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Li Y, Gao YN, Zhu YB, Lu WF, Yu JY, Dong YY, Xu MY, Peng B, Wu JZ, Su Q, Bai J, Shi XL, Kang YM, Li HB, Xu ML. Taurocholic acid ameliorates hypertension through the activation of TGR5 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Food Funct 2024; 15:5088-5102. [PMID: 38666497 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Diets rich in taurine can increase the production of taurine-conjugated bile acids, which are known to exert antihypertensive effects. Despite their benefits to the heart, kidney and arteries, their role in the central nervous system during the antihypertensive process remains unclear. Since hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation, we aimed to investigate the function of bile acids in the PVN. The concentration of bile acids in the PVN of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) fed with normal chow was measured using LC-MS/MS, which identified taurocholic acid (TCA) as the most down-regulated bile acid. To fully understand the mechanism of TCA's functions in the PVN, bi-lateral PVN micro-infusion of TCA was carried out. TCA treatment in the PVN led to a significant reduction in the blood pressure of SHRs, with decreased plasma levels of norepinephrine and improved morphology of cardiomyocytes. It also decreased the number of c-fos+ neurons, reduced the inflammatory response, and suppressed oxidative stress in the PVN of the SHRs. Most importantly, the TGR5 receptors in neurons and microglia were activated. PVN infusion of SBI-115, a TGR5 specific antagonist, was able to counteract with TCA in the blood pressure regulation of SHRs. In conclusion, TCA supplementation in the PVN of SHRs can activate TGR5 in neurons and microglia, reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, suppress activated neurons, and attenuate hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ying-Bao Zhu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Wen-Fang Lu
- College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Jia-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Meng-Yue Xu
- The Second Clinical College of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jun-Zhe Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
- Cardiometabolic Innovation Center, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Meng-Lu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, China.
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Fu LY, Yang Y, Tian H, Jia XY, Liu KL, Gao HL, Li Y, Qi J, Yu XJ, Kang YM. Central administration of AICAR attenuates hypertension via AMPK/Nrf2 pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176373. [PMID: 38341079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been implicated in sympathetic nerve activity and the development of hypertension, but the specific mechanisms underlying their production in the PVN remains to be elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of nuclear transcription related factor-2 (Nrf2) in the PVN reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), has been observed to decrease ROS and inflammatory cytokine production when activated in the periphery. 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) is an AMPK agonist. However, little research has been conducted on the role of AMPK in the PVN during hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized that AICAR in the PVN is involved in regulating AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, affecting ROS and inflammatory cytokine expression, influencing sympathetic nerve activity. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized to induce two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension via constriction of the right renal artery. Bilateral PVN was microinjected with either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or AICAR once a day for 4 weeks. RESULTS Compared to the SHAM group, the PVN of 2K1C hypertensive rats decreased p-AMPK and p-Nrf2 expression, increased Fra-Like, NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β expression, elevated ROS levels, decreased superoxide dismutase 1 and IL-10 expression, and elevated plasma norepinephrine levels. Bilateral PVN microinjection of AICAR significantly ameliorated these changes. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that repeated injection of AICAR in the PVN suppresses ROS and inflammatory cytokine production through the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, reducing sympathetic nerve activity and improving hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Department of Diagnosis, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Jia XY, Jiang DL, Jia XT, Fu LY, Tian H, Liu KL, Qi J, Kang YM, Yu XJ. Capsaicin improves hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy via SIRT1/NF-κB/MAPKs pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Phytomedicine 2023; 118:154951. [PMID: 37453193 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension has seriously affected a large part of the adult and elderly population. The complications caused by hypertension are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease accidents. Capsaicin, a pungent component of chili pepper has been revealed to improve hypertension. However, its potential mechanism in improving hypertension remains to be explored. PURPOSE In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether capsaicin could attenuate the SIRT1/NF-κB/MAPKs pathway in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN). METHODS We used spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) as animal model rats. Micro osmotic pump was used to give capsaicin through PVN for 28 days, starting from age12-week-old. RESULTS The results showed that capsaicin significantly reduced blood pressure from the 16th day of infusion onward. At the end of the experimental period, we measured cardiac hypertrophy index and the heart rate (HR), and the results showed that the cardiac hypertrophy and heart rate of rats was significantly improved upon capsaicin chronic infusion. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) in plasma of SHRs treated with capsaicin were also decreased. Additionally, capsaicin increased the protein expression and number of positive cells of SIRT1 and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), number of positive cells of NOX2, those of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and p-IKKβ, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the gene expression levels of NOX4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Capsaicin also decreased the relative protein expressions of protein in MAPKs pathway. CONCLUSION Current data indicated that capsaicin within the PVN improves hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy via SIRT1/NF-κB/MAPKs pathway in the PVN of SHRs, supporting its potential as candidate drug for preventing and improving hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yue Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China
| | - Da-Li Jiang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Lauar MR, Colombari DSA, De Paula PM, Colombari E, Andrade CAF, De Luca LA, Menani JV. Chronic administration of catalase inhibitor attenuates hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2023; 319:121538. [PMID: 36868399 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced endogenously and may participate in intra- and extracellular signaling, including modulation of angiotensin II responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic subcutaneous (sc) administration of the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATZ) on arterial pressure, autonomic modulation of arterial pressure, hypothalamic expression of AT1 receptors and neuroinflammatory markers and fluid balance in 2-kidney, 1clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Holtzman rats with a clip occluding partially the left renal artery and chronic sc injections of ATZ were used. KEY FINDINGS Subcutaneous injections of ATZ (600 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 9 days in 2K1C rats reduced arterial pressure (137 ± 8, vs. saline: 182 ± 8 mmHg). ATZ also reduced the sympathetic modulation and enhanced the parasympathetic modulation of pulse interval, reducing the sympatho-vagal balance. Additionally, ATZ reduced mRNA expression for interleukins 6 and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, AT1 receptor (0.77 ± 0.06, vs. saline: 1.47 ± 0.26 fold change), NOX 2 (0.85 ± 0.13, vs. saline: 1.75 ± 0.15 fold change) and the marker of microglial activation, CD 11 (0.47 ± 0.07, vs. saline, 1.34 ± 0.15 fold change) in the hypothalamus of 2K1C rats. Daily water and food intake and renal excretion were only slightly modified by ATZ. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that the increase of endogenous H2O2 availability with chronic treatment with ATZ had an anti-hypertensive effect in 2K1C hypertensive rats. This effect depends on decreased activity of sympathetic pressor mechanisms and mRNA expression of AT1 receptors and neuroinflammatory markers possibly due to reduced angiotensin II action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Lauar
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M De Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carina A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Kilic A, Ustunova S, Bulut H, Meral I. Pre and postnatal exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields induce inflammation and oxidative stress, and alter renin-angiotensin system components differently in male and female offsprings. Life Sci 2023; 321:121627. [PMID: 36997060 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to investigate inflammation, oxidative stress and renin-angiotensin system components in brain and kidney tissues of female and male rats prenatally and/or postnatally exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF). It is aimed to evaluate the biological effects of 900 MHz EMF exposure due to the increase in mobile phone use and especially the more widespread use of the GSM 900 system. MAIN METHODS Male and female Wistar albino offsprings were divided into four groups of control, prenatal, postnatal, and prenatal+postnatal exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 h/day (23 days during pregnancy for prenatal period, 40 days for postnatal period). The brain and kidney tissues were collected when they reached puberty. KEY FINDINGS It was found that the total oxidant status, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels increased (p < 0.001) and the total antioxidant status levels decreased (p < 0.001) in all three EMF groups comparing to controls in both male and female brain and kidney tissues. The renin- angiotensin system components such as angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptors, and MAS1-like G protein-coupled receptor expression were higher (p < 0.001) in all three EMF exposure groups comparing to controls in both male and female brain and kidney tissues. Although there are some differences of the levels of proinflammatory markers, ROS components and RAS components in brain and kidney tissues between males and females, the common result of all groups was increase in oxidative stress, inflammation markers and angiotensin system components with exposure to 900 MHz EMF. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our study suggested that the 900 MHz EMF can activate brain and kidney renin-angiotensin system, and this activation is maybe related to inflammation and oxidative stress in both male and female offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Kilic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Savas Ustunova
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Meral
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Liu XJ, Yu XJ, Su YK, Qiao JA, Sun YJ, Bai XJ, Zhang N, Yang HY, Yin LX, Kang YM, Yang ZM. Minocycline and Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Attenuate Hypertension via Suppressing Activation of Microglia in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2023; 259:163-172. [PMID: 36450479 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species and imbalance of neurotransmitters are involved in the pathophysiology of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a vital role in hypertension. Evidences show that microglia are activated and release proinflammatory cytokines in angiocardiopathy. We hypothesized that angiotensin II induces PVN microglial activation, and the activated PVN microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and cause oxidative stress through nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which contributes to sympathetic overactivity and hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight 275-300 g) were infused with angiotensin II to induce hypertension. Then, rats were treated with bilateral PVN infusion of microglial activation inhibitor minocycline, NF-κB activation inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or vehicle for 4 weeks. When compared to control groups, angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats had higher mean arterial pressure, PVN proinflammatory cytokines, and imbalance of neurotransmitters, accompanied with PVN activated microglia. These rats also had more PVN gp91phox (source of reactive oxygen species production), and NF-κB p65. Bilateral PVN infusion of minocycline or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate partly or completely ameliorated these changes. This study indicates that angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats have more activated microglia in PVN, and activated PVN microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and result in oxidative stress, which contributes to sympathoexcitation and hypertensive response. Suppression of activated PVN microglia by minocycline or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress, and improves angiotensin II-induced hypertension, which indicates that activated microglia promote hypertension through activated NF-κB. The findings may offer hypertension new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China
