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Edabashi H, Elghadafi R, Rajkanth N, Mody JS, Ma W, Dibart S, Tang X. A hybrid technique for measurement of intra/extracellular proteins. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282948. [PMID: 37141290 PMCID: PMC10159171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ELISA or Western blot is known as a basic technique to be used for measurement of intracellular proteins, but in some cases, they cannot overcome problems such as normalization between samples or extraneous costs for required commercial kits. In order to address this problem, we developed a rapid and effective method (a hybrid of Western blot and ELISA). We use this new hybrid method to detect and normalize trace protein changes in gene expression intracellularly at a lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiam Edabashi
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Radwa Elghadafi
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nischwethaa Rajkanth
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Janvi Saurabh Mody
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Serge Dibart
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaoren Tang
- Department of Periodontology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Selo MA, Sake JA, Ehrhardt C, Salomon JJ. Organic Cation Transporters in the Lung-Current and Emerging (Patho)Physiological and Pharmacological Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9168. [PMID: 33271927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporters (OCT) 1, 2 and 3 and novel organic cation transporters (OCTN) 1 and 2 of the solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family are involved in the cellular transport of endogenous compounds such as neurotransmitters, l-carnitine and ergothioneine. OCT/Ns have also been implicated in the transport of xenobiotics across various biological barriers, for example biguanides and histamine receptor antagonists. In addition, several drugs used in the treatment of respiratory disorders are cations at physiological pH and potential substrates of OCT/Ns. OCT/Ns may also be associated with the development of chronic lung diseases such as allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and, thus, are possible new drug targets. As part of the Special Issue "Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations", this review provides an overview of recent findings on the (patho)physiological and pharmacological functions of organic cation transporters in the lung.
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Zafeiri A, Mitchell RT, Hay DC, Fowler PA. Over-the-counter analgesics during pregnancy: a comprehensive review of global prevalence and offspring safety. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:67-95. [PMID: 33118024 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analgesia during pregnancy is often necessary. Due to their widespread availability, many mothers opt to use over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. Those analgesic compounds and their metabolites can readily cross the placenta and reach the developing foetus. Evidence for safety or associations with adverse health outcomes is conflicting, limiting definitive decision-making for healthcare professionals. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review provides a detailed and objective overview of research in this field. We consider the global prevalence of OTC analgesia during pregnancy, explain the current mechanistic understanding of how analgesic compounds cross the placenta and reach the foetus, and review current research on exposure associations with offspring health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive English language literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Different combinations of key search terms were used including 'over-the-counter/non-prescription analgesics', 'pregnancy', 'self-medication', 'paracetamol', 'acetaminophen', 'diclofenac', 'aspirin', 'ibuprofen', 'in utero exposure', 'placenta drug transport', 'placental transporters', 'placenta drug metabolism' and 'offspring outcomes'. OUTCOMES This article examines the evidence of foetal exposure to OTC analgesia, starting from different routes of exposure to evidence, or the lack thereof, linking maternal consumption to offspring ill health. There is a very high prevalence of maternal consumption of OTC analgesics globally, which is increasing sharply. The choice of analgesia selected by pregnant women differs across populations. Location was also observed to have an effect on prevalence of use, with more developed countries reporting the highest consumption rates. Some of the literature focuses on the association of in utero exposure at different pregnancy trimesters and the development of neurodevelopmental, cardiovascular, respiratory and reproductive defects. This is in contrast to other studies which report no associations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The high prevalence and the challenges of reporting exact consumption rates make OTC analgesia during pregnancy a pressing reproductive health issue globally. Even though some healthcare policy-making authorities have declared the consumption of some OTC analgesics for most stages of pregnancy to be safe, such decisions are often based on partial review of literature. Our comprehensive review of current evidence highlights that important knowledge gaps still exist. Those areas require further research in order to provide pregnant mothers with clear guidance with regard to OTC analgesic use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Zafeiri
