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Estevam MV, Toniollo GH, Apparicio M. The most common congenital malformations in dogs: Literature review and practical guide. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105230. [PMID: 38492280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Congenital malformations can affect almost 7% of canine newborns. The increase of commercial dog breeding and inbreeding used to maintain the striking characteristics of each breed, the appearance of malformations has become increasingly common, especially in brachycephalic dogs. The causes are diverse, and include genetic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and infectious factors, often making it difficult to establish a cause-consequence relationship. The high mortality associated with malformations comes not only from the fact that some are incompatible with life, but also because even if many undergo surgical treatment or correction, they require specific management, monitoring, and clinical treatment for an indefinite period of time. The most common malformations such as cleft lip and palate, hydrocephalus and anasarca have been studied for a long time, and it is currently known that brachycephalic dogs have a greater predisposition, however, for other less common conditions as gastroschisis and hypospadias, there is only a few case reports. The appearance of congenital defects in a litter leads to financial losses for the breeder, emotional losses for the owner and the veterinarian and harms the well-being of that individual. For this reason, the aim of this review article is to gather relevant information on the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the main malformations in puppies. It is essential that the veterinarian is prepared to diagnose and treat these conditions, reducing negative impacts on animals and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vilela Estevam
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Helio Toniollo
- Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, São Paulo State University - FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricy Apparicio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University - FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Gloria A, Veronesi MC, Contri A. Does Placental Efficiency and Vascularization Affect Puppy Health? A Study in Boxer and Dobermann Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38338066 PMCID: PMC10854954 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomical and functional characteristics of the placenta influence the adaptive ability of the fetus to the extrauterine environment. Placental efficiency, measured as the gram of neonate produced by each gram of placenta, summarizes these characteristics. In the present study, placental efficiency and its impact on the 7-day postpartum life of the puppies were studied in canine large breeds. METHODS Placental efficiency (PE) was computed using chorioallantois weight (WPE) and surface (SPE) efficiency for puppies born from natural delivery or elective cesarean section. Capillary density was also histologically determined. Neonate viability was estimated by the APGAR score and the daily weight gain (DWG) was recorded on day 7 after delivery. RESULTS from 15 large-breed bitches, 69 live puppies were born by natural delivery (24 puppies) and elective cesarean section (45 puppies). Cluster analysis detected a group of neonates for which reduced placental efficiency (8 for the WPE, 9 for the SPE) was identified, despite a placental weight and surface within the mean and no difference in capillary density. In this group, the DWG was lower and the mortality within 7 days was higher. CONCLUSIONS the results suggest that placental efficiency could be an additional tool for the evaluation of a puppy in the first 7 days after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gloria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Alberto Contri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
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van Staveren MDB, Grinwis GCM, den Toom ML, Szatmári V. Preductal Segmental Tubular Aortic Hypoplasia in Perinatally Died Stabyhoun Puppies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2423. [PMID: 37570236 PMCID: PMC10417157 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high perinatal mortality rate in the Stabyhoun breed prompted one of the Dutch breeding organizations to start an investigation. Preductal segmental tubular aortic hypoplasia is an extremely rarely documented congenital vascular anomaly in dogs, and it is suspected to be the result of constriction of ectopic ductal tissue in the aortic wall at birth. METHODS Over a period of 18 months, Stabyhoun puppies that were stillborn, died or were euthanized before 3 weeks of age were submitted to post-mortem examination at the reporting institution. Pathologic findings were documented. RESULTS Eight Stabyhoun puppies were submitted during the study period. In five of them, a severe preductal segmental tubular aortic hypoplasia was found. Two of the five puppies were stillborn, and three died spontaneously or were euthanized. CONCLUSIONS Preductal tubular aortic hypoplasia was found in an unusually high frequency in the examined Stabyhoun puppies. Because the condition is believed to cause clinical signs only after birth, this anomaly cannot explain the death of the stillborn puppies. However, it might be responsible for cardiogenic pulmonary edema in the postnatal period. Routine dissection of the great vessels in perinatally deceased puppies would help to establish the prevalence of congenital anomalies of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie D. B. van Staveren
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein L. den Toom