| | - Yu-Kun Su
- Hemodialysis Center, Shanxi Second People's Hospital
| | - Jin-An Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China.,Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital
| | - Yao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Xiao-Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Hypertension, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
| | - Li-Xi Yin
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi Medical University
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Feng YQ, Yang Y, Hu HB, Zhao YY, Zhang JH, Liu KL, Zhang Y, Fu LY, Li Y, Qi J, Qiao JA, Kang YM. Luteolin Attenuates Hypertension via Inhibiting NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36771206 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luteolin is widely distributed among a number of vegetal species worldwide. The pharmacological effects of luteolin are diverse and amongst antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities. Preliminary study showed that luteolin can ameliorate hypertension. However, the precise mechanism needs further investigation. There is no evidence that luteolin affects the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a brain nucleus associated with a critical neural regulator of blood pressure. Our main aim was to explore the effect of luteolin on the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway within the PVN of hypertensive rats. METHODS spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and corresponding normotensive control rats, the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into four groups and subsequently treated for 4 weeks with bilateral PVN injections of either luteolin (20 µg/0.11 µL, volume: 0.11 µL/h) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid). RESULTS luteolin infusion to the PVN significantly decreased some hemodynamic parameters including the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), circulating plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). Additionally, there was a decrease in the expressions of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase-B (p-AKT), levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NAD(P)H oxidase subunit (NOX2, NOX4) in the PVN of SHRs. Meanwhile, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 in the PVN of SHRs were lowered. Furthermore, immunofluorescence results showed that injection of luteolin in the PVN reduced the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and increased that of superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the PVN of SHRs. CONCLUSION Our novel findings revealed that luteolin lowered hypertension via inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the PVN.
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Niu LG, Sun N, Liu KL, Su Q, Qi J, Fu LY, Xin GR, Kang YM. Genistein Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus by Activating the Sirt1/Nrf2 Pathway in High Salt-Induced Hypertension. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:898-909. [PMID: 35986807 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension caused by a high-salt (HS) diet is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases. Underlining pathology includes oxidative stress and inflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). This study investigates genistein's (Gen) role in HS-induced hypertension and the underlying molecular mechanism. We placed male Wistar rats on HS (8% NaCl) or normal salt diet (0.3% NaCl). Then, we injected bilateral PVN in rats with Gen, vehicle, or nicotinamide (NAM) for 4 weeks. Tail cuff was used weekly to assess the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Cardiac hypertrophy was analyzed by heart weight/body weight ratio and wheat germ agglutinin staining. ELISA kits, Western blot, or dihydroethidium staining determined the levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Western blot measured protein levels of Sirt1, Ac-FOXO1, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, and gp91phox. Our result showed that PVN infusion of Gen significantly reduced the increase of systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and MAP induced by an HS diet. Additionally, there was a decrease in cardiac hypertrophy and the levels of inflammatory cytokines in PVN and plasma. Meanwhile, PVN infusion of Gen notably inhibited the levels of oxidized glutathione and superoxide dismutase and improved the glutathione level and total antioxidant capacities and superoxide dismutase activities. It also decreased the level of reactive oxygen species and gp91phox expression in PVN. Furthermore, Gen infusion markedly increases the Sirt1, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 levels and decreases the Ac-FOXO1 level. However, PVN infusion of NAM could significantly block these changes induced by Gen in HS diet rats. Our results demonstrated that PVN infusion of Gen could inhibit the progression of hypertension induced by an HS diet by activating the Sirt1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Rui Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the prevalent cause of mortality around the world. Activation of inflammasome contributes to the pathological progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and calcific aortic valve disease. The nucleotide oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays a critical role in the innate immune response, requiring priming and activation signals to provoke the inflammation. Evidence shows that NLRP3 inflammasome not only boosts the cleavage and release of IL-1 family cytokines, but also leads to a distinct cell programmed death: pyroptosis. The significance of NLRP3 inflammasome in the CVDs-related inflammation has been extensively explored. In this review, we summarized current understandings of the function of NLRP3 inflammasome in CVDs and discussed possible therapeutic options targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Yu XJ, Liu XJ, Guo J, Su YK, Zhang N, Qi J, Li Y, Fu LY, Liu KL, Li Y, Kang YM. Blockade of Microglial Activation in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Improves High Salt-Induced Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:820-827. [PMID: 35439285 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that activated microglia in brain releasing proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) contribute to the progression of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that microglial activation in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), induced by high-salt diet, increases the oxidative stress via releasing PICs and promotes sympathoexcitation and development of hypertension. METHODS High-salt diet was given to male Dahl salt-sensitive rats to induce hypertension. Those rats were bilaterally implanted with cannula for PVN infusion of minocycline, a selective microglial activation blocker, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 4 weeks. RESULTS High-salt diet elevated mean arterial pressure of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Meanwhile, elevations of renal sympathetic nerve activity and central prostaglandin E2, as well as increase of plasma norepinephrine, were observed in those hypertensive rats. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 increased in the PVN of those rats, associated with a significant activation of microglia and prominent disruption of redox balance, which was demonstrated by higher superoxide and NAD(P)H oxidase 2 (NOX-2) and NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX-4), and lower Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in PVN. PVN infusion of minocycline attenuated all hypertension-related alterations described above. CONCLUSION This study indicates that high salt leads to microglial activation within PVN of hypertensive rats, and those activated PVN microglia release PICs and trigger the production of reactive oxygen species, which contributes to sympathoexcitation and development of hypertension. Blockade of PVN microglial activation inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress, therefore attenuating the development of hypertension induced by high-salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Kun Su
- Hemodialysis Center, Shanxi Second People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Datong University School of Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Datong University School of Medicine, Datong, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Su Q, Yu XJ, Wang XM, Li HB, Li Y, Bai J, Qi J, Zhang N, Liu KL, Zhang Y, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Bilateral Paraventricular Nucleus Upregulation of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Decreases Blood Pressure by Regulation of the NLRP3 and Neurotransmitters in Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:756671. [PMID: 34899311 PMCID: PMC8656229 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.756671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Long-term salt diet induces the oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and increases the blood pressure. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (Ec-SOD) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that exists in extracellular space and plays an essential role in scavenging excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the underlying mechanism of Ec-SOD in the PVN remains unclear. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were fed either a high salt diet (8% NaCl, HS) or normal salt diet (0.9% NaCl, NS) for 6 weeks. Each group of rats was administered with bilateral PVN microinjection of AAV-Ec-SOD (Ec-SOD overexpression) or AAV-Ctrl for the next 6 weeks. Results: High salt intake not only increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the plasma noradrenaline (NE) but also elevated the NAD(P)H oxidase activity, the NAD(P)H oxidase components (NOX2 and NOX4) expression, and ROS production in the PVN. Meanwhile, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-dependent inflammatory proteins (ASC, pro-cas-1, IL-β, CXCR, CCL2) expression and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the PVN with high salt diet were higher, but the GSH level, Ec-SOD activity, GAD67 expression, and GABA level were lower than the NS group. Bilateral PVN microinjection of AAV-Ec-SOD decreased MAP and the plasma NE, reduced NAD(P)H oxidase activity, the NOX2 and NOX4 expression, and ROS production, attenuated NLRP3-dependent inflammatory expression and TH, but increased GSH level, Ec-SOD activity, GAD67 expression, and GABA level in the PVN compared with the high salt group. Conclusion: Excessive salt intake not only activates oxidative stress but also induces the NLRP3-depensent inflammation and breaks the balance between inhibitory and excitability neurotransmitters in the PVN. Ec-SOD, as an essential anti-oxidative enzyme, eliminates the ROS in the PVN and decreases the blood pressure, probably through inhibiting the NLRP3-dependent inflammation and improving the excitatory neurotransmitter release in the PVN in the salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Nianping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Translational Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Zhang Y, Wang CL, Lei YM, Yu JY, Zong DM, Liu KL, Zhang DD, Li Y, Tian H, Zhang NP, Kang YM. Astaxanthin Ameliorates Blood Pressure in Salt-Induced Prehypertensive Rats Through ROS/MAPK/NF-κB Pathways in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:1045-1057. [PMID: 34537923 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) has a variety of biochemical effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antihypertensive functions. The aim of the present study was to determine whether AST ameliorates blood pressure in salt-induced prehypertensive rats by ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathways in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.To explore the central effects of AST on the development of blood pressure, prehypertensive rats were induced by a high-salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) and its control groups were treated with normal-salt diet (NS, 0.3% NaCl). The Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats with HS diet for 6 weeks received AST or vehicle by gastric perfusion for 6 weeks. Compared to those with NS diet, rats with HS diet exhibited increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). These increases were associated with higher plasma level of norepinephrine (NE), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6); elevated PVN level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX2, and NOX4, that of IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phosphorylation extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2), phosphorylation Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity; and lower levels of IL-10, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the PVN. In addition, our data demonstrated that chronic AST treatment ameliorated these changes in the HS but not NS diet rats. These data suggested that AST could alleviate prehypertensive response in HS-induced prehypertension through ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathways in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chen-Long Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yi-Ming Lei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jia-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dong-Miao Zong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Nian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Issotina Zibrila A, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhao G, Liu H, Leng J, Ahasan Ali M, Ampofo Osei J, Kang YM, Liu J. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition with Pyridostigmine attenuates hypertension and neuroinflammation in the paraventricular nucleus in rat model for Preeclampsia. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108365. [PMID: 34815190 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by hypertension, autonomic imbalance and inflammation. The subfornical organ (SFO) reportedly relays peripheral inflammatory mediator's signals to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a brain autonomic center shown to mediate hypertension in hypertensive rat but not yet in PE rat models. Additionally, we previously showed that Pyridostigmine (PYR), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuated placental inflammation and hypertension in PE models. In this study, we investigated the effect of PYR on the activities of these brain regions in PE model. PYR (20 mg/kg/day) was administered to reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) Sprague-Dawley rat from gestational day (GD) 14 to GD19. On GD19, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded and samples were collected for analysis. RUPP rats exhibited increased MAP (P = 0.0025), elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, P = 0.0075), reduced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), increased neuroinflammatory markers including TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), microglial activation (P = 0.0039), oxidative stress and neuronal excitation within the PVN and the SFO. Changes in MAP, in molecular and cellular expression induced by RUPP intervention were improved by PYR. The ability of PYR to attenuate TNF-α mediated central effect was evaluated in TNF-α-infused pregnant rats. TNF-α infusion-promoted neuroinflammation in the PVN and SFO in dams was abolished by PYR. Collectively, our data suggest that PYR improves PE-like symptoms in rat by dampening placental ischemia and TNF-α-promoted inflammation and pro-hypertensive activity in the PVN. This broadens the therapeutical potential of PYR in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Issotina Zibrila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yubei Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gongxiao Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haotian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Md Ahasan Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - James Ampofo Osei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Li HB, Xu ML, Du MM, Yu XJ, Bai J, Xia WJ, Dai ZM, Li CX, Li Y, Su Q, Wang XM, Dong YY, Kang YM. Curcumin ameliorates hypertension via gut-brain communication in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115701. [PMID: 34453990 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis and dysregulation of gut-brain communication have been identified in hypertensive patients and animal models. Previous studies have shown that probiotic or prebiotic treatments exert positive effects on the pathophysiology of hypertension. This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved in the antihypertensive effects of curcumin, a potential prebiotic obtained from Curcuma longa. Male 8- to 10-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into four groups: WKY rats and SHRs treated with vehicle and SHRs treated with curcumin in dosage of 100 or 300 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. Our results show that the elevated blood pressure of SHRs was markedly decreased in both curcumin-treated groups. Curcumin treatment also altered the gut microbial composition and improved intestinal pathology and integrity. These factors were associated with reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Moreover, curcumin treatment increased butyrate levels in the plasma, which may be the result of increased butyrate-producing gut microorganisms. In addition, curcumin treatment also activated G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR 43) in the PVN. These results indicate that curcumin reshapes the composition of the gut microbiota and ameliorates the dysregulation of the gut-brain communication to induce antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Meng-Lu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Meng-Meng Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brian Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Dai
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Chang-Xing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, 810000 Xining, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Su Q, Yu XJ, Yang Q, Wang XM, Xia WJ, Li HB, Liu KL, Yi QY, Kang YM. Inhibition of Maternal c-Src Ameliorates the Male Offspring Hypertension by Suppressing Inflammation and Neurotransmitters in the Paraventricular Nucleus. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:820-834. [PMID: 34269955 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maternal salt intake induces the hypertension in offspring. Numerous studies have also indicated that high-salt diet causes the inflammation and an imbalance in neurotransmitters in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which increases the blood pressure and sympathetic activity. This study aimed to explore whether maternal salt intake induces hypertension in their male offspring by increasing the inflammation and changing the neurotransmitters balance in the paraventricular nucleus of offspring. This study includes two parts: Part I to explore the effect of high-salt diet on pregnant rats and the changes in inflammation and neurotransmitters in their male offspring PVN; Part II to reveal the influence on their offspring of bilateral PVN infusion of c-Src inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) in pregnant rats fed a high-salt diet. Maternal high-salt diet intake during copulation, pregnancy, and lactation impacted the offspring mean arterial pressure (MAP) and elevated the offspring PVN levels of p-Src, proinflammatory cytokines, and excitatory neurotransmitters. Bilateral PVN infusion of a c-Src inhibitor combined with maternal high-salt diets decreased MAP in the offspring. The infusion was also shown to suppress the Src-induced MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway (p38 MAPK, JNK, Erk1/2), which attenuates inflammatory reactions. Finally, bilateral PVN infusion of the Src inhibitor in pregnant rat with high-salt diets improved the levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters in offspring PVN, which restored the excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter balance in male offspring. High-salt diets increase sympathetic activity and blood pressure in adult offspring, probably by activating the c-Src/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway-induced inflammation. Moreover, NF-κB disrupts the downstream excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter balance in the PVN of male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Clinical Pharmacological Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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16
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Hu HB, Yang QW, Liu KL, Chen YM, Zhang Y, Zhang DD, Tian H, Zhu GQ, Qi J, Kang YM. Apigenin Improves Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy Through Modulating NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Generation and Cytokines in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:721-736. [PMID: 34076830 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, identified as 4', 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone, is a natural flavonoid compound that has many interesting pharmacological activities and nutraceutical potential including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. Chronic, low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in both the initiation and progression of hypertension and hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy. However, whether or not apigenin improves hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through modulating NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inflammation in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the effects of apigenin on hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and its possible central mechanism of action. SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomly assigned and treated with bilateral PVN infusion of apigenin or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) via osmotic minipumps (20 μg/h) for 4 weeks. The results showed that after PVN infusion of apigenin, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, plasma norepinephrine (NE), Beta 1 receptor in kidneys, level of phosphorylation of PKA in the ventricular tissue and cardiac hypertrophy, perivascular fibrosis, heart level of oxidative stress, PVN levels of oxidative stress, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), iNOS, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), NOX2 and NOX4 were attenuated and PVN levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10), superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn-SOD) and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) were increased. These results revealed that apigenin improves hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in SHRs which are associated with the down-regulation of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation and inflammation in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Han-Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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17
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Li Y, Yu XJ, Xiao T, Chi HL, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Nrf1 Knock-Down in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Alleviates Hypertension Through Intervention of Superoxide Production-Removal Balance and Mitochondrial Function. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:472-489. [PMID: 33582931 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes greatly to the development of hypertension. The recombinant nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) regulates the transcription of several genes related to mitochondrial respiratory chain function or antioxidant expression, and thus may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Here we show that in the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats the transcription level of Nrf1 was elevated comparing to the normotensive controls. Knocking down of Nrf1 in the PVN of 2K1C rats can significantly reduce their blood pressure and level of plasma norepinephrine (NE). Analysis revealed significant reduction of superoxide production level in both whole cell and mitochondria, along with up-regulation of superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn-SOD), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), thioredoxin-dependent peroxiredoxin 3 (Prdx3), cytochrome c (Cyt-c) and glutathione synthesis rate-limiting enzyme (glutamyl-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and modifier subunit (Gclm)), and down-regulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VI c (Cox6c) transcription after Nrf1 knock-down. In addition, the reduced ATP production and elevated mitochondrial membrane potential in the PVN of 2K1C rats were reinstated with Nrf1 knock-down, together with restored expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), coiled-coil myosin-like BCL2-interacting protein (Beclin1), and Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), which are related to the mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion, and autophagy. Together, the results indicate that the PVN Nrf1 is associated with the development of 2K1C-induced hypertension, and Nrf1 knock-down in the PVN can alleviate hypertension through intervention of mitochondrial function and restorement of the production-removal balance of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Chi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related To Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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18
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Zhang C, Yang JB, Quan W, Feng YD, Feng JY, Cheng LS, Li XQ, Zhang HN, Chen WS. Activation of Paraventricular Melatonin Receptor 2 Mediates Melatonin-Conferred Cardioprotection Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 76:197-206. [PMID: 32433359 DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that melatonin (Mel) can effectively ameliorate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, but the mechanism is yet to be fully elucidated. Mel receptors are expressed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is also involved in regulating cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether Mel receptors in the PVN are involved in the protective effects of Mel against MI/R injury. The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays indicated that Mel receptor 2 (MT2) expression in the PVN was upregulated after MI/R. Intraperitoneal administration of Mel significantly improved post-MI/R cardiac function and reduced the infarct size, whereas shRNA silencing of MT2 in the PVN partially blocked this effect. Intraperitoneal administration of Mel reduced sympathetic nerve overexcitation caused by MI/R, whereas shRNA silencing of MT2 in the PVN partially diminished this effect. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot results indicated that intraperitoneal administration of Mel lowered the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the PVN after MI/R injury, whereas the application of sh-MT2 in the PVN reduced this effect of Mel. Mel significantly reduced the levels of NF-κB after astrocyte oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury, and this effect was offset when MT2 was silenced. The above experimental results suggest that MT2 in the PVN partially mediated the protective effects of Mel against MI/R injury, and its underlying mechanisms may be related to postactivation amelioration of PVN inflammation and reduction of cardiac sympathetic nerve overexcitation.
