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Kalpana P, Akilandeswari L. Can aromaticity trigger thermal [1,5]‐halogen shift towards the forbidden antarafacial mode?: A density functional case study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Kalpana
- Department of ChemistrySri Sarada College for Women (Autonomous) Salem India
| | - L. Akilandeswari
- Department of ChemistrySri Sarada College for Women (Autonomous) Salem India
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2
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Brasil EM, Borges RS, Romero OA, Alves CN, Sáez JA, Domingo LR. Azo-hydrazo conversion via [1,5]-hydrogen shifts. A combined experimental and theoretical study. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Özpınar GA, Erdem SS, Meyer C, Kaufmann DE. A DFT Study on the Mechanism of the Annulation Reaction of Trichloronitroethylene with Aniline in the Synthesis of Quinoxalinone-N-oxides. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4727-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9003629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gül A. Özpınar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Letters, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Safiye S. Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Letters, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Letters, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Dieter E. Kaufmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Letters, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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4
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Peles DN, Thoburn JD. Multidimensional Tunneling in the [1,5] Shift in (Z)-1,3-Pentadiene: How Useful Are Swain−Schaad Exponents at Detecting Tunneling? J Org Chem 2008; 73:3135-44. [PMID: 18363407 DOI: 10.1021/jo702668u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana N. Peles
- Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005
| | - John D. Thoburn
- Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005
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5
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Itou Y, Mori S, Udagawa T, Tachikawa M, Ishimoto T, Nagashima U. Quantum Treatment of Hydrogen Nuclei in Primary Kinetic Isotope Effects in a Thermal [1,5]-Sigmatropic Hydrogen (or Deuterium) Shift from (Z)-1,3-Pentadiene. J Phys Chem A 2006; 111:261-7. [PMID: 17214462 DOI: 10.1021/jp065759x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The geometric and kinetic isotope effects (GIE and KIE) for thermal [1,5]-sigmatropic H and D shifts of (Z)-1,3-pentadiene were studied by including the direct quantum effect of the migrating H or D nucleus in the multi-component molecular orbital-Hartree-Fock (MC_MO-HF) method. Based on the results, the C(1)-D bond lengths are 0.007 Angstrom shorter than the C1-H bond lengths in both the reactant (A) and the transition states (TS), whereas other bond lengths resemble those between H and D. The ratio of the rate constant (k(H)/k(D)) of the reaction for the thermal [1,5]-H and D shifts determined using the MC_MO-HF method (8.28) is closer to the experimental value (12.2) than that determined using either the conventional restricted Hartree-Fock (4.10) or restricted Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation (3.79) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Itou
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan
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6
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Alajarín M, Ortín MM, Sanchez-Andrada P, Vidal A. Tandem Pseudopericyclic Reactions: [1,5]-X Sigmatropic Shift/6π-Electrocyclic Ring Closure Converting N-(2-X-Carbonyl)phenyl Ketenimines into 2-X-Quinolin-4(3H)-ones. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8126-39. [PMID: 17025302 DOI: 10.1021/jo061286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-X-Carbonyl)phenyl ketenimines undergo, under mild thermal conditions, [1,5]-migration of the X group from the carbonyl carbon to the electron-deficient central carbon atom of the ketenimine fragment, followed by a 6pi-electrocyclic ring closure of the resulting ketene to provide 2-X-substituted quinolin-4(3H)-ones in a sequential one-pot manner. The X groups tested are electron-donor groups, such as alkylthio, arylthio, arylseleno, aryloxy, and amino. When involving alkylthio, arylthio, and arylseleno groups, the complete transformation takes place in refluxing toluene, whereas for aryloxy and amino groups the starting ketenimines must be heated at 230 degrees C in a sealed tube in the absence of solvent. The mechanism for the conversion of these ketenimines into quinolin-4(3H)-ones has been studied by ab initio and DFT calculations, using as model compounds N-(2-X-carbonyl)vinyl ketenimines bearing different X groups (X = F, Cl, OH, SH, NH(2), and PH(2)) converting into 4(3H)-pyridones. This computational study afforded two general reaction pathways for the first step of the sequence, the [1,5]-X shift, depending on the nature of X. When X is F, Cl, OH, or SH, the migration occurs in a concerted mode, whereas when X is NH(2) or PH(2), it involves a two-step sequence. The order of migratory aptitudes of the X substituents at the acyl group is predicted to be PH(2) > Cl > SH > NH(2) > F> OH. The second step of the full transformation, the 6pi-electrocyclic ring closure, is calculated to be concerted and with low energy barriers in all the cases. We have included in the calculations an alternative mode of cyclization of the N-(2-X-carbonyl)vinyl ketenimines, the 6pi-electrocyclic ring closure leading to 1,3-oxazines that involves its 1-oxo-5-aza-1,3,5-hexatrienic system. Additionally, the pseudopericyclic topology of the transition states for some of the [1,5]-X migrations (X = F, Cl, OH, SH), for the 6pi-electrocyclization of the ketene intermediates to the 4(3H)-pyridones, and for the 6pi-electrocyclization of the starting ketenimines into 1,3-oxazines could be established on the basis of their geometries, natural bond orbital analyses, and magnetic properties. The calculations predict that the 4(3H)-pyridones are the thermodynamically controlled products and that the 1,3-oxazines should be the kinetically controlled ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Alajarín
