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Pham NKT, Thai HM, Nguyen TAT, Vo TN, Nguyen KPP, Nguyen THT. Hedyocoronins A and B: two new oleanane saponins from the aerial parts of Hedyotis coronaria. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:1292-1299. [PMID: 34775891 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new oleanane saponins, hedyocoronin A (1) and hedyocoronin B (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hedyotis coronaria (Kurz) Craib, Rubiaceae, collected at Da Oai district, Lam Dong province in Vietnam. Their chemical structures were elucidated by HR-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR spectra, along with the comparison with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak cytotoxicity against KB and HeLa-S3 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of more than 54 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoang-Minh Thai
- Department of Chemistry, Tam Phu High School, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Anh-Tuyet Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Nga Vo
- Department of Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kim-Phi-Phung Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Hoai-Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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2
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Desta KT, Abd El-Aty AM. Triterpenoid and Saponin Rich Phytolacca dodecandra L'Herit (Endod): A Review on Its Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:23-34. [PMID: 32552643 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200617110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytolacca dodecandra L'Herit (Endod) is the most extensively studied plant among 35 known species in the genus Phytolacca (Family: Phytolaccaceae). The plant has been used as a viable treatment for various ailments, such as malaria, rabies, ascariasis, and skin disorders, in many parts of Africa. In Ethiopia, the dried and powdered Endod berries have been used for a long period of time as a detergent to clean clothes. Since the discovery of the molluscicidal activities of its berries more than five decades ago, P. dodecandra has been a research focus worldwide and several phytochemicals mainly of triterpenoids and saponins were reported. Additionally, various biological activities, including larvicidal, insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities of its isolated compounds and crude extracts were investigated. Furthermore, some of the findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations were patented to be used in various medicinal formulations. The plant is still the subject of many investigations and hence, a thorough up-to-date review is required to provide comprehensive information needed for future exploitation of the plant. In this review, the phytochemical compositions and pharmacological activities are comprehensively addressed and discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Taye Desta
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box: 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
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3
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Beressa TB, Ajayi CO, Peter EL, Okella H, Ogwang PE, Anke W, Tolo CU. Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Toxicity Profiles of Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér: A Scoping Review. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 13:1178633720943509. [PMID: 32782430 PMCID: PMC7388083 DOI: 10.1177/1178633720943509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phytolacca dodecandra L'Hér. is a native plant of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar which is traditionally used for various ailments. Concerned with the scope of the available evidence, we designed a scoping review to critically analyze scientific evidence on P dodecandra's pharmacology, toxicity, and phytochemistry to validate its ethnomedical use. Methods We searched without language restriction in MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science through December 2019. Both published and unpublished articles were assessed for relevance and reviewed. Results Of 600 articles retrieved through database search, a total of 48 articles were finally included. The butanol extract of berries was more potent molluscicidal than aqueous extract. The berries had also miracidial, anthelmintic, antifungal activity, and antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. The methanol extracts of roots had an antifungal effect against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Phytolacca dodecandra was toxic to aquatic invertebrate and fish. The fishes were up to 4 times more sensitive than snails. Saponins were the main phytoconstituent isolated from berries. Terpenoid and phenolic were abundant in leaves and bark extracts. Conclusions Studies validated the traditional use of P dodecandra against snails, worms, and various bacterial and fungal infections. Limited phytochemical data call for future research to focus on isolation of compounds; test their toxicity and activity; and establish mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Bekele Beressa
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Clement Olusoji Ajayi
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Emanuel L Peter
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Innovation, Technology Transfer & Commercialization, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hedmon Okella
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Weisheit Anke
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Casim Umba Tolo
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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4
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Abegaz BM, Kinfe HH. Secondary metabolites, their structural diversity, bioactivity, and ecological functions: An overview. Physical Sciences Reviews 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural products are also called secondary metabolites to distinguish them from the primary metabolites, i.e. those natural compounds like glucose, amino acids, etc. that are present in every living cell and are used and required in the essential life processes of cells. Natural products are classified according to their metabolic building blocks into alkaloids, fatty acids, polyketides, phenyl propanoids and aromatic polyketides, and terpenoids. The structural diversity of natural products is explored using the scaffold approach focusing on the characteristic carbon frameworks. Aside from discussing specific alkaloids that are either pharmacologically (e.g. boldine, berberine, galantamine, etc.) or historically (caffeine, atropine, lobeline, etc.) important alkaloids, a single chart is presented which shows the typical scaffolds of the most important subclasses of alkaloids. How certain classes of natural products are formed in nature from simple biochemical ‘building blocks’ are shown using graphical schemes. This has been done for a typical tetra-ketide (6-methylsalicylic acid) from acetyl coenzyme A, or in general to all the major subclasses of terpenes. An important aspect of understanding the structural diversity of natural products is to recognize how some compounds can be visualized as key intermediates for enzyme mediated transformation to several other related structures. This is seen in the case of how arachidonic acid can transform into prostaglandins, or geranyl diphosphate to various monoterpenes, or squalene epoxide to various pentacyclic triterpenes, or cholesterol transforming to sex hormones, bile acids and the cardioactive cardenolides and bufadienolides. These are presented in carefully designed schemes and charts that are appropriately placed in the relevant sections of the narrative texts. The ecological functions and pharmacological properties of natural products are also presented showing wherever possible how the chemical scaffolds have led to developing drugs as well as commercial products like sweeteners.