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Wang FF, Ba J, Yu XJ, Shi XL, Liu JJ, Liu KL, Fu LY, Su Q, Li HB, Kang KB, Yi QY, Wang SQ, Gao HL, Qi J, Li Y, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Central Blockade of E-Prostanoid 3 Receptor Ameliorated Hypertension Partially by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:286-300. [PMID: 33165770 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, as one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, significantly affects human health. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the E3-class prostanoid (EP3) receptor have previously been demonstrated to modulate blood pressure and hemodynamics in various animal models of hypertension. The PGE2-evoked pressor and biochemical responses can be blocked with the EP3 receptor antagonist, L-798106 (N-[(5-bromo-2methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl) phenyl]-2-propenamide). In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), sympathetic excitation can be introduced by PGE2, which can activate EP3 receptors located in the PVN. In such a case, the central knockdown of EP3 receptor can be considered as a potential therapeutic modality for hypertension management. The present study examined the efficacy of the PVN infusion of L-798106, by performing experiments on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs). The rats were administered with chronic bilateral PVN infusion of L-798106 (10 μg/day) or the vehicle for 28 days. The results indicated that the SHRs had a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP), an increased Fra-like (Fra-LI) activity in the PVN, as well as a higher expression of gp91phox, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and proinflammatory cytokines in the PVN compared with the WKYs. Additionally, the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD in the PVN of the SHRs was reduced compared with the WKYs. The bilateral PVN infusion of L-798106 significantly reduced MAP, as well as plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in the SHRs. It also inhibited Fra-LI activity and reduced the expression of gp91phox, proinflammatory cytokines, and MAPK, whereas it increased the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD in the PVN of SHRs. In addition, L-798106 restored the balance of the neurotransmitters in the PVN. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that the PVN blockade of EP3 receptor can ameliorate hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy partially by attenuating ROS and proinflammatory cytokines, and modulating neurotransmitters in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Juan Ba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brian Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shu-Qiu Wang
- Department of Functional Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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20
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Yu XJ, Xin GR, Liu KL, Liu XJ, Fu LY, Qi J, Kang KB, Meng TT, Yi QY, Li Y, Sun YJ, Kang YM. Paraventricular Nucleus Infusion of Oligomeric Proantho Cyanidins Improves Renovascular Hypertension. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642015. [PMID: 33746706 PMCID: PMC7969814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Oligomeric proantho cyanidins (OPC) is the main polyphenol presents in grape seed and is known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we hypothesize that OPC can attenuate oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), ameliorate neurotransmitter imbalance, decrease the blood pressure and sympathetic activity in renovascular hypertensive rats. After induction of renovascular hypertension by the two-kidney one-clip (2K-1C) method, male Sprague-Dawley rats received chronic bilateral PVN infusion of OPC (20 μg/h) or vehicle via osmotic minipump for 4 weeks. We found that hypertension induced by 2K-1C was associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the PVN. Infusion of OPC in the PVN significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure and norepinephrine in plasma of 2K-1C rats. In addition, PVN infusion of OPC decreased the level of ROS and the expression of stress-related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases subunit NOX4, increased the levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and antioxidant enzyme, balanced the content of cytokines, increased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the PVN of 2K-1C rats. Our findings provided strong evidence that PVN infusion of OPC inhibited the progression of renovascular hypertension through its potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory function in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Rui Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ting-Ting Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
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21
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Liu KL, Zuo YY, Fu LY, Chen YM, Zhang DD, Shi XL, Qi J, Li Y, Yi QY, Tian H, Wang XM, Yu JY, Zhu GQ, Liu JJ, Kang KB, Kang YM. Chronic Infusion of Astaxanthin Into Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Modulates Cytokines and Attenuates the Renin-Angiotensin System in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:170-181. [PMID: 33538532 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and inflammation are some of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The aim of this study is to examine the protective effect of the chronic administration of astaxanthin, which is extracted from the shell of crabs and shrimps, into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups and treated with bilateral PVN infusion of astaxanthin or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) through osmotic minipumps (Alzet Osmotic Pumps, Model 2004, 0.25 μL/h) for 4 weeks. Spontaneously hypertensive rats had higher mean arterial pressure and plasma level of norepinephrine and proinflammatory cytokine; higher PVN levels of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, IL-1β, IL-6, ACE, and AT1-R; and lower PVN levels of IL-10 and Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, ACE2, and Mas receptors than Wistar-Kyoto rats. Our data showed that chronic administration of astaxanthin into PVN attenuated the overexpression of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, inflammatory cytokines, and components of RAS within the PVN and suppressed hypertension. The present results revealed that astaxanthin played a role in the brain. Our findings demonstrated that astaxanthin had protective effect on hypertension by improving the balance between inflammatory cytokines and components of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Yi Zuo
- College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center of Vaccine, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Xi'an, China
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22
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Abstract
Over the past decade, hypothalamic microinflammation has been studied and appreciated as a core mechanism involved in the advancement of metabolic syndrome and aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that atypical microinflammatory insults disturb hypothalamic regulation resulting in metabolic imbalance and aging progression, establishing a common causality for these two pathophysiologic statuses. Studies have causally linked these changes to activation of key proinflammatory pathways, especially NF-κB signaling within the hypothalamus, which leads to hypothalamic neuronal dysregulation, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and loss of adult hypothalamic neural stem/progenitor cells. While hypothalamic microinflammation is a complex, multifaceted process, initial work has been done to reveal how it contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and aging, and studies inhibiting hypothalamic microinflammation through targeting proinflammatory signaling pathways have shown to be beneficial against these disorders and diseases. In this chapter, we provide a broad overview on hypothalamic microinflammation, focusing on its features, inducers, and shared pathogenic roles in metabolic syndrome and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Cai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Sinan Khor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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23
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Yang JB, Kang YM, Zhang C, Yu XJ, Chen WS. Infusion of Melatonin Into the Paraventricular Nucleus Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 74:336-47. [PMID: 31356536 DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, the receptors for which are abundant in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), can protect the heart from myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (MI/R) injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether the infusion of melatonin into the PVN protects the heart from MI/R injury by suppressing oxidative stress or regulating the balance between proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MI/R rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with a bilateral PVN infusion of melatonin. MI/R operation was performed 1 week after infusion. At the end of the third week after the infusion, all the rats were euthanized. This was followed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence studies of the rats. MI/R rats showed larger infarct size, increased left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume, and decreased LV ejection fraction and LV fractional shortening. Moreover, MI/R rats had a higher level of norepinephrine in the plasma, heart, and PVN; higher PVN levels of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, IL-1β, and NF-κB activity; and lower PVN levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and IL-10 compared with the sham group. Melatonin infusion in PVN reduced LV end-diastolic volume, norepinephrine, reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, IL-1β, and NF-κB activity, and increased LV ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening, Cu/Zn-SOD, and IL-10. Overall, these results suggest that the infusion of melatonin ameliorates sympathetic nerve activity and MI/R injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the PVN of MI/R rats.
