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Pu X, Wu W, Yang D, Zhang Q, Fan X, Du Y, Zu L, Xu Y, Sun C, Zhao K. Rapid, visual and highly sensitive sexing of bovine embryos by recombinase polymerase amplification with CFI staining. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14116. [PMID: 36923860 PMCID: PMC10009442 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Early bovine embryo sexing both increases the number of offspring of the desired sex, and reduces the subsequent costs of processing unwanted offspring of the opposite sex. The need for cattle of different sexes varies from industry to industry, and a range of tools have been set up to meet this need, but most are energy- and time-consuming, hence it is important to establish a fast and convenient method for bovine embryo determination. Herein, we established a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method combined with CFI dye (RPA-CFI) for sexing of bovine embryos. The assay is highly sensitive, specific, rapid and simple; it can be carried out in only 5 min at 37 °C in a metal bath, and results are visualised using a fluorescent colorimeter. Highly specific male-female common and male-specific primers were designed based on the 1399 bp repeating unit of bovine 1.715 satellite DNA and the male-specific S4 repeating sequence, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of RPA-CFI with male-female common primers was 1 pg/μL, and the LOD with male-specific primers was 2 pg/μL. RPA-CFI could determine the sex of bovine embryos from only two cells. This is the first report using RPA-CFI for sex determination of bovine embryos. The assay could be applied to other economically important animals to improve efficiency in livestock industries. Additionally, the assay could relieve pressure on food demand due to human population growth, and contribute to economic development of global stockbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Pu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiaorui Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yanan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Liujing Zu
- Shanghai Bio-full Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chuanwen Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
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Zhao X, Nie J, Tang Y, He W, Xiao K, Pang C, Liang X, Lu Y, Zhang M. Generation of Transgenic Cloned Buffalo Embryos Harboring the EGFP Gene in the Y Chromosome Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Integration. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:199. [PMID: 32426378 PMCID: PMC7212351 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex control technology is of great significance in the production of domestic animals, especially for rapidly breeding water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), which served as a research model in the present study. We have confirmed that a fluorescence protein integrated into the Y chromosome is fit for sexing pre-implantation embryos in the mouse. Firstly, we optimized the efficiency of targeted integration of exogenous gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and mCherry in Neuro-2a cells, mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse embryonic cells (NIH3T3), buffalo fetal fibroblast (BFF) cells. The results showed that a homology arm length of 800 bp on both sides of the target is more efficient that 300 bp or 300 bp/800 bp. Homology-directed repair (HDR)-mediated knock-in in BFF cells was also significantly improved when cells were supplemented with pifithrin-μ, which is a small molecule that inhibits the binding of p53 to mitochondria. Three pulses at 250 V resulted in the most efficient electroporation in BFF cells and 1.5 μg/mL puromycin was found to be the optimal concentration for screening. Moreover, Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic BFF cells and cloned buffalo embryos were successfully generated using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing combined with the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique. At passage numbers 6–8, the growth rate and cell proliferation rate were significantly lower in Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic than in non-transgenic BFF cells; the expression levels of the methylation-related genes DNMT1 and DNMT3a were similar; however, the expression levels of the acetylation-related genes HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic BFF cells compared with non-transgenic cells. Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic BFFs were used as donors for SCNT, the results showed that eGFP reporter is suitable for the visualization of the sex of embryos. The blastocyst rates of cloned buffalo embryos were similar; however, the cleavage rates of transgenic cloned embryos were significantly lower compared with control. In summary, we optimized the protocol for generating transgenic BFF cells and successfully generated Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic embryos using these cells as donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Junyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wengtan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, China
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Zhao X, Wei W, Pan H, Nie J, Chen D, Zhang P, Chen F, Fu Q, Zuo E, Lu Y, Zhang M. Identification of the Sex of Pre-implantation Mouse Embryos Using a Marked Y Chromosome and CRISPR/Cas9. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14315. [PMID: 31586114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous attempts have been made to alter the sex ratio of the progeny of mammals, the limitations of current technologies have prevented their widespread use in farm animals. The presence or absence of a Y chromosome determines whether a mammalian embryo develops as a male or female, and non-invasive genetic reporters such as fluorescence protein markers have been intensively applied in a variety of fields of research. To develop a non-invasive and instantaneous method for advance determination of the sex of embryos, we developed a Y chromosome-linked eGFP mouse line that stably expresses green fluorescent protein under the control of the CAG promoter. The development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has made it easy to deliver an exogenous gene to a specific locus of a genome, and linking a tracer to the Y chromosome has simplified the process of predicting the sex of embryos collected by mating a Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic male with a wild-type female. XY embryos appeared green, under a fluorescence microscope, and XX embryos did not. Y chromosome-linked genes were amplified by nested PCR to further confirm the accuracy of this method, and the simultaneous transplantation of green and non-green embryos into foster mothers indicated that 100% accuracy was achieved by this method. Thus, the Y-Chr-eGFP mouse line provides an expeditious and accurate approach for sexing pre-implantation embryos and can be efficiently used for the pre-selection of sex.
