1
|
Kaur Kohli S, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Sharma A, Kalia N, Landi M, Bhardwaj R. Therapeutic Potential of Brassinosteroids in Biomedical and Clinical Research. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E572. [PMID: 32283642 PMCID: PMC7226375 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids are a pivotal class of hormones with a key role in growth modulation and signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Synthetic steroids are widely used to cure large array of viral, fungal, bacterial, and cancerous infections. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a natural collection of phytosterols, which have structural similarity with animal steroids. BRs are dispersed universally throughout the plant kingdom. These plant steroids are well known to modulate a plethora of physiological responses in plants leading to improvement in quality as well as yield of food crops. Moreover, they have been found to play imperative role in stress-fortification against various stresses in plants. Over a decade, BRs have conquered worldwide interest due to their diverse biological activities in animal systems. Recent studies have indicated anticancerous, antiangiogenic, antiviral, antigenotoxic, antifungal, and antibacterial bioactivities of BRs in the animal test systems. BRs inhibit replication of viruses and induce cytotoxic effects on cancerous cell lines. Keeping in view the biological activities of BRs, this review is an attempt to update the information about prospects of BRs in biomedical and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.K.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Abhay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine; (A.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine; (A.B.); (V.B.)
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.K.K.); (A.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environment Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.K.K.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamaguchi T, Lee JH, Lim AR, Yu EJ, Oh TJ. Biotransformation into 11α-hydroxyprogesterone glucosides by glucosyltransferase. Steroids 2019; 145:32-38. [PMID: 30753844 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies on the steroidal hormone activity in the brain have attracted attention, and the influences of the varied glucosides and their artificial derivatives have been discussed; additionally, it has been suggested that glucosides are the synthetic precursors of glucuronide as a label molecule. However, glucosides are formed with 11α-hydroxyprogesterone (1), which is important as a blood pressure regulator, but anti-androgen activity remains unknown. Using UDP-glucosyltransferase, glucoside synthesis was successful in linking β-d-glucopyranose and β-d-laminaribiose to 11α oxygen of 1 at a high conversion ratio, and full assignment structure was analyzed for the two glucosides by high-resolution quadrupole-time flight electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, 1D (1H and 13C) NMR and 2D (COSY, ROESY, HSQC-DEPT and HMQC) NMR. Furthermore, the bioactivity of 1 and two 11α-hydroxyprogesterone glucosides [11α-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxyprogesterone, 2, and 11α-(β-d-laminaribiosyl)oxyprogesterone, 3] was tested in vitro. On rotenone-induced PC12 cells, the two 11α-hydroxyprogesterone glucosides (2 and 3) showed superior neuroprotective effects and increased cellular ATP levels compared with those of 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Ho Lee
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea.
| | - A-Rang Lim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Ji Yu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Namegawa K, Iida K, Omura K, Ogawa S, Hofmann AF, Iida T. Chemical Synthesis of Rare Natural Bile Acids: 11α-Hydroxy Derivatives of Lithocholic and Chenodeoxycholic Acids. Lipids 2018. [PMID: 29520792 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A method for the preparation of 11α-hydroxy derivatives of lithocholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, recently discovered to be natural bile acids, is described. The principal reactions involved were (1) elimination of the 12α-mesyloxy group of the methyl esters of 3α-acetate-12α-mesylate and 3α,7α-diacetate-12α-mesylate derivatives of deoxycholic acid and cholic acid with potassium acetate/hexamethylphosphoramide; (2) simultaneous reduction/hydrolysis of the resulting △11 -3α-acetoxy and △11 -3α,7α-diacetoxy methyl esters with lithium aluminum hydride; (3) stereoselective 11α-hydroxylation of the △11 -3α,24-diol and △11 -3α,7α,24-triol intermediates with B2 H6 /tetrahydrofuran (THF); and (4) selective oxidation at C-24 of the resulting 3α,11α,24-triol and 3α,7α,11α,24-tetrol to the corresponding C-24 carboxylic acids with NaClO2 catalyzed by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl free radical (TEMPO) and NaClO. In summary, 3α,11α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid and 3α,7α,11α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid have been synthesized and their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra characterized. These compounds are now available as reference standards to be used in biliary bile acid analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Namegawa
- College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Kyoko Iida
- College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Kaoru Omura
- College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-8200, USA
| | - Takashi Iida
- College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shingate BB, Hazra BG. Ionic hydrogenation-directed stereoselective construction of C-20(H) stereogenic center in steroid side chains: Scope and limitations. Tetrahedron 2017; 73:2396-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