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24
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Zhang DD, Liang YF, Qi J, Kang KB, Yu XJ, Gao HL, Liu KL, Chen YM, Shi XL, Xin GR, Fu LY, Kang YM, Cui W. Carbon Monoxide Attenuates High Salt-Induced Hypertension While Reducing Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in the Paraventricular Nucleus. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:451-464. [PMID: 31037602 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) presents anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities as a new gaseous neuromessenger produced by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the body. High salt-induced hypertension is relevant to the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and oxidative stress in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We explored whether CO in PVN can attenuate high salt-induced hypertension by regulating PICs or oxidative stress. Male Dahl Salt-Sensitive rats were fed high-salt (8% NaCl) or normal-salt (0.3% NaCl) diet for 4 weeks. CORM-2, ZnPP IX, or vehicle was microinjected into bilateral PVN for 6 weeks. High-salt diet increased the levels of MAP, plasma norepinephrine (NE), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expressions of COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, NOX2, and NOX4 significantly in PVN (p < 0.05), but decreased the expressions of HO-1 and Cu/Zn-SOD in PVN (p < 0.05). Salt increased sympathetic activity as measured by circulating norepinephrine, and increased the ratio of basal RSNA to max RSNA, in part by decreasing max RSNA. PVN microinjection of CORM-2 decreased the levels of MAP, NE, RSNA, ROS and the expressions of COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, NOX2, NOX4 significantly in PVN of hypertensive rat (p < 0.05), but increased the expressions of HO-1 and Cu/Zn-SOD significantly (p < 0.05), which were all opposite to the effects of ZnPP IX microinjected in PVN (p < 0.05). We concluded that exogenous or endogenous CO attenuates high salt-induced hypertension by regulating PICs and oxidative stress in PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Yan-Feng Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guo-Rui Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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25
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Worker CJ, Li W, Feng CY, Souza LAC, Gayban AJB, Cooper SG, Afrin S, Romanick S, Ferguson BS, Feng Earley Y. The neuronal (pro)renin receptor and astrocyte inflammation in the central regulation of blood pressure and blood glucose in mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E765-E778. [PMID: 32228320 PMCID: PMC7272727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00406.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report here that the neuronal (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a key component of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays a critical role in the central regulation of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced metabolic pathophysiology. The neuronal PRR is known to mediate formation of the majority of angiotensin (ANG) II, a key bioactive peptide of the RAS, in the central nervous system and to regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular function. However, little is known about neuronal PRR function in overnutrition-related metabolic physiology. Here, we show that PRR deletion in neurons reduces blood pressure, neurogenic pressor activity, and fasting blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance without affecting food intake or body weight following a 16-wk HFD. Mechanistically, we found that a HFD increases levels of the PRR ligand (pro)renin in the circulation and hypothalamus and of ANG II in the hypothalamus, indicating activation of the brain RAS. Importantly, PRR deletion in neurons reduced astrogliosis and activation of the astrocytic NF-κB p65 (RelA) in the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Collectively, our findings indicate that the neuronal PRR plays essential roles in overnutrition-related metabolic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Worker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Cheng-Yuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lucas A C Souza
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Ariana Julia B Gayban
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Silvana G Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sanzida Afrin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Samantha Romanick
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
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26
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Huo CJ, Yu XJ, Sun YJ, Li HB, Su Q, Bai J, Li Y, Liu KL, Qi J, Zhou SW, Jia N, Zhu GQ, Liu JJ, Kang YM. Irisin lowers blood pressure by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114953. [PMID: 32165127 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is one of the major non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension. However, the central mechanism by which exercise training attenuates the hypertensive responses remains unclear. Irisin is a muscle-secreted cytokine derived from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) that will be released into the circulation during exercise. We hypothesized that irisin may play a role in the blood pressure regulation by exercise. To examine the hypothesis, our study investigated the effect of irisin on hypertension and its central mechanism. The study was performed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. We found that intravenous injection of irisin effectively reduced blood pressure, plasma norepinephrine, paraventricular nucleus (PVN) levels of neuronal activation, oxidative stress and inflammation in SHRs. Moreover, irisin activated nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and restored the imbalance of neurotransmitters in the PVN. Our study also found PVN knockdown of Nrf2 abolished the protective effects of irisin on hypertension. These findings demonstrate irisin can improve hypertension via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Juan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yao-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brian Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shao-Wen Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning Jia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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27
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Xu ML, Yu XJ, Zhao JQ, Du Y, Xia WJ, Su Q, Du MM, Yang Q, Qi J, Li Y, Zhou SW, Zhu GQ, Li HB, Kang YM. Calcitriol ameliorated autonomic dysfunction and hypertension by down-regulating inflammation and oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus of SHR. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114950. [PMID: 32147540 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays crucial roles in central cardiovascular regulation. Increasing evidence in humans and rodents shows that vitamin D intake is important for achieving optimal cardiovascular function. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D, improves autonomic and cardiovascular function in hypertensive rats and whether PVN oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in these beneficial effects. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated with either calcitriol (40 ng/day) or vehicle (0.11 μL/h) through chronic PVN infusion for 4 weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously by radiotelemetry. PVN tissue, heart and plasma were collected for molecular and histological analysis. Compared to WKY rats, SHR exhibited increased systolic blood pressure, sympathetic drive, and cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. These were associated with higher mRNA and protein expression levels of high mobility box 1 (HMGB1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), proinflammatory cytokines, NADPH oxidase subunit in the PVN. In addition, increased norepinephrine in plasma, elevated reactive oxygen species levels and activation of microglia in the PVN were also observed in SHR. Chronic calcitriol treatment ameliorated these changes but not in WKY rats. Our results demonstrate that chronic infusion of calcitriol in the PVN ameliorates hypertensive responses, sympathoexcitation and retains cardiovascular function in SHR. Reduced inflammation and oxidative stress within the PVN are involved in these calcitriol-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lu Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meng-Meng Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shao-Wen Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Donertas Ayaz B, Zubcevic J. Gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of hypertension: A potential role for hydrogen sulfide. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104677. [PMID: 32023431 PMCID: PMC7056572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and gut dysbiosis are hallmarks of hypertension (HTN). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important freely diffusing molecule that modulates the function of neural, cardiovascular and immune systems, and circulating levels of H2S are reduced in animals and humans with HTN. While most research to date has focused on H₂S produced endogenously by the host, H2S is also produced by the gut bacteria and may affect the host homeostasis. Here, we review an association between neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis in HTN, with special emphasis on a potential role of H2S in this interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Donertas Ayaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Lu P, Liang LW, Xu AL, Sun YY, Jiang SJ, Shi Z. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in the paraventricular nucleus mediate the adipose afferent reflex in rats. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:343-54. [PMID: 32086614 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that the adipose afferent reflex (AAR) induced by chemical stimulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) increased sympathetic outflow and blood pressure. We also found that pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) potentiate the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in rats. However, the role of PICs in the PVN in regulating the AAR is still not clear. This study determined whether PICs in the PVN mediate the AAR in rats. The AAR was evaluated based on renal sympathetic nerve activity and mean arterial blood pressure in response to capsaicin injection into inguinal WAT (iWAT). PIC levels were measured by ELISA. PVN microinjection with the PICs tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin (IL)-1β enhanced the AAR in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, pretreatment via the bilateral microinjection of the TNF-α-blocker etanercept or IL-1β blocker IL-1ra into the PVN attenuated the AAR. In rats pretreated with TNF-α or IL-1β, a sub-response dose of angiotensin II (Ang II) significantly enhanced the AAR. Moreover, delivery of the angiotensin II type 1(AT1) receptor antagonist losartan into the PVN attenuated the effects of TNF-α or IL-1β on the AAR. In addition, stimulating either iWAT or retroperitoneal WAT with capsaicin increased TNF-α or IL-1β levels in the PVN, but the injection of capsaicin into the jugular vein, skeletal muscle, and skin had no effects on TNF-α or IL-1β levels in the PVN. These results suggest that TNF-α or IL-1β and Ang II in the PVN synergistically enhance the AAR in rats.
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Yang Q, Yu XJ, Su Q, Yi QY, Song XA, Shi XL, Li HB, Qi J, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. Blockade of c-Src Within the Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in the Mechanism of the TLR4 Signal Pathway in Salt-Induced Hypertension. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:385-95. [PMID: 31641986 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cellular Src (c-Src) are closely associated with inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in hypertension, so we designed this study to explore the exact role of c-Src in the mechanism of action of the TLR4 signaling pathway in salt-induced hypertension. Salt-sensitive rats were given a high salt diet for 10 weeks to induce hypertension. This resulted in higher levels of TLR4, activated c-Src, pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and arterial pressure. Infusion of a TLR4 blocker into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) decreased the activated c-Src, while microinjection of a c-Src inhibitor attenuated the PVN levels of nuclear factor-kappa B, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that a long-term high-salt diet increases TLR4 expression in the PVN and this promotes the activation of c-Src, which upregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and results in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, inhibiting central c-Src activity may be a new target for treating hypertension.
