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He Y, Jiang S, Cui Y, Liang J, Zhong Y, Sun Y, Moran MF, Huang Z, He G, Mao X. Induction of IFIT1/IFIT3 and inhibition of Bcl-2 orchestrate the treatment of myeloma and leukemia via pyroptosis. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216797. [PMID: 38462032 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Induction of pyroptosis is proposed as a promising strategy for the treatment of hematological malignancies, but little is known. In the present study, we find clioquinol (CLQ), an anti-parasitic drug, induces striking myeloma and leukemia cell pyroptosis on a drug screen. RNA sequencing reveals that the interferon-inducible genes IFIT1 and IFIT3 are markedly upregulated and are essential for CLQ-induced GSDME activation and cell pyroptosis. Specifically, IFIT1 and IFIT3 form a complex with BAX and N-GSDME therefore directing N-GSDME translocalization to mitochondria and increasing mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and triggering pyroptosis. Furthermore, venetoclax, an activator of BAX and an inhibitor of Bcl-2, displays strikingly synergistic effects with CLQ against leukemia and myeloma via pyroptosis. This study thus reveals a novel mechanism for mitochondrial GSDME in pyroptosis and it also illustrates that induction of IFIT1/T3 and inhibition of Bcl-2 orchestrate the treatment of leukemia and myeloma via pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming He
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Shuoyi Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Yaoli Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Jingpei Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Yueya Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Yuening Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Michael F Moran
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhenqian Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Guisong He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China.
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Tanaka H, Ozawa R, Henmi Y, Hosoda M, Karasawa T, Takahashi M, Takahashi H, Iwata H, Kuwayama T, Shirasuna K. Gasdermin D regulates soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 release in macrophages. Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100857. [PMID: 38295720 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2024.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious complication, and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFLT1) released from the placenta is one of the causes of PE pathology. Trophoblasts are the primary source of sFLT1; however, monocytes/macrophages exist enough in the placenta can also secrete sFLT1. Sterile inflammatory responses, especially NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream gasdermin D (GSDMD)-regulated pyroptosis, may be involved in the development of PE pathology. In this study, we investigated whether human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1 cells secrete sFLT1 depending on the NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD. To differentiate THP-1 monocytes into macrophages, treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced sFLT1 with interleukin (IL)- 1β, but did not induce cell lytic death. IL-1β secretion induced by PMA inhibited by deletion of NLRP3 and inhibitors of NLRP3 and caspase-1, but deletion of NLRP3 and these inhibitors did not affect sFLT1 secretion in THP-1 cells. Both gene deletion and inhibition of GSDMD dramatically decreased IL-1β and sFLT1 secretion from THP-1 cells. Treatment with CA074-ME (a cathepsin B inhibitor) also reduced the secretion of both sFLT1 and IL-1β in THP-1 cells. In conclusion, THP-1 macrophages release sFLT1 in a GSDMD-dependent manner, but not in the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner, and this sFLT1 release may be associated with the non-lytic role of GSDMD. In addition, sFLT1 levels induced by PMA are associated with lysosomal cathepsin B in THP-1 macrophages. We suggest that sFLT1 synthesis regulated by GSDMD are involved in the pathology of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
| | - Ren Ozawa
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
| | - Yuka Henmi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
| | - Manabu Hosoda
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hironori Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hisataka Iwata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
| | - Takehito Kuwayama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
| | - Koumei Shirasuna
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan.
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Zhu X, Shi Z, Mao Y, Lächelt U, Huang R. Cell Membrane Perforation: Patterns, Mechanisms and Functions. Small 2024:e2310605. [PMID: 38344881 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell membrane is crucial for the cellular activities, and any disruption to it may affect the cells. It is demonstrated that cell membrane perforation is associated with some biological processes like programmed cell death (PCD) and infection of pathogens. Specific developments make it a promising technique to perforate the cell membrane controllably and precisely. The pores on the cell membrane provide direct pathways for the entry and exit of substances, and can also cause cell death, which means reasonable utilization of cell membrane perforation is able to assist intracellular delivery, eliminate diseased or cancerous cells, and bring about other benefits. This review classifies the patterns of cell membrane perforation based on the mechanisms into 1) physical patterns, 2) biological patterns, and 3) chemical patterns, introduces the characterization methods and then summarizes the functions according to the characteristics of reversible and irreversible pores, with the aim of providing a comprehensive summary of the knowledge related to cell membrane perforation and enlightening broad applications in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Park E, Yang CR, Raghuram V, Chen L, Chou CL, Knepper MA. Using CRISPR-Cas9/phosphoproteomics to identify substrates of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2δ. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105371. [PMID: 37865316 PMCID: PMC10783575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMK2) family proteins are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in a variety of tissues including brain, heart, liver, and kidney. One member, CAMK2δ (CAMK2D), has been proposed to be involved in vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct, which controls water excretion through regulation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2). To identify CAMK2D target proteins in renal collecting duct cells (mpkCCD), we deleted Camk2d and carried out LC-MS/MS-based quantitative phosphoproteomics. Specifically, we used CRISPR/Cas9 with two different guide RNAs targeting the CAMK2D catalytic domain to create multiple CAMK2D KO cell lines. AQP2 protein abundance was lower in the CAMK2D KO cells than in CAMK2D-intact controls. AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser256 and Ser269 (normalized for total AQP2) was decreased. However, trafficking of AQP2 to and from the apical plasma membrane was sustained. Large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis (TMT-labeling) in the presence of the vasopressin analog dDAVP (0.1 nM, 30 min) allowed quantification of 11,570 phosphosites of which 169 were significantly decreased, while 206 were increased in abundance in CAMK2D KO clones. These data are available for browsing or download at https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/Databases/CAMK2D-proteome/. Motif analysis of the decreased phosphorylation sites revealed a target preference of -(R/K)-X-X-p(S/T)-X-(D/E), matching the motif identified in previous in vitro phosphorylation studies using recombinant CAMK2D. Thirty five of the significantly downregulated phosphorylation sites in CAMK2D KO cells had exactly this motif and are judged to be likely direct CAMK2D targets. This adds to the list of known CAMK2D target proteins found in prior reductionist studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euijung Park