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viktor Szatmári
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pereira KHNP, Fuchs KDM, Terçariol LAA, Silva RC, Camargo GDA, Mendonça JC, Paulino NT, Zone MA, Oba E, Lourenço MLG. Two Types of Management for the Noninvasive Treatment of Pectus Excavatum in Neonatal Puppies-Case Reports. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050906. [PMID: 36899766 PMCID: PMC10000130 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectus excavatum is a deformity of the thorax characterized by ventrodorsal narrowing of the sternum bone and costal cartilages, which can lead to compression and cardiopulmonary alterations in dogs, presenting a high prevalence in brachycephalic breeds. The aim of this report was to describe two types of management for the noninvasive treatment of pectus excavatum in newborn puppies of the breeds French Bulldog and American Bully. The puppies presented dyspnea, cyanosis and substernal retraction during inspiration. The diagnosis was performed by physical examination and confirmed by chest X-ray. Two types of splints were performed (a circular splint with plastic pipe and a paper box splint on the chest), aiming at thoracic lateral compression and frontal chest remodeling. The management was effective for the conservative treatment of mild-grade pectus excavatum, resulting in the repositioning of the thorax and improvement of the respiratory pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keylla Helena Nobre Pacífico Pereira
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Kárita da Mata Fuchs
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Cesar Silva
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Azevedo Camargo
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cosenza Mendonça
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eunice Oba
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Pereira KHNP, Fuchs KDM, Corrêa JV, Chiacchio SB, Lourenço MLG. Neonatology: Topics on Puppies and Kittens Neonatal Management to Improve Neonatal Outcome. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36496947 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of kennels and catteries is directly linked to maternal prolificacy and neonatal survival. During the neonatal period, mortality is high, not only due to environmental factors after birth but also with regard to gestational fetal life, complications during delivery, and management errors. Neonatology is an area of veterinary medicine where having a strong knowledge base of applied physiology and common clinical presentations for newborns can often favor better outcomes and greater neonatal survival. The teaching of animal theriogenology topics, particularly neonatal medicine, in the veterinary curriculum has evolved significantly in recent years. It is essential that the veterinarian understands the maternal and neonatal particularities and the main aspects involved in the handling of puppies and kittens for the instruction of the correct handling to the breeders and better medical conduct. The breeder of dogs and cats, experienced or not, must count on the help of a veterinarian in their breeding. Proper management, constant monitoring of the litter, and prompt assistance are the keys to successful breeding.
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Estevam MV, Beretta S, Smargiassi NF, Apparício M, Toniollo GH, Pereira GT. Congenital malformations in brachycephalic dogs: A retrospective study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:981923. [PMID: 36268051 PMCID: PMC9577459 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.981923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of brachycephalic dogs has increased in recent years due to their docile temperament and peculiar features. The historical inbreeding and consequent lack of genetic diversity involved in the development of these breeds led to an increase in the manifestation of deleterious genes that may lead to malformations. In addition, there are serious health issues intrinsic to the conformation, mainly attributed to these extreme characteristics. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to observe the frequency of malformations in brachycephalic dogs compared to the pure and mixed breeds (MB). The medical records of pregnant bitches admitted at the Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA) from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrieved from the hospital's computer system and analyzed one by one. Seven hundred sixty-eight neonates born from 168 litters were included in this study. Of these litters, 72.6% (122/168) were brachycephalic. Malformations were found in 52 puppies, with an incidence of 6.77% (52/768). Of the 32 litters that produced malformed puppies, 28 were brachycephalic (87.5%). In total, 23 types of malformations were registered, the most common being cleft palate (1.30%) and anasarca (1.17%). Ten of the puppies (10/52; 19.23%) presented two or more associated malformations. Bitches above 7 years were more prone to present malformed puppies in their litters. Brachycephalic breeds were 3.03 times more likely to present malformed neonates when compared to other breeds; the odds ratio increased to 5.07 when modern brachycephalic was compared to ancestral brachycephalic. Regarding the mode of delivery, elective cesarean sections accounted for 66.6% of births while 19.64% were eutocic vaginal deliveries, and 13.69% were dystocic. The presence of malformed puppies in a litter causes suffering for the owner, the bitch and for the puppy itself, therefore, the veterinarian plays a key role in this scenario. Knowledge about congenital abnormalities, their causes, diagnosis, and approach is essential to reduce the incidence of malformations and improve the quality of life of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vilela Estevam
- Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA), São Paulo State University—FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marina Vilela Estevam
| | - Samara Beretta
- Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA), São Paulo State University—FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia F. Smargiassi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo—FMRP USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricy Apparício
- Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA), São Paulo State University—FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Helio Toniollo
- Service of Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction (SORA), São Paulo State University—FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Gener T. Pereira
- Department of Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University—FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Østergård Jensen S, Christen M, Rondahl V, Holland CT, Jagannathan V, Leeb T, Giger U. EHBP1L1 Frameshift Deletion in English Springer Spaniel Dogs with Dyserythropoietic Anemia and Myopathy Syndrome (DAMS) or Neonatal Losses. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091533. [PMID: 36140701 PMCID: PMC9498568 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary myopathies are well documented in dogs, whereas hereditary dyserythropoietic anemias are rarely seen. The aim of this study was to further characterize the clinical and clinicopathological features of and to identify the causative genetic variant for a dyserythropoietic anemia and myopathy syndrome (DAMS) in English springer spaniel dogs (ESSPs). Twenty-six ESSPs, including five dogs with DAMS and two puppies that died perinatally, were studied. Progressive weakness, muscle atrophy—particularly of the temporal and pelvic muscles—trismus, dysphagia, and regurgitation due to megaesophagus were observed at all ages. Affected dogs had a non-regenerative, microcytic hypochromic anemia with metarubricytosis, target cells, and acanthocytes. Marked erythroid hyperplasia and dyserythropoiesis with non-orderly maturation of erythrocytes and inappropriate microcytic metarubricytosis were present. Muscle biopsies showed centralized nuclei, central pallor, lipocyte infiltrates, and fibrosis, which was consistent with centronuclear myopathy. The genome sequencing of two affected dogs was compared to 782 genomes of different canine breeds. A homozygous frameshift single-base deletion in EHBP1L1 was identified; this gene was not previously associated with DAMS. Pedigree analysis confirmed that the affected ESSPs were related. Variant genotyping showed appropriate complete segregation in the family, which was consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. This study expands the known genotype–phenotype correlation of EHBP1L1 and the list of potential causative genes in dyserythropoietic anemias and myopathies in humans. EHBP1L1 deficiency was previously reported as perinatally lethal in humans and knockout mice. Our findings enable the genetic testing of ESSP dogs for early diagnosis and disease prevention through targeted breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Østergård Jensen
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- AniCura Small Animal Referral Hospital Bagarmossen, Ljusnevägen 17, Bagarmossen, 128 48 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Christen
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher T. Holland
- Merewether Veterinary Hospital, Suite 2, 25 Llewellyn St, Merewether, NSW 2291, Australia
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Giger
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-610-565-1427
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Uchańska O, Ochota M, Eberhardt M, Niżański W. Dead or Alive? A Review of Perinatal Factors That Determine Canine Neonatal Viability. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1402. [PMID: 35681866 PMCID: PMC9179255 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The article summarizes the current knowledge on factors related to pregnancy, parturition, and newborns that affect the health status of a puppy and determine its chances for survival and development. The detailed information is provided in terms of breed predispositions, objectives of pregnancy monitoring, potential sources of complications, and veterinary advances in care and treatment of perinatal conditions. Successful pregnancy outcomes still pose challenges in veterinary neonatology; thus, publications presenting the current state of knowledge in this field are in demand. Abstract The perinatal period has a critical impact on viability of the newborns. The variety of factors that can potentially affect the health of a litter during pregnancy, birth, and the first weeks of life requires proper attention from both the breeder and the veterinarian. The health status of puppies can be influenced by various maternal factors, including breed characteristics, anatomy, quality of nutrition, delivery assistance, neonatal care, and environmental or infectious agents encountered during pregnancy. Regular examinations and pregnancy monitoring are key tools for early detection of signals that can indicate disorders even before clinical signs occur. Early detection significantly increases the chances of puppies’ survival and proper development. The purpose of the review was to summarize and discuss the complex interactions between all elements that, throughout pregnancy and the first days of life, have a tangible impact on the subsequent fate of the offspring. Many of these components continue to pose challenges in veterinary neonatology; thus, publications presenting the current state of knowledge in this field are in demand.
