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Moral A, Borrull F, Fourton KG, Kabir A, Marcé RM, Fontanals N. Extraction of selected benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles and benzenesulfonamides from environmental water samples using a home-made sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbent modified with graphene. Talanta 2023; 256:124315. [PMID: 36739742 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel sol-gel silica-based mixed-mode zwitterionic sorbent modified with graphene microparticles was synthesized. Thanks to the inclusion of multiple functional groups and graphene microparticles to exert a wide range of intermolecular/interionic interactions including dipole-dipole interactions, ion-exchange interactions and π-π interactions, the sorbent showed high retention in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles and benzenesulfonamides. The SPE protocol was optimized in terms of pH, sample loading volume and elution conditions using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method based on SPE followed by LC-HRMS was validated. Apparent recoveries at two levels of concentration were in the range from 48 to 85% (in most cases) in matrices such as influent wastewater, matrix effect was lower than ±30% in most cases, method detection and quantification limits being lower than 20 ng/L and repeatability and reproducibility between days were lower than 18% (n = 4). River, effluent and influent wastewaters samples were analyzed, obtaining concentrations ranging from 3 to 175 ng/L in river samples, from 12 to 499 ng/L in effluent samples and from 15 to 632 ng/L in influent samples, when the compounds were above the method quantification limits.
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Neale PA, Escher BI, de Baat ML, Dechesne M, Dingemans MML, Enault J, Pronk GJ, Smeets PWMH, Leusch FDL. Application of Effect-Based Methods to Water Quality Monitoring: Answering Frequently Asked Questions by Water Quality Managers, Regulators, and Policy Makers. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6023-6032. [PMID: 37026997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Effect-based methods (EBM) have great potential for water quality monitoring as they can detect the mixture effects of all active known and unknown chemicals in a sample, which cannot be addressed by chemical analysis alone. To date, EBM have primarily been applied in a research context, with a lower level of uptake by the water sector and regulators. This is partly due to concerns regarding the reliability and interpretation of EBM. Using evidence from the peer-reviewed literature, this work aims to answer frequently asked questions about EBM. The questions were identified through consultation with the water industry and regulators and cover topics related to the basis for using EBM, practical considerations regarding reliability, sampling for EBM and quality control, and what to do with the information provided by EBM. The information provided in this work aims to give confidence to regulators and the water sector to stimulate the application of EBM for water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milo L de Baat
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Magali Dechesne
- Veolia Research & Innovation,765 rue Henri Becquerel, 34965 Montpellier, France
| | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Enault
- SUEZ CIRSEE, 38 rue du President Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Geertje J Pronk
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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Gemuh CV, Macháček M, Solich P, Horstkotte B. Renewable sorbent dispersive solid phase extraction automated by Lab-In-Syringe using magnetite-functionalized hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbent coupled online to HPLC for determination of surface water contaminants. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Cuñat A, Álvarez-Ruiz R, Morales Suarez-Varela MM, Pico Y. Suspected-screening assessment of the occurrence of organic compounds in sewage sludge. J Environ Manage 2022; 308:114587. [PMID: 35121452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The profiling of emerging organic pollutants present in sludge and generated during wastewater treatment is much more limited than in water. This is mainly due to the difficulty of sludge analysis because of its high content of organic matter and interfering compounds. In this study, a generic extraction method using a mixture of buffered water (pH 4.1) and solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up was applied to samples of sludge obtained in different treatment plants. This extraction was followed by determination of the contaminants by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), using suspected screening to detect the most relevant organic compounds that access the environment through sludge application. This screening (including >3000 substances, such as, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, metabolites and industrial chemicals) tentatively identified 122 compound and assigned most probable structure to 39. The set of compounds assigned to a probable structure was increased in 14 compounds by searching in a free database of metabolites. Fifteen compounds were unequivocally confirmed against the analytical standard. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), with 31 substances identified and 8 confirmed were the main group of compounds. Compounds frequently detected in all sludge samples include nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate, amino acids such as phenylalanine, or peptides such as leu-phe. Altogether, the results of this work highlight the interest of HRMS to draw the profile of organic compounds in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cuñat
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), Universitat de València-CSIC-GV, Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Álvarez-Ruiz
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), Universitat de València-CSIC-GV, Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria M Morales Suarez-Varela
- Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pico