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Viswanathan Raghuram
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Quan JH, Gao FF, Ma TZ, Ye W, Gao X, Deng MZ, Yin LL, Choi IW, Yuk JM, Cha GH, Lee YH, Chu JQ. Toxoplasma gondii Induces Pyroptosis in Human Placental Trophoblast and Amniotic Cells by Inducing ROS Production and Activation of Cathepsin B and NLRP1/NLRP3/NLRC4/AIM2 Inflammasome. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:2047-2065. [PMID: 37741453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women may cause fetal anomalies; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The current study investigated whether T. gondii induces pyroptosis in human placental cells and the underlying mechanisms. Human placental trophoblast (BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo) and amniotic (WISH) cells were infected with T. gondii, and then reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cathepsin B (CatB) release, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis induction were evaluated. The molecular mechanisms of these effects were investigated by treating the cells with ROS scavengers, a CatB inhibitor, or inflammasome-specific siRNA. T. gondii infection induced ROS generation and CatB release into the cytosol in placental cells but decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. T. gondii-infected human placental cells and villi exhibited NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasome activation and subsequent pyroptosis induction, as evidenced by increased expression of ASC, cleaved caspase-1, and mature IL-1β and gasdermin D cleavage. In addition to inflammasome activation and pyroptosis induction, adverse pregnancy outcome was shown in a T. gondii-infected pregnant mouse model. Administration of ROS scavengers, CatB inhibitor, or inflammasome-specific siRNA into T. gondii-infected cells reversed these effects. Collectively, these findings show that T. gondii induces NLRP1/NLRP3/NLRC4/AIM2 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis via induction of ROS production and CatB activation in placental cells. This mechanism may play an important role in inducing cell injury in congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Hua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Fei Gao
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Zhong Ma
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Deng
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - In-Wook Choi
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jia-Qi Chu
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Sarrio D, Colomo S, Moreno-Bueno G. Gasdermin-B (GSDMB) takes center stage in antibacterial defense, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 37997534 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the hottest topics in biomedical research is to decipher the functional implications of the Gasdermin (GSDM) protein family in human pathologies. These proteins are the key effectors of a lytic and pro-inflammatory cell death type termed pyroptosis (also known as "Gasdermin-mediated programmed cell death"). However, ever-growing evidence showed that GSDMs can play multiple and complex roles in a context-dependent manner. In this sense, Gasdermin-B (GSDMB; the only GSDM gene absent in mice and rats) has been implicated in antibacterial defense, numerous inflammatory pathologies (e.g., asthma, ulcerative colitis), and cancer, but both cell death-dependent and -independent functions have been reported in these diseases, fueling the debate on whether GSDMB has genuine pyroptotic capacity. Recently, a series of seminal papers cast light on the GSDMB multitasking capacity by showing that different GSDMB transcriptional isoforms have distinct biological activities. Nonetheless, there are still obscure areas to be clarified on the precise functional involvement of GSDMB translated variants in physiological and pathological conditions. In this viewpoint, we critically discuss the most recent and exciting data on this topic and propose a series of relevant challenges that need to be overcome before GSDMB-driven biomedical applications (as a biomarker of disease risk/progression/outcome or as specific therapeutic target) become a reality in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sarrio
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm-CISC), Conexión Cáncer (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Colomo
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm-CISC), Conexión Cáncer (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm-CISC), Conexión Cáncer (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
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Colomo S, Ros-Pardo D, Oltra SS, Gomez-Puertas P, Sarrio D, Moreno-Bueno G. Structural and functional insights into GSDMB isoforms complex roles in pathogenesis. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2346-2359. [PMID: 38037340 PMCID: PMC10730220 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2287933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SHADSGasdermins (GSDMs) have garnered significant scientific interest due to their protective and detrimental roles in innate immunity, host defense, inflammation, and cancer alongside with other pathologies. While GSDMs are mostly recognized as key effectors of a lytic type of pro-inflammatory cell death known as pyroptosis, they do also take part in other cell death processes (NETosis, secondary necrosis, or apoptosis) and exhibit cell-death independent functions depending on the cellular context. Among GSDMs, Gasdermin B (GSDMB) pyroptotic capacity has been a subject of conflicting findings in scientific literature even when its processing, and subsequent activation, by Granzyme A (GZMA) was decoded. Nevertheless, recent groundbreaking publications have shed light on the crucial role of alternative splicing in determining the pyroptotic capacity of GSDMB isoforms, which depends on the presence of exon 6-derived elements. This comprehensive review pays attention to the relevant structural differences among recently crystalized GSDMB isoforms. As a novelty, the structural aspects governing GSDMB isoform susceptibility to GZMA-mediated activation have been investigated. By elucidating the complex roles of GSDMB isoforms, this review aims to deepen the understanding of this multifunctional player and its potential implications in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Colomo
- Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (IIBm-CISC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Ros-Pardo
- Grupo de modelado molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara S Oltra
- Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (IIBm-CISC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional, Fundación MD Anderson Internacional (FMDA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Gomez-Puertas
- Grupo de modelado molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sarrio
- Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (IIBm-CISC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Biochemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (IIBm-CISC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional, Fundación MD Anderson Internacional (FMDA), Madrid, Spain
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