributed 0.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 0.04 kg S ha-1 yr-1 on average across the U S during 2008-2012, with maxima up to 1.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 0.6 kg S ha-1 yr-1 in the Northwest representing over ~30% of total deposition in some areas. Based on these fluxes, exceedances of S critical loads as a result of wildland fires are minimal, but exceedances for N may affect the survival and growth rates of 16 tree species across 4.2 million hectares, with the most concentrated impacts occurring in Oregon, northern California, and Idaho. Understanding the broader environmental impacts of wildland fires in the U S will inform future decision making related to both fire management and ecosystem services conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Koplitz
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- Current address: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher G Nolte
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert D Sabo
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US EPA, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Clark
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US EPA, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Horn
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - R Quinn Thomas
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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Cornelio A, Zanoletti A, Federici S, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Porous Materials Derived from Industrial By-Products for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Capture. Applied Sciences 2020; 10:8086. [DOI: 10.3390/app10228086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was the evaluation of hybrid porous materials, named SUNSPACE (“SUstaiNable materials Synthesized from by-Products and Alginates for Clean air and better Environment”), realized with raw materials such as silica fume (SUNSPACE SF) and bottom ash derived from municipal solid waste incineration (SUNSPACE BA), compared to cement and leaf for particulate matter (PM) entrapment. SUNSPACE BA was synthesized to overcome the limited applicability of the original material due to its dark grey color. The modification of raw materials used for its realization allows one to obtain a light color in comparison to the corresponding SUNSPACE SF, more suitable to be used as a coating on the buildings’ facades for aesthetic reasons. Moreover, another great advantage was obtained by the synthesis of SUNSPACE BA in the frame of circular economy principles; indeed, it was obtained by using a waste material (derived from waste incineration), opening new possibilities for its reuse. Experimental tests to evaluate the particles entrapment capability of the material were realized for the first time by using a nanoparticles generator. TiO2 suspension with a size of 300 nm and a concentration of 3 g/L was used to simulate a monodisperse nanoparticles flux. To compare the quantity of TiO2 adsorbed by each specimen, both the exposed and the pristine samples were digested and then analyzed by total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The results showed a high adsorption capacity of SUNSPACE BA (3526 ± 30 mg/kg).
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Mangiante MJ, Whung PY, Zhou L, Porter R, Cepada A, Campirano E, Licon D, Lawrence R, Torres M. Economic and technical assessment of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in Brownsville, Texas, U.S.A. Comput Environ Urban Syst 2020; 80:1-101450. [PMID: 35444358 PMCID: PMC9016635 DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Localized assessment of solar energy economic feasibility will benefit the structuring of residential solar energy deployment globally. In the U.S. growing interest in rooftop residential solar among city managers has spurred the development of photovoltaic (PV) feasibility maps of the technical and economic solar potential within cities. The City of Brownsville, Texas was interested in evaluating solar feasibility for their city but lacked information to make informed policy decisions on PV development. This paper presents novel and systems approaches for determining the technical and economic feasibility of solar development for homes in the Brownsville using LiDAR and local information. Residential technical and economic potential was assessed by optimizing the internal rate of return (IRR) and an average residential building demand profile to determine ideal size and placement of solar arrays. Results showed that residential structures in Brownsville have the technical potential to generate approximately 11% of the total energy provided by the local utility; however, average IRR was only 2.9% with a payback period of over 15 years. Five neighborhoods in the City of Brownsville were identified with spatially clustered homes that had relatively higher IRRs compared with other areas in the city. Despite the high technical potential, modeled results indicate that perspective home owners interested in solar development may require additional incentives to improve the economic feasibility of PV in Brownsville. This study provides a demonstration of an interdisciplinary systems approach and methodology that can be adopted internationally to evaluate the feasibility of solar development in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pai-Yei Whung
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Luxi Zhou
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Rachel Porter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | | | | | - David Licon
- City of Brownsville, Engineering Department, Brownsville, TX 78520
| | - Rob Lawrence
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Dallas, TX 75202
| | - Michael Torres
- City of Brownsville, Engineering Department, Brownsville, TX 78520
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Gong X, Mi J, Wei C, Yang R. Measuring Environmental and Economic Performance of Air Pollution Control for Province-Level Areas in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1378. [PMID: 30999591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes an improved three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to measure the environmental-economic efficiency (EEE) of air pollution control for 30 province-level areas of China during the period of 2012 to 2016. In this model, capital, labor, and total energy consumption are the three inputs, while gross domestic product (GDP) and waste gas emissions represent the desirable and undesirable outputs, respectively. This model allows the weights of economic growth and environmental protection to be adjusted as needed by policymakers; the model is adopted to evaluate the effects of government measures on environmental protection and economic growth. Ultimately, the effects from environmental factors and statistical noise are excluded from the EEEs of local governments and the managerial efficiencies are calculated. The results simultaneously reflect the local performance of air pollution control and economic development, which can be used to clarify the ranking of provinces nationwide.
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Wilberforce T, Baroutaji A, El Hassan Z, Thompson J, Soudan B, Olabi AG. Prospects and challenges of concentrated solar photovoltaics and enhanced geothermal energy technologies. Sci Total Environ 2019; 659:851-861. [PMID: 31096415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the total emissions of energy generation systems is a pragmatic approach for limiting the environmental pollution and associated climate change problems. Socio economic activities in the 21st century is highly determined by the energy generation mediums, particularly the renewable resources, across the world. Therefore, a thorough investigation into the technologies used in harnessing these energy generation mediums should contribute to their further advancement. Concentrated Solar Photovoltaics (CSP) and Enhanced Geothermal Energy (EGE) are considered as emerging renewable energy technologies with high potential to be used as suitable replacements for fossil products (petroleum, coal, natural gas etc.). Despite the accelerated developments in these technologies, they are still facing many challenges in terms of cost. This review paper presents a detailed background about these renewable energy technologies and their main types such as solar tower, parabolic trough, and so on. Also, the principle challenges impeding the advancement of these energy technologies into commercialisation are discussed. Possible solutions for the main challenges are presented and the future prospects for such energy generation mediums are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabbi Wilberforce
- Institute of Engineering and Energy Technologies, University of the West of Scotland, UK.
| | - A Baroutaji
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Zaki El Hassan
- Institute of Engineering and Energy Technologies, University of the West of Scotland, UK
| | - J Thompson
- Institute of Engineering and Energy Technologies, University of the West of Scotland, UK
| | - Bassel Soudan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - A G Olabi
- Dept. of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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