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), Universitat de València-CSIC-GV, Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Huang S, Fan M, Wawryk N, Qiu J, Yang X, Zhu F, Ouyang G, Li X. Recent Advances in Sampling and Sample Preparation for Effect-Directed Environmental Analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Neale PA, O’Brien JW, Glauch L, König M, Krauss M, Mueller JF, Tscharke B, Escher BI. Wastewater treatment efficacy evaluated with in vitro bioassays. Water Res X 2020; 9:100072. [PMID: 33089130 PMCID: PMC7559864 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays show promise as a complementary approach to chemical analysis to assess the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes as they can detect the mixture effects of all bioactive chemicals in a sample. We investigated the treatment efficacy of ten Australian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) covering 42% of the national population over seven consecutive days. Solid-phase extracts of influent and effluent were subjected to an in vitro test battery with six bioassays covering nine endpoints that captured the major modes of action detected in receiving surface waters. WWTP influents and effluents were compared on the basis of population- and flow-normalised effect loads, which provided insights into the biological effects exhibited by the mixture of chemicals before and after treatment. Effect removal efficacy varied between effect endpoints and depended on the treatment process. An ozonation treatment step had the best treatment efficacy, while WWTPs with only primary treatment resulted in poor removal of effects. Effect removal was generally better for estrogenic effects and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor than for inhibition of photosynthesis, which is consistent with the persistence of herbicides causing this effect. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress response provided a sum parameter of all bioactive chemicals including transformation products and removal was poorer than for specific endpoints except for photosynthesis inhibition. Although more than 500 chemicals were analysed, the detected chemicals explained typically less than 10% of the measured biological effect, apart from algal toxicity, where the majority of the effect could be explained by one dominant herbicide, diuron. Overall, the current study demonstrated the utility of applying bioassays alongside chemical analysis to evaluate loads of chemical pollution reaching WWTPs and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A. Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
- QAEHS – Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- Corresponding author. Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Jake W. O’Brien
- QAEHS – Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Lisa Glauch
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- QAEHS – Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Ben Tscharke
- QAEHS – Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
- QAEHS – Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geoscience, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Blanchoud H, Schott C, Tallec G, Queyrel W, Gallois N, Habets F, Viennot P, Ansart P, Desportes A, Tournebize J, Puech T. How Should Agricultural Practices Be Integrated to Understand and Simulate Long-Term Pesticide Contamination in the Seine River Basin? In: Flipo N, Labadie P, Lestel L, editors. The Seine River Basin. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 141-62. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractModelling long-term pesticide transfer to rivers at the catchment scale is still difficult due to a lack of knowledge of agricultural practices and poorly adapted field observation. The Orgeval experimental catchment was first investigated to validate a modelling approach. In addition to pesticide practices investigated over 20 years, directly collected from farmers, monthly integrated river samples were analysed for 10 years. To explicitly integrate agricultural practices and crop rotation, the STICS crop model was adapted to simulate pesticide transfer in soil. Annual load simulations were compared to observed pesticide fluxes in rivers. To simulate the contamination of groundwater, the STICS-Pest model was coupled to the MODCOU hydrogeological model. The results are discussed at the subbasin scale in relation to available data. To upscale the approach at the Seine River basin scale, other strategies need to be developed.
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Tang Y, Yin M, Yang W, Li H, Zhong Y, Mo L, Liang Y, Ma X, Sun X. Emerging pollutants in water environment: Occurrence, monitoring, fate, and risk assessment. Water Environ Res 2019; 91:984-991. [PMID: 31220374 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of emerging pollutants (EPs) is continuously reported worldwide. Nevertheless, only few of these compounds are toxicologically evaluated due to their vast numbers. Reliable analytical methods and toxicity assessment methods are the basis of either the management or the elimination of EPs. In this paper, literature published in 2018 on EPs were reviewed with special regard to their occurrence, detection methods, fate in the environment, and ecological toxicity assessment. Particular focus was placed on practical considerations, novel processes, and new solution strategies. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Literature published in 2018 on emerging pollutants were reviewed. This review article is with special regard to the occurrence, detection methods, fate and toxicity assessment of emerging pollutants. Particular focus was placed on practical considerations, novel processes and new solution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankui Tang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Maozhong Yin
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huilan Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaxuan Zhong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lihong Mo
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangmeng Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Kaur R, Kaur R, Grover A, Rani S, Malik AK, Kabir A, Furton KG. Fabric phase sorptive extraction/GC-MS method for rapid determination of broad polarity spectrum multi-class emerging pollutants in various aqueous samples. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2407-2417. [PMID: 31074186 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid extraction and cleanup method using selective fabric phase sorptive extraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for the determination of broad polarity spectrum emerging pollutants, ethyl paraben, butyl paraben, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, lidocaine, prilocaine, triclosan, and bisphenol A in various aqueous samples. Some important parameters of fabric phase sorptive extraction such as extraction time, matrix pH, stirring speed, type and volume of desorption solvent were investigated and optimized. Calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range 0.05-500 ng/mL. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection were in the range 0.009 -0.021 ng/mL. This method was validated by analyzing the compounds in spiked aqueous samples at different levels with recoveries of 93 to 99% and relative standard deviations of <6%. The developed method was applied for the determination of the emerging contaminants in tap water, municipal water, ground water, sewage water, and sludge water samples. The results demonstrate that fabric phase sorptive extraction has great potential in the preconcentration of trace analytes in complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Ripneel Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Aman Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Susheela Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | | | - Abuzar Kabir