5
|
Bin Sayeed MS, Karim SMR, Sharmin T, Morshed MM. Critical Analysis on Characterization, Systemic Effect, and Therapeutic Potential of Beta-Sitosterol: A Plant-Derived Orphan Phytosterol. Medicines (Basel) 2016; 3:E29. [PMID: 28930139 PMCID: PMC5456237 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Beta-sitosterol (BS) is a phytosterol, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and known to be involved in the stabilization of cell membranes. To compile the sources, physical and chemical properties, spectral and chromatographic analytical methods, synthesis, systemic effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic potentials, toxicity, drug delivery and finally, to suggest future research with BS, classical as well as on-line literature were studied. Classical literature includes classical books on ethnomedicine and phytochemistry, and the electronic search included Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and others. BS could be obtained from different plants, but the total biosynthetic pathway, as well as its exact physiological and structural function in plants, have not been fully understood. Different pharmacological effects have been studied, but most of the mechanisms of action have not been studied in detail. Clinical trials with BS have shown beneficial effects in different diseases, but long-term study results are not available. These have contributed to its current status as an "orphan phytosterol". Therefore, extensive research regarding its effect at cellular and molecular level in humans as well as addressing the claims made by commercial manufacturers such as the cholesterol lowering ability, immunological activity etc. are highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selim Muhammad Rezaul Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Tasnuva Sharmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed Monzur Morshed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iida T, Namegawa K, Nakane N, Iida K, Hofmann AF, Omura K. Chemical Synthesis of Uncommon Natural Bile Acids: The 9α-Hydroxy Derivatives of Chenodeoxycholic and Lithocholic Acids. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1397-402. [PMID: 27319285 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of the 9α-hydroxy derivatives of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids is reported. For initiating the synthesis of the 9α-hydroxy derivative of chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid was used; for the synthesis of the 9α-hydroxy derivative of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid was used. The principal reactions involved were (1) decarbonylation of conjugated 12-oxo-Δ(9(11))-derivatives using in situ generated monochloroalane (AlH2Cl) prepared from LiAlH4 and AlCl3, (2) epoxidation of the deoxygenated Δ(9(11))-enes using m-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by 4,4'-thiobis-(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), (3) subsequent Markovnikov 9α-hydroxylation of the Δ(9(11))-enes with AlH2Cl, and (4) selective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl group at C-24 in the resulting 3α,9α,24-triol and 3α,7α,9α,24-tetrol to the corresponding C-24 carboxylic acids using sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in the presence of a catalytic amount of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl free radical (TEMPO) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectra are reported. The 3α,7α,9α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid has been reported to be present in the bile of the Asian bear, and its 7-deoxy derivative is likely to be a bacterial metabolite. These bile acids are now available as authentic reference standards, permitting their identification in vertebrate bile acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iida
- College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ermolovich YV, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA. Formation of the steroidal C-25 chiral center via the asymmetric alkylation methodology. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:776-82. [PMID: 25388008 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the preparation of steroids containing a chiral center at C-25 is reported. The key stereochemistry inducing step was asymmetric alkylation of pseudoephenamine amides of steroidal C-26 acids. The reaction proceeded with high diastereoselectivity (dr > 99 : 1). The developed methodology was successfully applied to the synthesis of (25R)- and (25S)-cholestenoic acids as well as (25R)- and (25S)-26-hydroxy brassinolides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Ermolovich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sardella R, Carotti A, Gioiello A, Lisanti A, Ianni F, Lindner W, Natalini B. Chromatographic separation of free dafachronic acid epimers with a novel triazole click quinidine-based chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Saini R, Boland S, Kataeva O, Schmidt AW, Kurzchalia TV, Knölker HJ. Stereoselective synthesis and hormonal activity of novel dafachronic acids and naturally occurring steroids isolated from corals. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4159-63. [PMID: 22434373 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of (25S)-Δ(1)-, (25S)-Δ(1,4)-, (25S)-Δ(1,7)-, (25S)-Δ(8(14))-, (25S)-Δ(4,6,8(14))-dafachronic acid, methyl (25S)-Δ(1,4)-dafachronate and (25S)-5α-hydroxy-3,6-dioxocholest-7-en-26-oic acid is described. (25S)-Δ(1,4)-Dafachronic acid and its methyl ester are natural products isolated from corals and have been obtained by synthesis for the first time. (25S)-5α-Hydroxy-3,6-dioxocholest-7-en-26-oic acid represents a promising synthetic precursor for cytotoxic marine steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratni Saini