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Kang Y, Ding L, Dai H, Wang F, Zhou H, Gao Q, Xiong X, Zhang F, Song T, Yuan Y, Zhu G, Zhou Y. Intermedin in Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates Ang II-Induced Sympathoexcitation through the Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Generation in Obese Rats with Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174217. [PMID: 31466304 PMCID: PMC6747263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) play a critical role in sympathetic overdrive in hypertension (OH). Intermedin (IMD), a bioactive peptide, has extensive clinically prospects in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that IMD in the PVN can inhibit the generation of ROS caused by Ang II for attenuating sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure (BP) in rats with obesity-related hypertension (OH). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (160-180 g) were used to induce OH by feeding of a high-fat diet (42% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks. The dynamic changes of sympathetic outflow were evaluated as the alterations of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to certain chemicals. The results showed that the protein expressions of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2) and RAMP3 were markedly increased, but IMD was much lower in OH rats when compared to control rats. IMD itself microinjection into PVN not only lowered SNA, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS level, but also decreased Ang II-caused sympathetic overdrive, and increased NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) activation in OH rats. However, those effects were mostly blocked by the adrenomedullin (AM) receptor antagonist AM22-52 pretreatment. The enhancement of SNA caused by Ang II can be significantly attenuated by the pretreatment of AT1R antagonist lorsatan, superoxide scavenger Tempol and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (Apo) in OH rats. ERK activation inhibitor U0126 in the PVN reversed Ang II-induced enhancement of SNA, and Apo and IMD pretreatment in the PVN decreased Ang II-induced ERK activation. Chronic IMD administration in the PVN resulted in significant reductions in basal SNA and BP in OH rats. Moreover, IMD lowered NADPH oxidase activity and ROS level in the PVN; reduced the protein expressions of AT1R and NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2 and NOX4, and ERK activation in the PVN; and decreased Ang II levels-inducing sympathetic overactivation. These results indicated that IMD via AM receptors in the PVN attenuates SNA and hypertension, and decreases Ang II-induced enhancement of SNA through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity and ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Hangbing Dai
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fangzheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tianrun Song
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yebo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Ding L, Kang Y, Dai HB, Wang FZ, Zhou H, Gao Q, Xiong XQ, Zhang F, Song TR, Yuan Y, Liu M, Zhu GQ, Zhou YB. Adipose afferent reflex is enhanced by TNFα in paraventricular nucleus through NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation in obesity-related hypertensive rats. J Transl Med 2019; 17:256. [PMID: 31391086 PMCID: PMC6686415 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adipose afferent reflex (AAR), a sympatho-excitatory reflex, can promote the elevation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and blood pressure (BP). Inflammation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) involves sympathetic abnormality in some cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. This study was designed to explore the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the PVN on the AAR and SNA in rats with obesity-related hypertension (OH) induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. METHODS Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were continuously recorded in anesthetized rats, and their responses to capsaicin (CAP) stimulation of the right inguinal white adipose tissue were used to evaluate the AAR. RESULTS Compared to the control rats, the systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma norepinephrine (NE, indicating SNA) and TNFα levels, TNFα mRNA and protein levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and NADPH oxidase activity in the PVN were significantly elevated in rats with OH. TNFα in the PVN markedly enhanced sympathoexcitation and AAR. Moreover, the enhancement of AAR caused by TNFα can be significantly strengthened by the pretreatment of diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC), a superoxide dismutase inhibitor, but attenuated by TNF-α receptor antagonist R-7050, superoxide scavenger PEG-SOD and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (Apo) in rats with OH. Acute microinjection of TNF-α into the PVN significantly increased the activity of NADPH oxidase and ROS levels in rats with OH, which were effectively blocked by R-7050. Furthermore, our results also showed that the increased levels of ROS, TNFα and NADPH oxidase subunits mRNA and protein in the PVN of rats with OH were significantly reversed by pentoxifylline (PTX, 30 mg/kg daily ip; in 10% ethanol) application, a cytokine blocker, for a period of 5 weeks. PTX administration also significantly decreased SBP, AAR and plasma NE levels in rats with OH. CONCLUSIONS TNFα in the PVN modulates AAR and contributes to sympathoexcitation in OH possibly through NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation. TNFα blockade attenuates AAR and sympathoexcitation that unveils TNFα in the PVN may be a possible therapeutic target for the intervention of OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ying Kang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hang-Bing Dai
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tian-Run Song
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Elsaafien K, Korim WS, Setiadi A, May CN, Yao ST. Chemoattraction and Recruitment of Activated Immune Cells, Central Autonomic Control, and Blood Pressure Regulation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31427987 PMCID: PMC6688384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the regulation of sympathetic outflow to cardiovascular organs in hypertension. Emerging evidence highlights the involvement of immune cells in the regulation of blood pressure. However, it is still unclear how these immune cells are activated and recruited to key autonomic brain regions to regulate sympathetic outflow to cardiovascular organs. Chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), are upregulated both peripherally and centrally in hypertension. More specifically, they are upregulated in key autonomic brain regions that control sympathetic activity and blood pressure such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, this upregulation of inflammatory mediators is associated with the infiltration of immune cells to these brain areas. Thus, expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines is a potential mechanism promoting invasion of immune cells into key autonomic brain regions. In pathophysiological conditions, this can result in abnormal activation of brain circuits that control sympathetic nerve activity to cardiovascular organs and ultimately in increases in blood pressure. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence that helps explain how immune cells are chemoattracted to autonomic nuclei and contribute to changes in sympathetic outflow and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elsaafien
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Willian S. Korim
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Setiadi
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clive N. May
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Song T. Yao
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Peng W, Hong L, Liu G, Lin C, Zhao X, Wang S, Lin L, Pan Y. Prehypertension exercise training attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy accompanied by temporal changes in the levels of angiotensin II and angiotensin (1-7). Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1745-56. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li C, Li Y, Zhao Z, Lv Y, Gu B, Zhao L. Aerobic exercise regulates synaptic transmission and reactive oxygen species production in the paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2019; 1712:82-92. [PMID: 30735639 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise lowers blood pressure in patients with hypertension, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a key role in the control of sympathetic outflow and cardiovascular tone. We examined whether chronic aerobic exercise altered synaptic transmission and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the PVN. In the present study, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were subjected to exercise training for 8 weeks, five times per week, with Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats as the cohort control. Miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) were recorded from the PVN in ex vivo hypothalamic slice preparations obtained after the last training, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and physical indexes were observed. The mean frequency and amplitude, as well as the rise time and the decay time constant of mIPSCs, significantly decreased in 20-wk-old SHRs compared to WKY 20-wk-old controls. In contrast to mIPSCs, only the mean mEPSC frequency was higher, and there were no other changes in mEPSCs in comparison to the control group. SHRs exhibited higher ROS, 8-OHdG, and MDA; and lower SOD1, SOD2, CAT, Ogg1, and SOD and CAT activity in the PVN. These SHRs also had a significant increase in heart rate, blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity, and higher levels of norepinephrine (NE). Exercise training ameliorated all these abnormalities, resulting in an increase in the mean frequency, amplitude and kinetics of mIPSCs, accompanied by a decrease in the mean frequency of mEPSCs in the PVN. This study demonstrates that moderate intensity, high frequency exercise training induces a selective enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the PVN, which may dampen sympathetic activity and reduce blood pressure in hypertension. These changes may be due to antioxidant-related adaptations in the PVNs of SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
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Zhou JJ, Ma HJ, Shao JY, Pan HL, Li DP. Impaired Hypothalamic Regulation of Sympathetic Outflow in Primary Hypertension. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:124-32. [PMID: 30506315 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a crucial region involved in maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and other functions. The PVN provides a dominant source of excitatory drive to the sympathetic outflow through innervation of the brainstem and spinal cord in hypertension. We discuss current findings on the role of the PVN in the regulation of sympathetic output in both normotensive and hypertensive conditions. The PVN seems to play a major role in generating the elevated sympathetic vasomotor activity that is characteristic of multiple forms of hypertension, including primary hypertension in humans. Recent studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model have revealed an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs to PVN pre-sympathetic neurons as indicated by impaired inhibitory and enhanced excitatory synaptic inputs in hypertension. This imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs in the PVN forms the basis for elevated sympathetic outflow in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the disruption of balance between glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs and the associated cellular and molecular alterations as mechanisms underlying the hyperactivity of PVN pre-sympathetic neurons in hypertension.