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Mila H, Guerard C, Raymond-letron I. Guidelines for postmortem examination of newborn dogs. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:109-19. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeonatal mortality in puppies is a problem frequently encountered by dog breeders. Often, only postmortem examination allows diagnosis and implementation of measures to save the rest of the litter. This article presents the key steps of the postmortem examination, namely, autopsy, histopathology, bacteriology, molecular identification of pathogens, and coproscopy. Sampling, samples' conservation, and interpretation of the obtained results are presented as well as their relative importance for the final diagnosis. Finally, examples of the most frequent syndromes observed under postmortem examination in canine newborns, together with the results from a complementary analysis looking for infectious agents responsible for death, are discussed.
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Silva P, Maronezi MC, Padilha-Nakaghi LC, Gasser B, Pavan L, Nogueira Aires LP, Russo M, Spada S, Ramirez Uscategui RA, Moraes PC, Rossi Feliciano MA. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of placental perfusion in brachicephalic bitches. Theriogenology 2021; 173:230-240. [PMID: 34399387 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate placental hemodynamics to determine quantitative and qualitative parameters for pregnant brachycephalic bitches as well as describe placental vascularization and perfusion in females with fetal abnormalities close to delivery. Forty-four healthy fetuses from 22 brachycephalic bitches and 9 fetuses with gestational abnormalities (anasarca and hydrocephalus) from 8 brachycephalic bitches were evaluated. All female dogs were artificially inseminated intravaginally and underwent cesarean section at the end of gestation. Pregnancy diagnosis was made on the 25th day and experimental evaluations were performed on Days 25 (M1), 45 (M2), and 58 (M3) of gestation in normal pregnancies. Fetuses with gestational abnormalities were evaluated at the last time point. Biometric values of the fetuses were determined by B-mode and vascular indices by Doppler fluxometry of the umbilical artery, whereas qualitative assessment of contrast filling and quantitative parameters of placental perfusion were performed using CEUS. Parameter comparisons among the examined fetuses (normal and abnormal) and between the moments (M1, M2, and M3) were performed by Student's t-test and ANOVA tests, and then correlated using the Spearman test. In healthy fetuses, systolic and diastolic velocities as well as the time averages of minimum and maximum velocities increased significantly from M2 to M3 (P < 0.05), whereas the pulsatility index (P < 0.043) and vascular resistance (P < 0.001) decreased. Contrast distribution was always homogeneous in placental tissues and CEUS filling parameters remained constant during the evaluated periods (P < 0.05). In fetuses with hydrops, Doppler values were similar to those obtained in healthy subjects (P > 0.05), but CEUS evaluation demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution with lower intensity of placental tissue filling and a delay in perfusion time (P < 0.05) with a diagnostic accuracy of 75%. The association of dopplerfluxometry and CEUS allowed evaluation of qualitative and quantitative parameters of physiological pregnancy hemodynamics in all gestational thirds without evidence of significant changes in the physiology of the maternal-fetal binomial, and CEUS was shown to be applicable in the detection of failures in placental vascular filling (tissue dysfunction) in fetuses with anasarca and hydrocephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjury Cristina Maronezi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Gasser
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Paulo Nogueira Aires
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
| | - Stefano Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
| | - Ricardo Andrés Ramirez Uscategui
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paola Castro Moraes
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Diagnostic Imaging Service, Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Zarzycki A, Thomas ZM, Mazrier H. Comparison of inherited neural tube defects in companion animals and livestock. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:319-348. [PMID: 33615733 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital malformations resulting from the improper or incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. A number of similar malformations of the protective coverings surrounding the central nervous system are also often included under this umbrella term, which may not strictly fit this definition. A range of NTD phenotypes exist and have been reported in humans and a wide range of domestic and livestock species. In the veterinary literature, these include cases of anencephaly, encephalocele, dermoid sinus, spina bifida, and craniorachischisis. While environmental factors have a role, genetic predisposition may account for a significant part of the risk of NTDs in these animal cases. Studies of laboratory model species (fish, birds, amphibians, and rodents) have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the neurulation process. In mice, over 200 genes that may be involved in this process have been identified and variant phenotypes investigated. Like laboratory mouse models, domestic animals and livestock species display a wide range of NTD phenotypes. They remain, however, a largely underutilized population and could complement already established laboratory models. Here we review reports of NTDs in companion animals and livestock, and compare these to other animal species and human cases. We aim to highlight the potential of nonlaboratory animal models for mutation discovery as well as general insights into the mechanisms of neurulation and the development of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zarzycki