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Hrovatin K, Kunej T. Genetic sex determination assays in 53 mammalian species: Literature analysis and guidelines for reporting standardization. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1009-1018. [PMID: 29375774 PMCID: PMC5773321 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Erstwhile, sex was determined by observation, which is not always feasible. Nowadays, genetic methods are prevailing due to their accuracy, simplicity, low costs, and time-efficiency. However, there is no comprehensive review enabling overview and development of the field. The studies are heterogeneous, lacking a standardized reporting strategy. Therefore, our aim was to collect genetic sexing assays for mammals and assemble them in a catalogue with unified terminology. Publications were extracted from online databases using key words such as sexing and molecular. The collected data were supplemented with species and gene IDs and the type of sex-specific sequence variant (SSSV). We developed a catalogue and graphic presentation of diagnostic tests for molecular sex determination of mammals, based on 58 papers published from 2/1991 to 10/2016. The catalogue consists of five categories: species, genes, SSSVs, methods, and references. Based on the analysis of published literature, we propose minimal requirements for reporting, consisting of: species scientific name and ID, genetic sequence with name and ID, SSSV, methodology, genomic coordinates (e.g., restriction sites, SSSVs), amplification system, and description of detected amplicon and controls. The present study summarizes vast knowledge that has up to now been scattered across databases, representing the first step toward standardization regarding molecular sexing, enabling a better overview of existing tests and facilitating planned designs of novel tests. The project is ongoing; collecting additional publications, optimizing field development, and standardizing data presentation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hrovatin
- Department of Animal ScienceBiotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaDomzaleSlovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal ScienceBiotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaDomzaleSlovenia
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Soleymani B, Hafezian SH, Mianji GR, Mansouri K, Chaharaein B, Tajehmiri A, Sharifi Tabar M, Mostafaie A. Bovine Sex Determining Region Y: Cloning, Optimized Expression, and Purification. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 28:44-52. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1198796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University of Sari, Sari, Iran
| | - Sayed Hassan Hafezian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University of Sari, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Rahimi Mianji
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University of Sari, Sari, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Broomand Chaharaein
- Agricultural Research Center, Jehad-e Keshavarzi Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tajehmiri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharifi Tabar
- Schools of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ali Mostafaie
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar RR, Sharma BD, Mendiratta SK, Malav O, Sharma D. Determination of sex origin of meat and meat products on the DNA basis: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:1303-14. [PMID: 24915321 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination of domestic animal's meat is of potential value in meat authentication and quality control studies. Methods aiming at determining the sex origin of meat may be based either on the analysis of hormone or on the analysis of nucleic acids. At the present time, sex determination of meat and meat products based on hormone analysis employ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most of the hormone-based methods proved to be highly specific and sensitive but were not performed on a regular basis for meat sexing due to the technical limitations or the expensive equipments required. On the other hand, the most common methodology to determine the sex of meat is unquestionably traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that involves gel electrophoresis of DNA amplicons. This review is intended to provide an overview of the DNA-based methods for sex determination of meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Gokulakrishnan
- a Division of Livestock Products Technology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Torner E, Bussalleu E, Briz MD, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Bonet S. Sex determination of porcine embryos using a new developed duplex polymerase chain reaction procedure based on the amplification of repetitive sequences. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:417-25. [PMID: 23445818 DOI: 10.1071/rd12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have become increasingly prevalent for sexing embryos. The aim of the present study was to develop a suitable duplex PCR procedure based on the amplification of porcine repetitive sequences for sexing porcine tissues, embryos and single cells. Primers were designed targeting the X12696 Y chromosome-specific repeat sequence (SUSYa and SUSYb; sex-related primer sets), the multicopy porcine-specific mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene (SUS12S; control primer set) and the X51555 1 chromosome repeat sequence (SUS1; control primer set). The specificity of the primer sets was established and the technique was optimised by testing combinations of two specific primer sets (SUSYa/SUS12S; SUSYb/SUS12S), different primer concentrations, two sources of DNA polymerase, different melting temperatures and different numbers of amplification cycles using genomic DNA from porcine ovarian and testicular tissue. The optimised SUSYa/SUS12S- and SUSYb/SUS12S-based duplex PCR procedures were applied to porcine in vitro-produced (IVP) blastocysts, cell-stage embryos and oocytes. The SUSYb/SUS12S primer-based procedure successfully sexed porcine single cells and IVP cell-stage embryos (100% efficiency), as well as blastocysts (96.6% accuracy; 96.7% efficiency). This is the first report to demonstrate the applicability of these repetitive sequences for this purpose. In conclusion, the SUSYb/SUS12S primer-based duplex PCR procedure is highly reliable and sensitive for sexing porcine IVP embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Torner