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Matebie WA, Zhang W, Xie G. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Phytolacca dodecandra Collected in Ethiopia. Molecules 2019; 24:E342. [PMID: 30669366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil from Phytolacca dodecandra, a traditional herb of Ethiopia, has been studied, including the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. The difference between four P. dodecandra samples (P-1–P-4), which differed in gender or location, has also been analyzed. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation, while the aromas were extracted by head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and both were analyzed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oils’ antimicrobial activities were evaluated by the microdilution method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Ninety one components, representing 88.37 to 94.01% of the aromas, were identified. The compositions of the aromas of four samples are mainly dominated by aldehydes and ketones: 2-nonanone (1.80–30.80%), benzaldehyde (4.99–25.99%), and sulcatone (2.34–5.87%). Sixty components representing 64.61 to 69.64% of the oils were identified, and phytone (3.04–21.23%), phytol (4.11–26.29%) and palmitic acid (1.49–23.87%) are the major compounds. No obvious antimicrobial activity was observed for all the four essential oils.
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Saetae D, Kleekayai T, Jayasena V, Suntornsuk W. Functional properties of protein isolate obtained from physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seed cake. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011; 20:29-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Saetae D, Suntornsuk W. Toxic compound, anti-nutritional factors and functional properties of protein isolated from detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 12:66-77. [PMID: 21339978 PMCID: PMC3039944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose tree, which has potential as an alternative source for biodiesel. All of its parts can also be used for human food, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel and traditional medicine. J. curcas seed cake is a low-value by-product obtained from biodiesel production. The seed cake, however, has a high amount of protein, with the presence of a main toxic compound: phorbol esters as well as anti-nutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, lectin and saponin. The objective of this work was to detoxify J. curcas seed cake and study the toxin, anti-nutritional factors and also functional properties of the protein isolated from the detoxified seed cake. The yield of protein isolate was approximately 70.9%. The protein isolate was obtained without a detectable level of phorbol esters. The solubility of the protein isolate was maximal at pH 12.0 and minimal at pH 4.0. The water and oil binding capacities of the protein isolate were 1.76 g water/g protein and 1.07 mL oil/g protein, respectively. The foam capacity and stability, including emulsion activity and stability of protein isolate, had higher values in a range of basic pHs, while foam and emulsion stabilities decreased with increasing time. The results suggest that the detoxified J. curcas seed cake has potential to be exploited as a novel source of functional protein for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donlaporn Saetae
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; E-Mail:
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Sebastião NN, Cordeiro IJS, dos Santos AF, Gaspar JF, Martins C, Rueff J, Diakanamwa C, Sant'Ana AEG, de Mendonça DIMD. 8,15-epoxylabdane and norlabdane diterpenoids from Eragrostis viscosa. Phytochemistry 2010; 71:798-803. [PMID: 20189613 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four labdanes with a 8alpha,15-epoxy ring (8alpha,15-epoxylabdan-16beta-oic acid; 8alpha,15-epoxy-16-norlabdan-13-one; 8alpha,15-epoxy-16-norlabdane; and 16-acetoxy-8alpha,15-epoxylabdane) and the known compound ambreinolide were isolated from the hexane extract of the aerial parts of the grass Eragrostis viscosa. The structures of all compounds were established based on spectroscopic data and the X-ray analysis of 8alpha,15-epoxy-16-norlabdan-13-one. The hexane extract presented moderate activity against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. 8alpha,15-Epoxylabdan-16beta-oic acid showed no mutagenic activity for doses up to 1000 microg/plate and no significant clastogenic activity for doses up to 100 microg/ml.