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS Discov 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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Panduga V, Stocks MJ, Bosquillon C. Ipratropium is ‘luminally recycled’ by an inter-play between apical uptake and efflux transporters in Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cell layers. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ma HW, Ye W, Chen HS, Nie TJ, Cheng LF, Zhang L, Han PJ, Wu XA, Xu ZK, Lei YF, Zhang FL. In-Cell Western Assays to Evaluate Hantaan Virus Replication as a Novel Approach to Screen Antiviral Molecules and Detect Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:269. [PMID: 28676847 PMCID: PMC5476785 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses encompass rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever disease with high mortality rates in humans. Detection of infectious virus titer lays a solid foundation for virology and immunology researches. Canonical methods to assess viral titers rely on visible cytopathic effects (CPE), but Hantaan virus (HTNV, the prototype hantavirus) maintains a relatively sluggish life cycle and does not produce CPE in cell culture. Here, an in-cell Western (ICW) assay was utilized to rapidly measure the expression of viral proteins in infected cells and to establish a novel approach to detect viral titers. Compared with classical approaches, the ICW assay is accurate and time- and cost-effective. Furthermore, the ICW assay provided a high-throughput platform to screen and identify antiviral molecules. Potential antiviral roles of several DExD/H box helicase family members were investigated using the ICW assay, and the results indicated that DDX21 and DDX60 reinforced IFN responses and exerted anti-hantaviral effects, whereas DDX50 probably promoted HTNV replication. Additionally, the ICW assay was also applied to assess NAb titers in patients and vaccine recipients. Patients with prompt production of NAbs tended to have favorable disease outcomes. Modest NAb titers were found in vaccinees, indicating that current vaccines still require improvements as they cannot prime host humoral immunity with high efficiency. Taken together, our results indicate that the use of the ICW assay to evaluate non-CPE Hantaan virus titer demonstrates a significant improvement over current infectivity approaches and a novel technique to screen antiviral molecules and detect NAb efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - He-Song Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Tie-Jian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Lin-Feng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Pei-Jun Han
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Xing-An Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Ying-Feng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
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Mukherjee M, Cingolani E, Pritchard DI, Bosquillon C. Enhanced expression of Organic Cation Transporters in bronchial epithelial cell layers following insults associated with asthma - Impact on salbutamol transport. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:62-70. [PMID: 28549677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests Organic Cation Transporters (OCT) might facilitate the absorption of inhaled bronchodilators, including salbutamol, across the lung epithelium. This is essentially scarred and inflamed in asthma. Accordingly, the impact of epithelial insults relevant to asthma on OCT expression and salbutamol transport was evaluated in air-liquid interfaced layers of the human broncho-epithelial cell line Calu-3. These were physically injured and allowed to recover for 48h or exposed to the pro-inflammatory stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48h and the aeroallergen house dust mite (HDM) for 8h twice over 48h. Increases in transporter expression were measured following each treatment, with the protein levels of the OCTN2 subtype consistently raised by at least 50%. Interestingly, OCT upregulation upon LPS and HDM challenges were dependent on an inflammatory event occurring in the cell layers. Salbutamol permeability was higher in LPS exposed layers than in their untreated counterparts and in both cases, was sensitive to the OCT inhibitor tetraethylammonium. This study is the first to show epithelial injury, inflammation and allergen abuse upregulate OCT in bronchial epithelial cells, which might have an impact on the absorption of their substrates in diseased lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Mukherjee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E Cingolani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D I Pritchard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - C Bosquillon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Nickel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe G. Clerkin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Ali Selo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kufa University, Al-Najaf, Iraq
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kummer W, Krasteva-Christ G. Non-neuronal cholinergic airway epithelium biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Liu YL, Pan Y, Wang X, Fan CY, Zhu Q, Li JM, Wang SJ, Kong LD. Betaine reduces serum uric acid levels and improves kidney function in hyperuricemic mice. Planta Med 2014; 80:39-47. [PMID: 24338552 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1360127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Betaine as a dietary alkaloid has attracted the attention of patients with kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of betaine on serum uric acid levels and kidney function, and explore their underlying mechanisms in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. Betaine at 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg was orally administered to hyperuricemic mice for 7 days and found to significantly reduce serum uric acid levels and increase fractional excretion of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice in a dose-dependent manner. It effectively restored renal protein level alterations of urate transport-related molecular proteins urate transporter 1, glucose transporter 9, organic anion transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 in this model, possibly resulting in the enhancement of kidney urate excretion. Moreover, betaine reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and affected urinary levels of beta-2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as well as upregulated renal protein levels of organic cation/carnitine transporters OCT1, OCTN1, and OCTN2, resulting in kidney function improvement in hyperuricemic mice. The findings from this study provide evidence that betaine has anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective actions by regulating protein levels of these renal organic ion transporters in hyperuricemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Liu Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Yu Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shui-Juan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nanjing, Nanjing, P. R. China
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