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Department of Biology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar R, Sharma B, Mendiratta S, Malav O, Sharma D. Determination of sex origin of meat from cattle, sheep and goat using PCR based assay. Small Rumin Res 2013; 113:30-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang L, Zi XD, Xu HW. Strategy for embryo sex identification in the yak (Bos grunniens) by simultaneous amplification of theSRYandbHBBgenes. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.645040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar RR, Sharma BD, Mendiratta SK, Sharma D. Sex Determination of Cattle Meat by Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of the DEAD Box Protein (DDX3X/DDX3Y) Gene. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2012; 25:733-7. [PMID: 25049620 PMCID: PMC4093110 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Determination of sex origin of cattle meat by fast and reliable molecular methods is an important measure to ensure correct allocation of export refunds particularly in European countries and also female cattle (cow) slaughter is legally banned in India because of religious beliefs. Based on the DEAD box protein gene located on the X and Y chromosomes, 2 pair of primers were designed and the system of PCR was optimized. Upon PCR amplification, male tissue showed 2 bands, while female tissue resulted in only one band. The accuracy and specificity of the primers was assessed using DNA template extracted from cattle meat of known sex. The protocol was subjected to a blind test and showed 100% concordance, proving its accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gokulakrishnan
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - R R Kumar
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - B D Sharma
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - S K Mendiratta
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
| | - D Sharma
- Genome Mapping Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.) 243 122, India
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Gokulakrishnan P, Kumar RR, Sharma B, Mendiratta SK, Sharma D. A Duplex PCR Assay for Sex Determination of Cattle Meat by Simultaneous Amplification of SRY, AMELX and AMELY Genes. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2011.645940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, interest in meat authenticity has increased. Many consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and accurate labelling is important to inform consumer choice. Authentication methods can be categorised into the areas where fraud is most likely to occur: meat origin, meat substitution, meat processing treatment and non-meat ingredient addition. Within each area the possibilities for fraud can be subcategorised as follows: meat origin-sex, meat cuts, breed, feed intake, slaughter age, wild versus farmed meat, organic versus conventional meat, and geographic origin; meat substitution-meat species, fat, and protein; meat processing treatment-irradiation, fresh versus thawed meat and meat preparation; non-meat ingredient addition-additives and water. Analytical methods used in authentication are as diverse as the authentication problems, and include a diverse range of equipment and techniques. This review is intended to provide an overview of the possible analytical methods available for meat and meat products authentication. In areas where no authentication methods have been published, possible strategies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Ballin
- Department of Food Chemistry, Regional Veterinary and Food Control Authority, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Soendervang 4, DK-4100 Ringsted, Denmark.
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Bai W, Yin R, Zhao S, Li C, Ma Z, Yin R, Luo G, Zhao Z. A PCR assay for sex determination of yak (Bos grunniens) meat by amplification of the male-specific SRY gene. Food Control 2010; 21:726-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alves BCA, Hossepian de Lima VFM, Moreira-Filho CA. Development of Y-chromosome-Specific SCAR Markers Conserved in Taurine, Zebu and Bubaline Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:1047-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh B, Chauhan MS, Singla SK, Gautam SK, Verma V, Manik RS, Singh AK, Sodhi M, Mukesh M. Reproductive biotechniques in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): status, prospects and challenges. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:499-510. [DOI: 10.1071/rd08172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The swamp buffalo holds tremendous potential in the livestock sector in Asian and Mediterranean countries. Current needs are the faster multiplication of superior genotypes and the conservation of endangered buffalo breeds. Recent advances in assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro embryo production methodologies, offer enormous opportunities to not only improve productivity, but also to use buffaloes to produce novel products for applications to human health and nutrition. The use of molecular genomics will undoubtedly advance these technologies for their large-scale application and resolve the key problems currently associated with advanced reproductive techniques, such as animal cloning, stem cell technology and transgenesis. Preliminary success in the application of modern reproductive technologies warrants further research at the cellular and molecular levels before their commercial exploitation in buffalo breeding programmes.
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Prashant, Gour DS, Dubey PP, Jain A, Gupta SC, Joshi BK, Kumar D. Sex determination in 6 bovid species by duplex PCR. J Appl Genet 2008; 49:379-81. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03195637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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