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Vincken JP, Heng L, de Groot A, Gruppen H. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. Phytochemistry 2007; 68:275-97. [PMID: 17141815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of compounds occurring in many plant species, which are characterized by a skeleton derived of the 30-carbon precursor oxidosqualene to which glycosyl residues are attached. Traditionally, they are subdivided into triterpenoid and steroid glycosides, or into triterpenoid, spirostanol, and furostanol saponins. In this study, the structures of saponins are reviewed and classified based on their carbon skeletons, the formation of which follows the main pathways for the biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids. In this way, 11 main classes of saponins were distinguished: dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes, and steroids. The dammaranes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, ursanes, and steroids are further divided into 16 subclasses, because their carbon skeletons are subjected to fragmentation, homologation, and degradation reactions. With this systematic classification, the relationship between the type of skeleton and the plant origin was investigated. Up to five main classes of skeletons could exist within one plant order, but the distribution of skeletons in the plant kingdom did not seem to be order- or subclass-specific. The oleanane skeleton was the most common skeleton and is present in most orders of the plant kingdom. For oleanane type saponins, the kind of substituents (e.g. -OH, =O, monosaccharide residues, etc.) and their position of attachment to the skeleton were reviewed. Carbohydrate chains of 18 monosaccharide residues can be attached to the oleanane skeleton, most commonly at the C3 and/or C17 atom. The kind and positions of the substituents did not seem to be plant order-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Alabdul Magid A, Voutquenne L, Harakat D, Pouny I, Caron C, Moretti C, Lavaud C. Triterpenoid saponins from the fruits of Caryocar villosum. J Nat Prod 2006; 69:919-26. [PMID: 16792411 DOI: 10.1021/np060097o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen new triterpenoid saponins (1-14) were isolated from the methanol extract of the fruits of Caryocar villosum along with 10 known saponins. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and ESIMS studies. The toxicity of the methanolic extracts of the peel and the pulp of fruits and the crude saponin fraction of the peel was assessed using the Artemia salina test. The antimicrobial activities of caryocarosides IV-21 (14), II-1 (16), III-1 (17), and IV-9 (20) and of saponin 23 were also studied in vitro on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmagid Alabdul Magid
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, FRE CNRS 2715, IFR 53 Biomolécules, Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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11
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Abstract
Twenty-one new triterpenoid saponins, named caryocarosides (1-21), glycosides of 2beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, and gypsogenic acid, have been isolated from the fruits of Caryocar glabrum along with nine known triterpenoid saponins (22-30) that are described for the first time from a plant in the Caryocaraceae. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR techniques ((13)C, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY experiments), ESIMS, and acid hydrolysis. The isolated compounds could be classified into two series: glucosides (1-8, 22, 27, and 30) derived from the 3-O-monoglucoside and glucuronides (9-21, 23-26, 28, and 29) derived from the 3-O-monoglucuronide. In 22 of the saponins (1-8, 12-22, and 24-26), a galactose moiety was linked to C-3 of a glucuronic acid or a glucose moiety. The galactose was substituted in position 3 by a second galactose unit (6, 7, 20, and 21) or by a xylose unit (8). Seven saponins (4, 5, 16-19, and 26) were found to be bidesmosides with one glucose unit linked to C-28 of the aglycon. The hemolytic activity of the major saponins (2, 3, 5, 12-15, 17, 24, and 28) was measured on sheep erythrocytes in order to establish structure-activity relationships based on the type of sugar attached to the aglycon and on the structure of this aglycon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmagid Alabdul Magid
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, FRE CNRS 2715, IFR 53 Biomolécules, Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Abebe F, Erko B, Gemetchu T, Gundersen SG. Control of Biomphalaria pfeifferi population and schistosomiasis transmission in Ethiopia using the soap berry endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), with special emphasis on application methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 99:787-94. [PMID: 16099007 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endod (Phytolacca dodecandra)-based schistosomiasis mansoni control project was implemented in Ethiopia between 1994 and 1999. The aim was to develop an effective, cheap and sustainable method of controlling schistosomiasis. First, different formulations of the Ethiopian endod strain 44 (E-44) were compared for potency in the laboratory. Secondly, spray and drip-feeding methods were compared for simplicity and effectiveness in the field. Lastly, the efficacy of endod powder soap was compared with the endod spray method. In Bati stream, endod powder soap was distributed to the residents every weekend at laundry sites. In Worke stream, endod was sprayed along a 1-km stretch of the stream at 3-month intervals. No endod was applied in Harbu stream. The immediate and long-term effects of endod application on the snail population and schistosomal infection were determined. Using the spray method, 100% snail mortality could be obtained, and it was simpler and more effective than the drip-feeding method. Snail mortality ranged from 20 to 100% using endod soap. There was a progressive decline in the snail population and infection in Bati stream compared with Worke stream, mainly due to sustained use of endod soap. The advantages and disadvantages of the different endod delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abebe