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ogawa S, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Krasowski MD, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF, Iida T. Chemical synthesis of the (25R)- and (25S)-epimers of 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-27-oic acid as well as their corresponding glycine and taurine conjugates. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:368-77. [PMID: 21554864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The (25R)- and (25S)-epimers of C(27) 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-27-oic acid as well as their corresponding N-acylamidate conjugates with glycine or taurine were prepared starting from cholic acid in 14 steps. The principal reactions involved were (1) reduction of a key intermediary C(24)allo-cholic acid performate with NaBH(4)/triethylamine/ethyl chloroformate, (2) iodination of the resulting 3,7,12-triformyloxy-5α-cholan-24-ol with I(2)/triphenylphosphine; (3) nucleophilic substitution of the iodo derivative with diethylmethyl malonate/NaH; and (4) hydrolysis of the resulting 3,7,12-triformyloxy-25-methyl-26,27-diethyl ester with KOH, followed by decarboxylation of the geminal dicarboxylic acid with LiCl. N-Acylamidation of the resulting (25R)/(25S)-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-27-oic acid mixture with glycine or taurine afforded the corresponding epimeric mixtures of the glycine and taurine conjugates. The (25R)- and (25S)-epimers of the three variants of unconjugated and conjugated 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5α-cholestan-27-oic acid were efficiently separated by HPLC on a reversed-phase C(18) column and their structural characteristics, particularly the chiral center at C-25, delineated using (1)H and (13)C NMR. These synthetic compounds should be useful as authentic reference standards for establishing their presence in bile as well as being useful in studies on the biosynthesis of allo-bile acids from cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gioiello A, Sabbatini P, Rosatelli E, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. Divergent and stereoselective synthesis of dafachronic acids. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:1924-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Martin R, Entchev EV, Kurzchalia TV, Knölker HJ. Steroid hormones controlling the life cycle of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: stereoselective synthesis and biology. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:739-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b918488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Wang W, Lee JS, Nakazawa T, Ukai K, Mangindaan REP, Wewengkang DS, Rotinsulu H, Kobayashi H, Tsukamoto S, Namikoshi M. (25S)-cholesten-26-oic acid derivatives from an Indonesian soft coral Minabea sp. Steroids 2009; 74:758-60. [PMID: 19375440 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
(25S)-3-Oxocholesta-1,4-dien-26-oic acid (1) and a new (25S)-18-acetoxy-3-oxocholesta-1,4-dien-26-oic acid (2) were isolated from a soft coral Minabea sp. (cf. aldersladei) collected in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, together with two known cholic-acid-type compounds, 3-oxochol-1,4-dien-24-oic acid (3) and 3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid (4). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The absolute stereochemistry at C-25 of 2 was determined by comparative (1)H NMR study using chiral anisotropic reagents [(S)- and (R)-phenylglycine methyl esters]. This is the first to report compound 1 as a natural product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martin R, Entchev EV, Däbritz F, Kurzchalia TV, Knölker HJ. Synthesis and Hormonal Activity of the (25S)-Cholesten-26-oic Acids - Potent Ligands for the DAF-12 Receptor inCaenorhabditis elegans. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Martin R, Schmidt AW, Theumer G, Krause T, Entchev EV, Kurzchalia TV, Knölker HJ. Synthesis and biological activity of the (25R)-cholesten-26-oic acids--ligands for the hormonal receptor DAF-12 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:909-20. [PMID: 19225674 DOI: 10.1039/b817358c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the stereoselective transformation of diosgenin (4a) to (25R)-Delta(4)-dafachronic acid (1a),(25R)-Delta(7)-dafachronic acid (2a), and (25R)-cholestenoic acid (3a), which represent potential ligands forthe hormonal receptor DAF-12 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Key-steps of our synthetic approach are amodified Clemmensen reduction of diosgenin (4a) and a double bond shift from the 5,6- to the 7,8-position. In the 25R-series, the Delta(7)-dafachronic acid 2a exhibits the highest hormonal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Martin
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martin R, Däbritz F, Entchev EV, Kurzchalia TV, Knölker HJ. Stereoselective synthesis of the hormonally active (25S)-delta7-dafachronic acid, (25S)-Delta4-dafachronic acid, (25S)-dafachronic acid, and (25S)-cholestenoic acid. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4293-5. [PMID: 19005586 DOI: 10.1039/b815064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a stereoselective synthesis of the (25S)-cholestenoic-26-acids which are highly efficient ligands for the hormonal receptor DAF-12 in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Martin
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Antonchick AV, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA. Synthesis of sterols oxygenated in the terminal fragment of their side chains. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2005. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, bile acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 139 references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|