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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7
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Sakai S. Theoretical Study on the Aromaticity of Transition States in Pericyclic Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6339-44. [PMID: 16686470 DOI: 10.1021/jp0560011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity of transition states in pericyclic reactions such as electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and sigmatropic shifts was studied by the IDA (index of deviation from aromaticity) on the basis of a CASSCF wave function. The aromaticity defined by the IDA classified the allowed and forbidden transition states of pericyclic reactions treated here. The order of the aromaticity levels corresponds to that of the energy barriers of some reactions. The difference between the aromaticity defined by the IDA and that by the magnetic properties as a NICS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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8
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Hayase S, Hrovat DA, Borden WT. A B3LYP Study of the Effects of Phenyl Substituents on 1,5-Hydrogen Shifts in 3-(Z)-1,3-Pentadiene Provides Evidence Against a Chameleonic Transition Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10028-34. [PMID: 15303877 DOI: 10.1021/ja048708r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of one or two phenyl substituents on the activation enthalpy for a 1,5-hydrogen shift in 3-(Z)-1,3-pentadiene (1) and on the geometry of the transition structure (TS) have been investigated by B3LYP/6-31G calculations. The phenyl-substituent effects on the experimentally measured activation enthalpies are predicted to be sizable, spanning a range of nearly 10 kcal/mol. However, if differences between steric effects in the transoid isomers of the reactants are factored out by comparing the activation enthalpies in the cisoid conformers, the electronic components of the phenyl-substituent effects on both the barrier heights and the TS geometries are found to be quite modest in size. Unlike the TS in the Cope rearrangement, the TS for a 1,5-hydrogen shift in 1 is not highly variable in nature, and the reason the 1,5-hydrogen shift TS is not chameleonic is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hayase
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Augé F, Sapi J, Laronze JY. Computational insight into the thermal reactivity of N-methyl-3-cyanomethyl-2-vinylindole. Competition between two pericyclic reactions. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Guner V, Khuong KS, Leach AG, Lee PS, Bartberger MD, Houk KN. A Standard Set of Pericyclic Reactions of Hydrocarbons for the Benchmarking of Computational Methods: The Performance of ab Initio, Density Functional, CASSCF, CASPT2, and CBS-QB3 Methods for the Prediction of Activation Barriers, Reaction Energetics, and Transition State Geometries. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035501w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Guner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Kelli S. Khuong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Patrick S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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Park J, Jongsma CG, Zhang R, North SW. Cyclization reactions in isoprene derived β-hydroxy radicals: implications for the atmospheric oxidation mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b306580d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Density functional calculations have been carried out for [1,5] hydrogen shifts in 1,3-cycloalkadienes (cyclohexadiene, cycloheptadiene, and cyclooctadiene). The complexity of the potential surfaces of these reactions was found to increase with ring size. For 1,3-cyclohexadiene a single transition structure for the [1,5] hydrogen shift was located, which connects the two enantiomeric conformers. For 1,3-cycloheptadiene two enantiomeric transition structures for the [1,5] hydrogen shift were located, which interconnect three conformers of the diene, a pair of enantiomeric conformers and a third achiral conformer. Finally for 1,3-cyclooctadiene two diastereomeric transition structures were found in addition to six conformers (three pairs of enantiomeric conformers) of the diene. Calculated activation energies for the [1,5] hydrogen shifts were found to be in qualitative agreement with experiment. Variation in these energies are attributed to strain energies present in either the diene or the transition structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Andes Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37205, USA.