- Institute for Community Medicine, Department of International Health, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Nihei KI, Ying BP, Murakami T, Matsuda H, Hashimoto M, Kubo I. Pachyelasides A-D, novel molluscicidal triterpene saponins from Pachyelasma tessmannii. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:608-613. [PMID: 15686409 DOI: 10.1021/jf048570w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report for secondary metabolites in an African medicinal plant, Pachyelasma tessmannii (Leguminosae). Four novel saponins, pachyelasides A-D, were isolated from the methanol extract of the root bark by using recycling HPLC. These compounds showed molluscicidal activity (LD(50) < or =8.0 mug/mL) against the South American snail, Biomphalaria glabratus. The structures were determined on the basis of extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Nihei
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
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Abstract
At 1 mg/litre, an ethyl-acetate extract of the molluscicidal plant Origanum compactum Benth. (Lamiaceae) immobilized all of the furcocercariae of Schistosoma haematobium exposed to it, within 15 min. This apparently cercaricidal activity was attributed to the presence of terpenoids and flavonoids in the extract. Encouragingly, several non-target aquatic organisms (larvae of Culex pipiens and Artemia salina and adult Gambusia affinis) and Drosophila melanogaster appeared largely unaffected by exposure to concentrations of the extract that kill S. haematobium cercariae and Bulinus truncatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lahlou
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Km 8, Route d'El Jadida, B.P. 5366, Maârif 20101, Casablanca, Morocco.
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de Abreu FC, de Paula FS, doa Santos AF, Sant'Ana AE, de Almeida MV, Cesar ET, Trindade MN, Goulart MO. Synthesis, electrochemistry, and molluscicidal activity of nitroaromatic compounds: effects of substituents and the role of redox potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:659-64. [PMID: 11310601 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract-Molluscicidal bioassays and electrochemical studies (measurement of first wave reduction potential, Epcl) were performed on several synthetic nitroaromatics, in relation to possible correlation between biological activity, redox potential and structural effects. Five of them presented a significant molluscicidal activity on Biomphalaria glabrata (LD50 < 20 ppm). The Epc1 values ranged from -0.532 to -0.857 V versus Ag/AgCl (0.1 M) (-0.260 to -0.585 V versus NHE), all of them, in the favorable range for reduction in vivo. Data comparison between Epc1 and molluscicidal activity indicates that the presence of the electroactive nitro group is important for the biological activity. Correlation with redox potential, however, was not evident. Structural effects seem to be the most important parameter. Higher activity is noticeable for phenols, including the para-nitro azo or hydrazo-containing compounds. No activity was observed for compounds having the benzylic substituent in meta position to the nitro group. These results suggest that activity undoubtedly involves more than reduction characteristics and that the possible formation of electrophilic species, after nitro reduction, can play an important role in molluscicidal activity against B. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C de Abreu
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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dos Santos AF, Ferraz PA, Pinto AV, Pinto M do C, Goulart MO, Sant'Ana AE. Molluscicidal activity of 2-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones and derivatives. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:1199-202. [PMID: 11027788 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new molluscicidal agents we tested the activity of lapachol and other 2-hydroxy-3-alkylnaphthoquinones possessing nitrogenated alkyl chains, against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Lapachol, isolapachol and nor-lapachol showed strong molluscicidal activity against the adult snail (LD(90)<10 ppm) and significant toxicity against snail egg masses (LD(90)<0.2 ppm). As lapachol is easily extracted, and the derivatives can be synthesised without any difficulty, large-scale synthesis and field tests can be conducted, with a view to large-scale molluscicidal programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F dos Santos
- Departamento de Química/CCEN, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-970, Brazil
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Abstract
Among 14 plants of Moroccan folk medicine tested for molluscicidal activity, ethyl acetate extract from Origanum compactum and hexane extracts from both Chenopodium ambrosioides and Ruta chalepensis were the most active (LC(90)=2.00, 2.23 and 2.23 mg l(-1), respectively) against the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail Bulinus truncatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hmamouchi
- Unité de recherche: Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Rabat, B.P. 6203, Rabat-Institut, Maroc.
