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Fernández-Ruiz I, Arnalich F, Cubillos-Zapata C, Hernández-Jiménez E, Moreno-González R, Toledano V, Fernández-Velasco M, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Esteban-Burgos L, de Diego RP, Llamas-Matias MA, García-Arumi E, Martí R, Boscá L, Andreu AL, López-Sendón JL, López-Collazo E. Mitochondrial DAMPs induce endotoxin tolerance in human monocytes: an observation in patients with myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95073. [PMID: 24797663 PMCID: PMC4010397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte exposure to mitochondrial Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), induces a transient state in which these cells are refractory to further endotoxin stimulation. In this context, IRAK-M up-regulation and impaired p65 activity were observed. This phenomenon, termed endotoxin tolerance (ET), is characterized by decreased production of cytokines in response to the pro-inflammatory stimulus. We also show that monocytes isolated from patients with myocardial infarction (MI) exhibited high levels of circulating mtDNA, which correlated with ET status. Moreover, a significant incidence of infection was observed in those patients with a strong tolerant phenotype. The present data extend our current understanding of the implications of endotoxin tolerance. Furthermore, our data suggest that the levels of mitochondrial antigens in plasma, such as plasma mtDNA, should be useful as a marker of increased risk of susceptibility to nosocomial infections in MI and in other pathologies involving tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernández-Ruiz
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernández-Jiménez
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Toledano
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Velasco
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Esteban-Burgos
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Diseases, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena García-Arumi
- Department of Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Martí
- Department of Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- Department of Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Tumor Immunology Lab, IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Biswas SK, Lopez-Collazo E. Endotoxin tolerance: new mechanisms, molecules and clinical significance. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:475-87. [PMID: 19781994 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 955] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prior exposure of innate immune cells like monocytes/macrophages to minute amounts of endotoxin cause them to become refractory to subsequent endotoxin challenge, a phenomenon called "endotoxin tolerance". Clinically, this state is associated with monocytes/macrophages in sepsis patients where they contribute to "immunosuppression" and mortality. The molecular mechanisms underlying endotoxin tolerance remain elusive. The recent appreciation of inflammation as a self-regulating process, the relative contribution of MyD88 versus TRIF signaling pathways in inducing activation or tolerance, plasticity of NF-kappaB function and the role of chromatin modification and microRNAs in LPS-induced gene reprogramming urges a re-evaluation of endotoxin tolerance. This review integrates these new findings into an up-to-date account of endotoxin tolerance, its molecular basis and clinical implications in different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, #04-01 Immunos, 8A Biomedical Drive, 138648 Singapore.
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Kao CL, Lin HT, Chen YW, Chen YC, Tsai FT, Chang YL, Chiou SH, Sheu DC, Ku HH. Fibronectin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced liver damage and promotes the cytoprotection abilities of hepatocyte-like cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Transplant Proc 2008; 39:3444-5. [PMID: 18089402 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult human bone marrow. By using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions, we confirmed that MSCs possessed the potential to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (MSC-HLCs) with the expression of hepatocyte-specific marker genes. We further observed that fibronectin (FN) treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptotic activities in FN-treated MSC-HLCs, as detected by caspase 3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays (P<.05). The FN-treated MSC-HLCs were transplanted into SCID mice with or without LPS injection. This study demonstrated that FN treatment improved liver function repair and survival rates among LPS-treated SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Kao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to explore the concomitant changes of the barrier function, bacterial translocation, absorption, and small intestinal motility in rats after liver transplantation and to correlate these changes with levels of plasma endotoxin. METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were divided randomly between a sham operation group (n=10) and a liver transplantation group (n=10 pairs). The intestinal transit function, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, absorption function, levels of plasma endotoxin, and nitrogen monoxide (NO) changes in plasma and small intestinal mucosa were monitored in the two groups. The expression of iNOS mRNA in the intestine was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the liver transplantation group and the sham operation group for aspects of intestinal transit function, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, absorption function, and NO changes in both plasma and small intestine. Compared with the sham operation group, the expression of iNOS mRNA was significantly increased (P<.05) in the small intestine of rats that had undergone liver transplantation. CONCLUSION The functions of motility, barrier, and absorption in the intestine were decreased among rats that had undergone liver transplantation. Reduced motility in the small intestine of the rats following liver transplantation may be related to the enhanced expression of iNOS in the intestine with a negative correlation to plasma levels of endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zheyu
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Plasma fibronectin (FN) has a broad range of biological functions involved in cellular adhesion, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, hemostasis, wound healing, reticuloendothelial system function, and ischemic injury. In this study, we examined the effects of FN on D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fulminant liver failure in mice. Female Balb/c mice received intraperitoneal injection of 50 mug/kg of LPS and 400 mg/kg of GalN simultaneously. Thirty minutes before GalN/LPS administration, human plasma FN (FN group) or the same dose of human serum albumin (control group) was given intravenously. GalN/LPS induced a marked decrease in plasma FN, which was reversed by FN pretreatment. The survival rate of the FN group was markedly improved in a dose-dependent manner compared with that of the control group (survival rate 0%). FN prevented increases in the concentrations of serum enzymes and total bilirubin related to liver injury. FN pretreatment significantly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and interleukin (IL)-6 levels, and enhanced IL-10 levels in serum and liver tissue compared with the control group. Moreover, TUNEL staining, caspase 3 and 8 activities, and necrosis in the remnant liver were significantly decreased in the FN-treated rats compared with the controls. Furthermore, FN pretreatment inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and increased the expression of Bcl-xL protein in liver tissue. These results suggest that FN protected against GalN/LPS-induced liver failure by a mechanism involving inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, which caused down-regulation of TNF-alpha and involved up-regulation of IL-10, and elevation of Bcl-xL induced a blockage of apoptotic signals, by which apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by GalN/LPS was suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Qiu
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
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