Advances in abdominal interventional radiology

Implantable Therapeutic Reservoir Systems for Diverse Clinical Applications in Large Animal Models

Regenerative medicine approaches, specifically stem cell technologies, have demonstrated significant potential to treat a diverse array of pathologies. However, such approaches have resulted in a modest clinical benefit, which may be attributed to poor cell retention/survival at the disease site. A delivery system that facilitates regional and repeated delivery to target tissues can provide enhanced clinical efficacy of cell therapies when localized delivery of high doses of cells is required. In this study, a new regenerative reservoir platform (Regenervoir) is described for use in large animal models, with relevance to cardiac, abdominal, and soft tissue pathologies. Regenervoir incorporates multiple novel design features essential for clinical translation, with a focus on scalability, mechanism of delivery, fixation to target tissue, and filling/refilling with a therapeutic cargo, and is demonstrated in an array of clinical applications that are easily translated to human studies. Regenervoir consists of a porous reservoir fabricated from a single material, a flexible thermoplastic polymer, capable of delivering cargo via fill lines to target tissues. A radiopaque shear thinning hydrogel can be delivered to the therapy reservoir and multiple fixation methods (laparoscopic tacks and cyanoacrylate bioadhesive) can be used to secure Regenervoir to target tissues through a minimally invasive approach.

High-dose Gd-DTPA vs. Bis-Gd-mesoporphyrin for monitoring laser-induced tissue necrosis

PURPOSE

To compare Bis-Gd-mesoporphyrin (Bis-Gd-MP), a contrast agent with a reported high affinity to necrotic tissue, with high-dose gadopentate dimeglumin (Gd-DTPA) for defining laser-induced muscle and liver necrosis by contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) was performed in the muscle and liver tissue of New Zealand White rabbits (1500 J and 2100 J; n=80 lesions). The animals were randomly assigned to a group that received 0.3 mmol/kg bw Gd-DTPA or a group that received 0.05 mmol/kg bw Bis-Gd-MP. Following contrast injection, dynamic MRI was performed on muscle lesions with a T1-weighted, two-dimensional, fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence. The liver and muscle lesions were then repeatedly imaged for six hours after contrast injection using a T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequence. Central and peripheral lesion enhancement was determined and correlated with gross pathology and microscopy findings.

RESULTS

Both contrast agents allowed precise determination of lesion diameters with an average accuracy of 6.8%+/-1.3%. Rim enhancement during dynamic MRI was superior for Gd-DTPA (P<0.001) and revealed slightly higher lesion diameters compared to the results of follow-up MR studies. A persistent enhancement of necrotic liver and muscle tissue was observed for both contrast agents throughout the observation period, suggesting that simple diffusion-type processes may underlie the supposed affinity of Bis-Gd-MP for tissue necrosis.

CONCLUSION

Bis-Gd-MP and Gd-DTPA are equally well suited for postinterventional lesion assessment in LITT.

Estudo comparativo dos procedimentos percutâneos orientados por métodos de imagem no tratamento das coleções intraperitoneais

OBJETIVO: Verificar e comparar a eficácia da aspiração percutânea (AP) e da drenagem percutânea (DP), orientadas por métodos de imagem, no tratamento das coleções intraperitoneais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram encaminhados ao nosso setor 52 pacientes para tratamento percutâneo de coleções abdominais. Destes, 16 apresentavam coleções intraperitoneais, sendo dez complexas (multiloculadas ou múltiplas) e seis, simples. O volume das coleções variou de 40 a 1.200 ml, com mediana de 200 ml. Foram submetidas a AP seis coleções (37,5%) e a DP, dez (62,5%). Considerou-se como sucesso do método a resolução completa da coleção, com melhora clínico-laboratorial do paciente. RESULTADOS: O sucesso do procedimento ocorreu em 75% dos casos. Nas coleções submetidas a AP houve sucesso em 100%, e nas submetidas a DP o sucesso foi de 60%. O índice de sucesso no grupo submetido a DP foi de 50% nas coleções menores ou iguais a 200 ml e de 75% nas de maior volume. Obteve-se sucesso com a DP em 33,3% das coleções complexas, em 42,9% das infectadas e em 100% das não infectadas e simples. Foram observadas apenas duas complicações menores (bacteremia transitória e infecção cutânea) após os procedimentos. CONCLUSÃO: A AP e a DP são métodos eficazes e seguros para tratamento das coleções intraperitoneais. No nosso estudo, a AP foi mais eficaz que a DP, principalmente nas coleções de menor volume.