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoe M Thomas
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamutal Mazrier
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Fusi J, Faustini M, Bolis B, Veronesi MC. Apgar score or birthweight in Chihuahua dogs born by elective Caesarean section: which is the best predictor of the survival at 24 h after birth? Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:39. [PMID: 32703251 PMCID: PMC7376849 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the dog, the correct management of parturition and the prompt neonatal evaluation and assistance can reduce the perinatal mortality rates that are particularly high in toy breeds. Newborn evaluation and factors addressing prognosis are pivotal to guarantee the correct neonatal assistance. Assessment of the Apgar score with viability classification and birthweight are recognized as predictors for neonatal survival in dogs, but breed-specific data are needed for a more feasible application in the dog species, in which wide differences among breeds are known. The present study aimed therefore to: (a) assess the role of Apgar score and birthweight as predictors for the survival of Chihuahua newborn puppies in the first 24 h of life; (b) to assess a cut-off of the Apgar score and birthweight values that can predict the survival of Chihuahua newborn puppies in the first 24 h after birth; (c) to assess the possible effect played by maternal parity, newborn gender and litter-size on Apgar score in Chihuahua newborn puppies, in order to provide breed-specific data for a better neonatal assistance. Results Data obtained from 176 normal developed Chihuahua puppies born by elective Caesarean section, showed that 62%, 28% and 10% of puppies were classified in the Apgar score classes 7–10, 4–6 and 0–3, respectively, with survival at 24 h after birth of 97%, 96%, 39%, in the three Apgar classes of viability, respectively. Apgar score was a better predictor for survival at 24 h after birth than birthweight (AUC 0.93, P < 0.0001; AUC 0.69, P < 0.01, respectively). Litter-size of 7 puppies/litter plays a negative effect on Apgar score. Apgar score is a better predictor of survival at 24 h than birthweight, and the best cut-off of Apgar score for survival at 24 h after birth is 4, with 96% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Conclusions The different proportion of “normal viable” and “less viable” neonates in comparison to other studies highlights that Chihuahua puppies born by elective Caesarean section should be carefully evaluated at birth to provide correct assistance.
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Gurtner C, Hug P, Kleiter M, Köhler K, Dietschi E, Jagannathan V, Leeb T. YARS2 Missense Variant in Belgian Shepherd Dogs with Cardiomyopathy and Juvenile Mortality. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030313. [PMID: 32183361 PMCID: PMC7140874 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog puppy loss by the age of six to eight weeks after normal development is relatively uncommon. Necropsy findings in two spontaneously deceased Belgian Shepherd puppies indicated an abnormal accumulation of material in several organs. A third deceased puppy exhibited mild signs of an inflammation in the central nervous system and an enteritis. The puppies were closely related, raising the suspicion of a genetic cause. Pedigree analysis suggested a monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance. Combined linkage and homozygosity mapping assigned the most likely position of a potential genetic defect to 13 genome segments totaling 82 Mb. The genome of an affected puppy was sequenced and compared to 645 control genomes. Three private protein changing variants were found in the linked and homozygous regions. Targeted genotyping in 96 Belgian Shepherd dogs excluded two of these variants. The remaining variant, YARS2:1054G>A or p.Glu352Lys, was perfectly associated with the phenotype in a cohort of 474 Belgian Shepherd dogs. YARS2 encodes the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 2 and the predicted amino acid change replaces a negatively charged and evolutionary conserved glutamate at the surface of the tRNA binding domain of YARS2 with a positively charged lysine. Human patients with loss-of-function variants in YARS2 suffer from myopathy, lactic acidosis, and sideroblastic anemia 2, a disease with clinical similarities to the phenotype of the studied dogs. The carrier frequency was 27.2% in the tested Belgian Shepherd dogs. Our data suggest YARS2:1054G>A as the candidate causative variant for the observed juvenile mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Petra Hug
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (P.H.); (E.D.); (V.J.)
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Dietschi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (P.H.); (E.D.); (V.J.)
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (P.H.); (E.D.); (V.J.)
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (P.H.); (E.D.); (V.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-631-23-26
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