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Speltini A, Pastore M, Merlo F, Maraschi F, Sturini M, Dondi D, Profumo A. Humic Acids Pyrolyzed onto Silica Microparticles for Solid-Phase Extraction of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles from Environmental Waters. Chromatographia 2019; 82:1275-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pedrazzani R, Bertanza G, Brnardić I, Cetecioglu Z, Dries J, Dvarionienė J, García-Fernández AJ, Langenhoff A, Libralato G, Lofrano G, Škrbić B, Martínez-López E, Meriç S, Pavlović DM, Papa M, Schröder P, Tsagarakis KP, Vogelsang C. Opinion paper about organic trace pollutants in wastewater: Toxicity assessment in a European perspective. Sci Total Environ 2019; 651:3202-3221. [PMID: 30463169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Ivan Brnardić
- Faculty of Metallurgy, University of Zagreb, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44103 Sisak, Croatia.
| | - Zeynep Cetecioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Dries
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Salesianenlaan 90, 2660 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jolanta Dvarionienė
- Kaunas University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Gedimino str. 50, 44239 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Süreyya Meriç
- Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namik Kemal University, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matteo Papa
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos P Tsagarakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
| | - Christian Vogelsang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Dingemans MML, Baken KA, van der Oost R, Schriks M, van Wezel AP. Risk-based approach in the revised European Union drinking water legislation: Opportunities for bioanalytical tools. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019; 15:126-134. [PMID: 30144268 PMCID: PMC7379647 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of in vitro bioassays are developed in the context of chemical risk assessment and clinical diagnostics to test effects on different biological processes. Such assays can also be implemented in effect-based monitoring (EBM) of (drinking) water quality alongside chemical analyses. Effects-based monitoring can provide insight into risks for the environment and human health associated with exposure to (unknown) complex, low-level mixtures of micropollutants, which fits in the risk-based approach that was recently introduced in the European Drinking Water Directive. Some challenges remain, in particular those related to selection and interpretation of bioassays. For water quality assessment, carcinogenesis, adverse effects on reproduction and development, effects on xenobiotic metabolism, modulation of hormone systems, DNA reactivity, and adaptive stress responses are considered the most relevant toxicological endpoints. An evaluation procedure of the applicability and performance of in vitro bioassays for water quality monitoring, based on existing information, has been developed, which can be expanded with guidelines for experimental evaluations. In addition, a methodology for the interpretation of in vitro monitoring data is required, because the sensitivity of specific in vitro bioassays in combination with sample concentration may lead to responses of chemicals (far) below exposure concentrations that are relevant for human health effects. Different approaches are proposed to derive effect-based trigger values (EBTs), including EBTs based on (1) relative ecotoxicity potency, (2) health-based threshold values for chronic exposure in humans and kinetics of reference chemicals, and (3) read-across from (drinking) water guideline values. Effects-based trigger values need to be chosen carefully in order to be sufficiently but not overly conservative to indicate potential health effects. Consensus on the crucial steps in the selection and interpretation of in vitro bioassay data will facilitate implementation and legal embedding in the context of water quality monitoring of such assays in EBM strategies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:126-134. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ron van der Oost
- Waternet Institute for the Urban Water CycleAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- KWR Watercycle Research InstituteNieuwegeinThe Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Kraševec I, Prosen H. Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Benzotriazoles as Environmental Pollutants: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102501. [PMID: 30274289 PMCID: PMC6222494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar benzotriazoles are corrosion inhibitors with widespread use; they are environmentally characterized as emerging pollutants in the water system, where they are present in low concentrations. Various extraction methods have been used for their separation from various matrices, ranging from classical liquid–liquid extractions to various microextraction techniques, but the most frequently applied extraction technique remains the solid-phase extraction (SPE), which is the focus of this review. We present an overview of the methods, developed in the last decade, applied for the determination of benzotriazoles in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Several other matrices, such as human urine and plant material, are also considered in the text. The methods are reviewed according to the determined compounds, sample matrices, cartridges and eluents used, extraction recoveries and the achieved limits of quantification. A critical evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of the published methods is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kraševec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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