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18
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Abstract
Four flavonol glycosides were isolated from a leaf extract of cabbage and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods including 1H and 13C NMR and negative ion FAB-MS. The common structure of the four compounds was kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)glucopyranoside]-7- O-beta-D-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->4)glucopyranoside]. This compound was found unmodified or acylated at C-2"' (outer glucose in sophorosyl moiety) with either sinapic acid, ferulic acid or caffeic acid. The possible role of diversity in glycosylation and acylation patterns of flavonol glycosides for plant defences against herbivores is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Nielsen
- Chemistry Department, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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19
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Abstract
Drawing from the general description that ethnopharmacology studies the human use of crude drugs and poisons in a traditional context, ethnopharmacological themes in native art can be defined as themes visualizing different features of traditional medicines and poisons, such as natural sources, methods of preparation, containers, usage and implements, target diseases and effects. This review documents that native African art objects and utensils are a goldmine of such ethnopharmacological themes by focusing on the following subjects: (a) objects related to the use of medicines (sources as well as tools for their collection, preparation and keeping); (b) objects related to the use of poisons (e.g. for ordeals, hunting and fishing); (c) objects related to the use of psychotropic agents (e.g. alcoholic beverages, kola nuts, smoking and snuffing materials); (d) pathological representations (e.g. treponematoses, leprosy, smallpox, swollen abdomen, scrotal enlargement, goiter and distorted faces); and (e) portrayals of certain types of treatment (e.g. topical instillations, perinatal care, and surgery). To avoid the impression that ethnopharmacology has little else to offer than armchair amusement, an epilogue outlines the medical relevance of this interdisciplinary science for Western and African societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A De Smet
- Scientific Institute Dutch Pharmacists, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Mahato
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Calcutta, India
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21
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Aderibigbe A, Johnson C, Makkar H, Becker K, Foidl N. Chemical composition and effect of heat on organic matter- and nitrogen-degradability and some antinutritional components of Jatropha meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(96)01136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Madhina D, Shiff C. Prevention of snail miracidia interactions using Phytolacca dodecandra (L'Herit) (endod) as a miracidiacide: an alternative approach to the focal control of schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 1996; 1:221-6. [PMID: 8665388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of endod berry extract against schistosome miracidia has been tested to determine the sensitivity of these organisms to the molluscicide and to see whether miracidia subjected to sublethal doses of the toxicant will be able to infect their specific host snails. Short contact (30 min) LC50 of endod extract with miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni was 8.2 parts per million (p.p.m.) (95% CL 5-13). However, exposure of S. haematobium to sublethal doses of 3 p.p.m. for 30 min or overnight in open air ponds reduced their infectivity 3.5-5.6-fold when compared with controls. It is suggested that the toxicant could be used in low doses at transmission foci to reduce schistosome infection in snails. This could be done by using a controlled release system to apply the toxicant material at such foci where transmission is likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Madhina
- Blair Research Laboratory, Causeway, Zimbabwe
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Thiilborg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Lemmich E, Cornett C, Furu P, Jørstian CL, Knudsen AD, Olsen CE, Salih A, Thilborg ST. Molluscicidal saponins from Catunaregam nilotica. Phytochemistry 1995; 39:63-68. [PMID: 7786492 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00866-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two new saponins were isolated from the fruits of Catunaregam nilotica Stapf, syn. Lachnosiphonium nilotica; Randia nilotica; Xeromphis nilotica. Their structures were determined mainly by spectroscopic methods as 3- O-[O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -->3)]- beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid and 28-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl-3-O-[O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O[O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]-beta-D-glycopyranosyl]oleanolate. The monodesmosidic saponin is a potent molluscicide against the schistosomiasis transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata with a LC50 value of 3 ppm. In addition two known saponins, 3-O-[2', 3'-di-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid and 3-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->3)- beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid, were identified and their molluscicidal activity determined, the LC50 values being 26 and 3 ppm, respectively. Initial molluscicidal screening of the crude water and ethanol extracts revealed 100% snail mortality at concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm, respectively. The haemolytic activity of the molluscicidal saponins was determined as well and the HC50 values towards bovine erythrocytes found to be 3 ppm for the new saponin, and 16 and 2 ppm, respectively, for the two known saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemmich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen
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