A medical uncertainty principle

Acquisition of diagnostic knowledge and improvement of patient health often are mutually exclusive goals. A perfect understanding of a disease process is only obtained through unrestricted testing that exposes the patient to adverse events and discomfort. In a patient completely undisturbed by test procedures, the physician remains ignorant about the nature of the disease. The interplay of diagnostic knowledge and patient health can be formulated in terms of an uncertainty principle, which allows one to mathematically derive the parameters that influence the balance between the two competing goals. The majority of clinical conditions permit the pursuit of perfect diagnostic knowledge. Occasional medical disasters occur because physicians underestimate the patient's functional reserve or the cumulative toll exerted by multiple tests. Especially in emergency situations or serious illness, the maximum amount of knowledge that can be achieved is far less than perfect. Under such circumstances, the best management option takes into account a "calculated" amount of diagnostic uncertainty.

Ex vivo evaluation of novel miniaturized laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy applicators for effective small-volume tissue ablation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

For effective small-volume tissue ablation in clinical and experimental settings, smaller laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) applicator designs are required. The aim of this study was to compare the ablation properties of recently developed ultrasmall and small to standard LITT applicators.

METHODS

Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy was performed on liver samples using ultrasmall, small, and standard LITT applicators. Thermotherapy was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging, and lesion sizes were measured for each image. True lesion sizes were then determined macroscopically and by histology.

RESULTS

For continuous laser application over 5 minutes, maximum power settings were 5 W for the ultrasmall and small applicators and 10 W for the standard applicator. Given identical LITT settings, lesion volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging was significantly larger and histological tissue damage was more severe with the ultrasmall and small applicators than with the standard applicator.

CONCLUSIONS

Small and ultrasmall LITT applicators can be used for effective tissue ablation of small target volumes in experimental and clinical applications.

Estudo comparativo dos procedimentos percutâneos orientados por métodos de imagem no tratamento das coleções hepáticas

OBJETIVO: Verificar e comparar a eficácia da punção aspirativa e da drenagem percutânea, orientadas por métodos de imagem, no tratamento das coleções hepáticas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram encaminhados, ao nosso setor, 52 pacientes para tratamento percutâneo de coleções abdominais. Destes, 17 apresentavam coleções hepáticas, sendo 13/17 não-complexas e 4/17, complexas (multiloculadas, múltiplas ou associadas a fístulas). Foram submetidas a punção aspirativa 7/17 coleções (41,2%) e a drenagem percutânea, 10/17 (58,8%). Considerou-se como sucesso do método a resolução completa da coleção, com melhora clínica e laboratorial do paciente. RESULTADOS: O sucesso do procedimento ocorreu em 82,4% dos casos. Nas coleções submetidas exclusivamente a punção aspirativa, obteve-se sucesso em 57,1%, enquanto nas submetidas a drenagem percutânea o sucesso foi de 100%. O índice de sucesso no grupo submetido a punção aspirativa foi de 75% nas coleções menores que 100 ml, e de 33,3% naquelas entre 100 e 250 ml. Houve sucesso com a punção aspirativa em 75% das coleções não-complexas e em 25% das complexas. CONCLUSÃO: A drenagem percutânea é mais eficaz que a punção aspirativa no tratamento das coleções hepáticas. A punção aspirativa talvez possa ser empregada como alternativa válida nas coleções de menor volume e não-complexas.