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Hess BA. Computational support for tunneling in thermal[1,7]-hydrogen shift reactions. J Org Chem 2001; 66:5897-900. [PMID: 11511268 DOI: 10.1021/jo010622i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional calculations have been performed for the [1,7]-hydrogen shift in two substituted 1,3,5-heptatrienes (1 and 9) for which kinetic data are available from the literature, including the observed kinetic isotope effects. For both cases the computed kinetic isotope effect was significantly smaller than that observed. These results provide further support for the presence of tunneling in thermal, antarafacial [1,7]-hydrogen shift reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
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A theoretical study of the selectivity for the domino [5+2]/[4+2] cycloadditions of γ-pyrones bearing tethered alkenes with substituted 1,3-butadienes. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Ab initio calculations of the [1,5]-H shift in (3Z)-penta-1,3-diene and other substituted pentadienes and heteroanalogues using the hybrid density functional Becke3LYP with the 6-31G basis set are presented. Electron-donating substituents, such as methoxy in (3Z)-3-methoxypenta-1,3-diene 1, or heteroatoms such as a nitrogen atom in (Z)-ethylidenevinylamine 2, (1Z)-buta-1,3-dienylamine 3, (2Z)-but-2-enylideneamine 4, (Z)-allylidenemethylamine 5, and methylene-(Z)-propenylamine 6 are introduced. The electron-withdrawing fluoride is substituted for the hydrogen atoms in (3Z)-3-fluoropenta-1,3-diene 7, (3Z)-2,4-difluoropenta-1,3-diene 8, (3Z)-1,1',2,3,4,5,5'-heptafluoropenta- 1,3-diene 10, (1E,3E)-1,3,5-trifluoropenta-1,3-diene 11, and (1Z,3E)-1,3,5- trifluoropenta-1,3-diene 13. A detailed analysis of the geometries, energies, and electronic characteristics of the sigmatropic transposition compared to those of the unsubstituted case provides insights into substituent effects of this prototype of pericyclic reaction. The inductive and mesomeric effects of heteroatoms or heterosubstituents are of a great importance and in a continuous balance in the energetics of the transformation. Sterics can also play an important role due to the geometrical constraints of the reaction. As a general trend, decreasing the electron density of the phi system destabilizes the aromatic transition structure and increases the activation energy, and vice versa.
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Preference in formation of three-, five-, and six-membered rings in cyclization of the primary unsaturated radical studied with the hybrid density functional theory method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(99)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Jursic B. Complete basis set and ab initio computational study of hydronium ion addition to ethylene as an example of acid interactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(99)00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Domingo LR, Picher MT, Andrés J, Oliva M. Theoretical Study on the Molecular Mechanism of the Domino Cycloadditions between Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate and Naphthaleno- and Anthracenofuranophane. J Org Chem 1999; 64:3026-3033. [PMID: 11674398 DOI: 10.1021/jo981442k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AM1, B3LYP/6-31G//AM1, and B3LYP/6-31G computational studies were performed to select the reaction pathway controlling the reactions between dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and two furanophanes, naphthalenofuranophane and anthracenofuranophane. For these domino reactions, several pathways have been characterized on the potential energy surface corresponding to two consecutive cycloadditions. The first step corresponds to a [4 + 2] intermolecular cycloaddition of DMAD with the furan ring or with the naphthalene or anthracene ring of both furanophane systems to yield an oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene or a bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene intermediate, respectively. The second step corresponds to [4 + 2] intramolecular cycloadditions of these intermediates. For the naphthalenofuranophane, the most favorable reaction pathway takes place along the initial [4 + 2] intermolecular cycloaddition involving the nonsubstituted ring of the naphthalene system to give a benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene intermediate, which by a [4 + 2] intramolecular cycloaddition between the substituted double bond of this intermediate and the furan ring affords the final cycloadduct. For the anthracenofuranophane, the most favorable reaction pathway takes place along the initial [4 + 2] intermolecular cycloaddition involving the furan ring to give an oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene intermediate, which by a [4 + 2] intramolecular cycloaddition between the nonsubtituted double bond of the bicyclic system and the naphthalene system affords the final cycloadduct. An analysis of energetic contributions to the potential energy barriers identifies the different factors controlling the competitive reaction pathways. The present theoretical results are able to explain the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080 Castelló, Spain
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Anh NT, Frison G, Solladié-Cavallo A, Metzner P. Some difficulties encountered with AM1 and PM3 calculations. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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