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Yu XJ, Zhao YN, Hou YK, Li HB, Xia WJ, Gao HL, Liu KL, Su Q, Yang HY, Liang B, Chen WS, Cui W, Li Y, Zhu GQ, Yang ZM, Kang YM. Chronic Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Metformin Inhibits Salt-Sensitive Hypertension via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Neurohormonal Excitation in Rat Paraventricular Nucleus. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:57-66. [PMID: 30426340 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET), an antidiabetic agent, also has antioxidative effects in metabolic-related hypertension. This study was designed to determine whether MET has anti-hypertensive effects in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats by inhibiting oxidative stress in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Salt-sensitive rats received a high-salt (HS) diet to induce hypertension, or a normal-salt (NS) diet as control. At the same time, they received intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of MET or vehicle for 6 weeks. We found that HS rats had higher oxidative stress levels and mean arterial pressure (MAP) than NS rats. ICV infusion of MET attenuated MAP and reduced plasma norepinephrine levels in HS rats. It also decreased reactive oxygen species and the expression of subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase, improved the superoxide dismutase activity, reduced components of the renin-angiotensin system, and altered neurotransmitters in the PVN. Our findings suggest that central MET administration lowers MAP in salt-sensitive hypertension via attenuating oxidative stress, inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system, and restoring the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the PVN.
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Yu XJ, Miao YW, Li HB, Su Q, Liu KL, Fu LY, Hou YK, Shi XL, Li Y, Mu JJ, Chen WS, Cui W, Zhu GQ, Ebenezer PJ, Francis J, Kang YM. Blockade of Endogenous Angiotensin-(1-7) in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Attenuates High Salt-Induced Sympathoexcitation and Hypertension. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:47-56. [PMID: 30328008 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is an important biologically-active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system. This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of Ang-(1-7) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates sympathetic activity and elevates blood pressure by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and oxidative stress in the PVN in salt-induced hypertension. Rats were fed either a high-salt (8% NaCl) or a normal salt diet (0.3% NaCl) for 10 weeks, followed by bilateral microinjections of the Ang-(1-7) antagonist A-779 or vehicle into the PVN. We found that the mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and plasma norepinephrine (NE) were significantly increased in salt-induced hypertensive rats. The high-salt diet also resulted in higher levels of the PICs interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, as well as higher gp91phox expression and superoxide production in the PVN. Microinjection of A-779 (3 nmol/50 nL) into the bilateral PVN of hypertensive rats not only attenuated MAP, RSNA, and NE, but also decreased the PICs and oxidative stress in the PVN. These results suggest that the increased MAP and sympathetic activity in salt-induced hypertension can be suppressed by blockade of endogenous Ang-(1-7) in the PVN, through modulation of PICs and oxidative stress.
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Higashi Y, Shimizu T, Yamamoto M, Tanaka K, Yawata T, Shimizu S, Zou S, Ueba T, Yuri K, Saito M. Stimulation of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors activates adrenomedullary outflow via brain inducible NO synthase-mediated S-nitrosylation. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3758-3772. [PMID: 30007012 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have demonstrated that i.c.v.-administered (±)-epibatidine, a nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) agonist, induced secretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline (catecholamines) from the rat adrenal medulla with dihydro-β-erythroidin (an α4β2 nAChR antagonist)-sensitive brain mechanisms. Here, we examined central mechanisms for the (±)-epibatidine-induced responses, focusing on brain NOS and NO-mediated mechanisms, soluble GC (sGC) and protein S-nitrosylation (a posttranslational modification of protein cysteine thiol groups), in urethane-anaesthetized (1.0 g·kg-1 , i.p.) male Wistar rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH (±)-Epibatidine was i.c.v. treated after i.c.v. pretreatment with each inhibitor described below. Then, plasma catecholamines were measured electrochemically after HPLC. Immunoreactivity of S-nitrosylated cysteine (SNO-Cys) in α4 nAChR subunit (α4)-positive spinally projecting neurones in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN, a regulatory centre of adrenomedullary outflow) after i.c.v. (±)-epibatidine administration was also investigated. KEY RESULTS (±)-Epibatidine-induced elevation of plasma catecholamines was significantly attenuated by L-NAME (non-selective NOS inhibitor), carboxy-PTIO (NO scavenger), BYK191023 [selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor] and dithiothreitol (thiol-reducing reagent), but not by 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (selective neuronal NOS inhibitor) or ODQ (sGC inhibitor). (±)-Epibatidine increased the number of spinally projecting PVN neurones with α4- and SNO-Cys-immunoreactivities, and this increment was reduced by BYK191023. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Stimulation of brain nAChRs can induce elevation of plasma catecholamines through brain iNOS-derived NO-mediated protein S-nitrosylation in rats. Therefore, brain nAChRs (at least α4β2 subtype) and NO might be useful targets for alleviation of catecholamines overflow induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichirou Higashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Toshio Yawata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shogo Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Suo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ueba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yuri
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Motoaki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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Wang ML, Kang YM, Li XG, Su Q, Li HB, Liu KL, Fu LY, Saahene RO, Li Y, Tan H, Yu XJ. Central blockade of NLRP3 reduces blood pressure via regulating inflammation microenvironment and neurohormonal excitation in salt-induced prehypertensive rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:95. [PMID: 29573749 PMCID: PMC5866519 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. We determined whether nod-like receptor with pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) involved in the process of prehypertension, central blockade of NLRP3 decreased inflammation reaction, regulated neurohormonal excitation, and delayed the progression of prehypertension. METHODS Prehypertensive rats were induced by 8% salt diet. The rats on high-salt diet for 1 month were administered a specific NLRP3 blocker in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) for 4 weeks. ELISA, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry were used to measure NLRP3 cascade proteins, pro-inflammation cytokines (PICs), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), neurotransmitters, and leukocytes count detection, respectively. RESULTS NLRP3 expression in PVN was increased significantly in prehypertensive rats, accompanied by increased number of microglia, CD4+, CD8+ T cell, and CD8+ microglia. Expressions of PICs, CCL2, CXCR3, and VCAM-1 significantly increased. The balance between 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was damaged. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) in prehypertensive rats was increased and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was reduced. NLRP3 blockade significantly decreased blood pressure, reduced PICs, CCL2, VCAM-1 expression in PVN, and restored neurotransmitters. Blood pressure and inflammatory markers were upregulated after termination of central blockage NLRP3. CONCLUSIONS Salt-induced prehypertension is partly due to the role of NLRP3 in PVN. Blockade of brain NLRP3 attenuates prehypertensive response, possibly via downregulating the cascade reaction triggered by inflammation and restoring the balance of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Lin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Yan Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Roland Osei Saahene
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Department of Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Lu QB, Sun J, Kang Y, Sun HJ, Wang HS, Wang Y, Zhu GQ, Zhou YB. Superoxide Anions and NO in the Paraventricular Nucleus Modulate the Cardiac Sympathetic Afferent Reflex in Obese Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010059. [PMID: 29280941 PMCID: PMC5796009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the hypothesis that the endogenous superoxide anions (O2−) and nitric oxide (NO) system of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) contributing to sympathoexcitation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet (42% kcal as fat) for 12 weeks. CSAR was evaluated by monitoring the changes of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to the epicardial application of capsaicin (CAP) in anaesthetized rats. In obese rats with hypertension (OH group) or without hypertension (OB group), the levels of PVN O2−, angiotensinII (Ang II), Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase were elevated, whereas neural NO synthase (nNOS) and NO were significantly reduced. Moreover, CSAR was markedly enhanced, which promoted the elevation of plasma norepinephrine levels. The enhanced CSAR was attenuated by PVN application of the superoxide scavenger polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and was strengthened by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETC) and the nNOS inhibitor N(ω)-propyl-l-arginine hydrochloride (PLA); conversely, there was a smaller CSAR response to PLA or SNP in rats that received a low-fat (12% kcal) diet. Furthermore, PVN pretreatment with the AT1R antagonist losartan or with PEG-SOD, but not SNP, abolished Ang II-induced CSAR enhancement. These findings suggest that obesity alters the PVN O2− and NO system that modulates CSAR and promotes sympathoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Ying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Hai-Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Hui-Shan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Liu D, Zeng X, Li X, Mehta JL, Wang X. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 113:5. [PMID: 29224086 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome is a key multiprotein signaling platform that tightly controls inflammatory responses and coordinates antimicrobial host defenses by activating caspase-1 for the subsequent maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and induces pyroptosis. The assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome are linked to the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, and their major consequences-myocardial remodeling. The study of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these cardiovascular disease states may uncover important triggers and endogenous modulators of the disease, and lead to new treatment strategies. This review outlines current insights into NLRP3 inflammasome research associated with cardiovascular diseases and discusses the questions that remain in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Bai J, Yu XJ, Liu KL, Wang FF, Li HB, Shi XL, Zhang Y, Huo CJ, Li X, Gao HL, Qi J, Liu JJ, Zhu GQ, Chen WS, Cui W, Kang YM. Tert-butylhydroquinone attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in high salt-induced hypertension. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:1-9. [PMID: 28844481 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress and inflammation in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. It is reported that tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)-inducer, has a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tBHQ in high salt induced hypertension and to identify whether the beneficial effects were induced by inhibiting PVN oxidative stress and inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) or normal salt diet (NS, 0.3% NaCl). These rats were administration of tBHQ (150mg/kg/d) by oral gavage for 16 weeks. Our results showed that high salt intake resulted in higher mean arterial pressure, cardiac hypertrophy as well as increased plasma level of norepinephrine and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 compared with NS rats. It increased PVN level of reactive oxygen species, gp91phox, IL-1β, IL-6, p-IKKβ and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, decreased PVN level of Nrf2 and Cu/Zn-SOD. Chronic administration of tBHQ significantly attenuated these changes in HS rats. These data suggest that the protective effects of tBHQ in salt induced hypertension are partly due to inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chan-Juan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Bai J, Yu XJ, Liu KL, Wang FF, Jing GX, Li HB, Zhang Y, Huo CJ, Li X, Gao HL, Qi J, Kang YM. Central administration of tert-butylhydroquinone attenuates hypertension via regulating Nrf2 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of hypertensive rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 333:100-109. [PMID: 28842207 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor that modulates cell antioxidant defense response against oxidative stress. The present study aimed to explore the efficacy of PVN administration of tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), a selective Nrf2 activator, in hypertensive rats. 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used in this study. These rats were chronic bilateral PVN infusion of tBHQ (0.8μg/day), or oxygen free radical scavenger tempol (20μg/h), or vehicle for 2weeks. SHR rats had higher mean arterial pressure (MAP), plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, and sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and lower PVN levels of Nrf2, hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and catalase (CAT) as compared with those in the WKY group. Bilateral PVN infusion of tBHQ or tempol significantly reduced MAP, RSNA, plasma NE levels in SHR rats. In addition, tBHQ treatment enhanced the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and increased the expression of HO-1, CAT and SOD1 in SHR rats. Furthermore, tBHQ attenuated PVN levels of ROS, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and restored the imbalance of neurotransmitters in PVN. Knockdown of Nrf2 in the PVN by adeno-associated virus mediated small interfering RNA abrogated the protective effects of tBHQ on hypertension. These findings suggest that PVN administration of tBHQ can attenuate hypertension by activation of the Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Gui-Xia Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chan-Juan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Khor S, Cai D. Hypothalamic and inflammatory basis of hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:211-23. [PMID: 28057892 DOI: 10.1042/CS20160001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major health problem with great consequences for public health. Despite its role as the primary cause of significant morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease, the pathogenesis of essential hypertension remains largely unknown. The central nervous system (CNS) in general, and the hypothalamus in particular, are intricately involved in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Over the last several decades, the understanding of the brain's role in the development of hypertension has dramatically increased. This brief review is to summarize the neural mechanisms of hypertension with a focus on neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter involvement, highlighting recent findings that suggest that hypothalamic inflammation disrupts key signalling pathways to affect the central control of blood pressure, and therefore suggesting future development of interventional strategies that exploit recent findings pertaining to the hypothalamic control of blood pressure as well as the inflammatory-sympathetic mechanisms involved in hypertension.
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Prieto-Bermejo R, Hernández-Hernández A. The Importance of NADPH Oxidases and Redox Signaling in Angiogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020032. [PMID: 28505091 PMCID: PMC5488012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have to cope with the constant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the excessive production of ROS might be deleterious for cell biology, there is a plethora of evidence showing that moderate levels of ROS are important for the control of cell signaling and gene expression. The family of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NADPH oxidases or Nox) has evolved to produce ROS in response to different signals; therefore, they fulfil a central role in the control of redox signaling. The role of NADPH oxidases in vascular physiology has been a field of intense study over the last two decades. In this review we will briefly analyze how ROS can regulate signaling and gene expression. We will address the implication of NADPH oxidases and redox signaling in angiogenesis, and finally, the therapeutic possibilities derived from this knowledge will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prieto-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
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Su Q, Huo CJ, Li HB, Liu KL, Li X, Yang Q, Song XA, Chen WS, Cui W, Zhu GQ, Shi XL, Liu JJ, Kang YM. Renin-angiotensin system acting on reactive oxygen species in paraventricular nucleus induces sympathetic activation via AT1R/PKCγ/Rac1 pathway in salt-induced hypertension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43107. [PMID: 28338001 DOI: 10.1038/srep43107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could regulate oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the development of hypertension. This study was designed to explore the precise mechanisms of RAS acting on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in salt-induced hypertension. Male Wistar rats were administered with a high-salt diet (HS, 8.0% NaCl) for 8 weeks to induced hypertension. Those rats were received PVN infusion of AT1R antagonist losartan (LOS, 10 μg/h) or microinjection of small interfering RNAs for protein kinase C γ (PKCγ siRNA) once a day for 2 weeks. High salt intake resulted in higher levels of AT1R, PKCγ, Rac1 activity, superoxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, but lower levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in PVN than control animals. PVN infusion of LOS not only attenuated the PVN levels of AT1R, PKCγ, Rac1 activity, superoxide and decreased the arterial pressure, but also increased the PVN antioxidant capacity in hypertension. PVN microinjection of PKCγ siRNA had the same effect on LOS above responses to hypertension but no effect on PVN level of AT1R. These results, for the first time, identified that the precise signaling pathway of RAS regulating ROS in PVN is via AT1R/PKCγ/Rac1 in salt-induced hypertension.
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Biancardi VC, Bomfim GF, Reis WL, Al-Gassimi S, Nunes KP. The interplay between Angiotensin II, TLR4 and hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:88-96. [PMID: 28330785 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Although a number of different underlying mechanisms have been learned from the various experimental models of the disease, hypertension still poses challenges for treatment. Angiotensin II plays an unquestionable role in blood pressure regulation acting through central and peripheral mechanisms. During hypertension, dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System is associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species causing kidney damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increase in sympathetic activity, among other damages, eventually leading to decline in organ function. Recent studies have shown that these effects involve both the innate and the adaptive immune response. The contribution of adaptive immune responses involving different lymphocyte populations in various models of hypertension has been extensively studied. However, the involvement of the innate immunity mediating inflammation in hypertension is still not well understood. The innate and adaptive immune systems intimately interact with one another and are essential to an effectively functioning of the immune response; hence, the importance of a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating innate immune system during hypertension. In this review, we aim to discuss mechanisms linking Angiotensin II and the innate immune system, in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The newest research investigating Angiotensin II triggering toll like receptor 4 activation in the kidney, vasculature and central nervous system contributing to hypertension will be discussed. Understanding the role of the innate immune system in the development of hypertension may bring to light new insights necessary to improve hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, United States
| | | | - Wagner Luis Reis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Al-Gassimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, FL, United States.
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Liang Y, Zhang D, Yu X, Gao H, Liu K, Qi J, Li H, Yi Q, Chen W, Cui W, Zhu G, Kang Y. Hydrogen sulfide in paraventricular nucleus attenuates blood pressure by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in high salt-induced hypertension. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gao HL, Yu XJ, Liu KL, Shi XL, Qi J, Chen YM, Zhang Y, Bai J, Yi QY, Feng ZP, Chen WS, Cui W, Liu JJ, Zhu GQ, Kang YM. PVN Blockade of p44/42 MAPK Pathway Attenuates Salt-induced Hypertension through Modulating Neurotransmitters and Attenuating Oxidative Stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43038. [PMID: 28225041 PMCID: PMC5320530 DOI: 10.1038/srep43038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of neurotransmitters and excessive oxidative stress responses contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. In this study, we determined whether blockade of p44/42 MAPK pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) ameliorates the development of hypertension through modulating neurotransmitters and attenuating oxidative stress. Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats received a high-salt diet (HS, 8% NaCl) or a normal-salt diet (NS, 0.3% NaCl) for 6 weeks and were treated with bilateral PVN infusion of PD-98059 (0.025 μg/h), a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor, or vehicle via osmotic minipump. HS resulted in higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) and Fra-like (Fra-LI) activity, and plasma and PVN levels of norepinephrine (NE), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), NOX2 and NOX4, lower PVN levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), as compared with NS group. PD-98059 infusion reduced NE, TH, NOX2 and NOX4 in the PVN, and induced Cu/Zn-SOD and GAD67 in the PVN. It suggests that PVN blockade of p44/42 MAPK attenuates hypertension through modulating neurotransmitters and attenuating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
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