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Li Y, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Mehwish HM, Rajoka MSR, Zhao L. Expression and characterization of heparinase II with MBP tag from a novel strain, Raoultella NX-TZ-3-15. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:551. [PMID: 35951138 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes are biological macromolecules that biocatalyze certain biochemical reactions without undergoing any modification or degradation at the end of the reaction. In this work, we constructed a recombinant novel Raoultella sp. NX-TZ-3-15 strain that produces heparinase with a maltose binding tag to enhance its production and activity. Additionally, MBP-heparinase was purified and its enzymatic capabilities are investigated to determine its industrial application. Moreover, the recombinant plasmid encoding the MBP-heparinase fusion protein was effectively generated and purified to a high purity. According to SDS-PAGE analysis, the MBP-heparinase has a molecular weight of around 70 kDa and the majority of it being soluble with a maximum activity of 5386 U/L. It has also been noted that the three ions of Ca2 + , Co2 + , and Mg2 + can have an effect on heparinase activities, with Mg2 + being the most noticeable, increasing by about 85%, while Cu2 + , Fe2 + , Zn2 + having an inhibitory effect on heparinase activities. Further investigations on the mechanistic action, structural features, and genomes of Raoultella sp. NX-TZ-3-15 heparinase synthesis are required for industrial-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingzi Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Hafiza Mahreen Mehwish
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Liqing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China.
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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2
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Maccari F, Volpi N. Uronic acid carbazole assay and cetylpyridinium chloride titration depend on the chondroitin sulfate molecular weight. Anal Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Santos GC, Martins LM, Bregadiolli BA, Moreno VF, Silva‐Filho LC, Silva BHST. Heterocyclic compounds as antiviral drugs: Synthesis, structure–activity relationship and traditional applications. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vitor Fernandes Moreno
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Bauru Brazil
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4
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Derler R, Kitic N, Gerlza T, Kungl AJ. Isolation and Characterization of Heparan Sulfate from Human Lung Tissues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185512. [PMID: 34576979 PMCID: PMC8469465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are a class of linear, highly negatively charged, O-linked polysaccharides that are involved in many (patho)physiological processes. In vitro experimental investigations of such processes typically involve porcine-derived heparan sulfate (HS). Structural information about human, particularly organ-specific heparan sulfate, and how it compares with HS from other organisms, is very limited. In this study, heparan sulfate was isolated from human lung tissues derived from five donors and was characterized for their overall size distribution and disaccharide composition. The expression profiles of proteoglycans and HS-modifying enzymes was quantified in order to identify the major core proteins for HS. In addition, the binding affinities of human HS to two chemokines—CXCL8 and CCL2—were investigated, which represent important inflammatory mediators in lung pathologies. Our data revealed that syndecans are the predominant proteoglycan class in human lungs and that the disaccharide composition varies among individuals according to sex, age, and health stage (one of the donor lungs was accidentally discovered to contain a solid tumor). The compositional difference of the five human lung HS preparations affected chemokine binding affinities to various degrees, indicating selective immune cell responses depending on the relative chemokine–glycan affinities. This represents important new insights that could be translated into novel therapeutic concepts for individually treating lung immunological disorders via HS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Derler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikola Kitic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1/1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.D.); (N.K.); (T.G.)
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Qiao M, Lin L, Xia K, Li J, Zhang X, Linhardt RJ. Recent advances in biotechnology for heparin and heparan sulfate analysis. Talanta 2020; 219:121270. [PMID: 32887160 PMCID: PMC7474733 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a class of linear, sulfated, anionic polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which present on the mammalian cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. HS GAGs display a wide range of critical biological functions, particularly in cell signaling. HS is composed of repeating units of 1 → 4 glucosidically linked uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Heparin, a pharmacologically important version of HS, having higher sulfation and a higher content of iduronic acid than HS, is a widely used clinical anticoagulant. However, due to their heterogeneity and complex structure, HS and heparin are very challenging to analyze, limiting biological studies and even resulting in safety concerns in their therapeutic application. Therefore, reliable methods of structural analysis of HS and heparin are critically needed. In addition to the structural analysis of heparin, its concentration in blood needs to be closely monitored to avoid complications such as thrombocytopenia or hemorrhage caused by heparin overdose. This review summarizes the progress in biotechnological approaches in the structural characterization of HS and heparin over the past decade and includes the development of the ultrasensitive approaches for detection and measurement in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Lin
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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Gallagher ZJ, Fleetwood S, Kirley TL, Shaw MA, Mullins ES, Ayres N, Foster EJ. Heparin Mimic Material Derived from Cellulose Nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1103-1111. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra J. Gallagher
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Sara Fleetwood
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Terence L. Kirley
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
| | - Maureen A. Shaw
- Division of Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Eric S. Mullins
- Division of Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Neil Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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Veraldi N, Zouggari N, de Agostini A. The Challenge of Modulating Heparan Sulfate Turnover by Multitarget Heparin Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E390. [PMID: 31963505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review comes as a part of the special issue "Emerging frontiers in GAGs and mimetics". Our interest is in the manipulation of heparan sulfate (HS) turnover by employing HS mimetics/heparin derivatives that exert pleiotropic effects and are interesting for interfering at multiple levels with pathways in which HS is implicated. Due to the important role of heparanase in HS post-biosynthetic modification and catabolism, we focus on the possibility to target heparanase, at both extracellular and intracellular levels, a strategy that can be applied to many conditions, from inflammation to cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Lin YC, Ko YC, Hung SC, Lin YT, Lee JH, Tsai JY, Kung PH, Tsai MC, Chen YF, Wu CC. Selective Inhibition of PAR4 (Protease-Activated Receptor 4)-Mediated Platelet Activation by a Synthetic Nonanticoagulant Heparin Analog. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:694-703. [PMID: 30727756 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- PAR4 (protease-activated receptor 4), one of the thrombin receptors in human platelets, has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of arterial thrombotic disease. Previous studies implied that thrombin exosite II, known as a binding site for heparin, may be involved in thrombin-induced PAR4 activation. In the present study, a heparin octasaccharide analog containing the thrombin exosite II-binding domain of heparin was chemically synthesized and investigated for anti-PAR4 effect. Approach and Results- PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation was examined using either thrombin in the presence of a PAR1 antagonist or γ-thrombin, which selectively activates PAR4. SCH-28 specifically inhibits PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation, as well as the signaling events downstream of PAR4 in response to thrombin. Moreover, SCH-28 prevents thrombin-induced β-arrestin recruitment to PAR4 but not PAR1 in Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 cells using a commercial enzymatic complementation assay. Compared with heparin, SCH-28 is more potent in inhibiting PAR4-mediated platelet aggregation but has no significant anticoagulant activity. In an in vitro thrombosis model, SCH-28 reduces thrombus formation under whole blood arterial flow conditions. Conclusions- SCH-28, a synthetic small-molecular and nonanticoagulant heparin analog, inhibits thrombin-induced PAR4 activation by interfering with thrombin exosite II, a mechanism of action distinct from other PAR4 inhibitors that target the receptor. The characteristics of SCH-28 provide a new strategy for targeting PAR4 with the potential for the treatment of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Ko
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C.K., S.-C.H.)
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C.K., S.-C.H.)
| | - Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science (Y.-T.L., J.-H.L.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hau Lee
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science (Y.-T.L., J.-H.L.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ying Tsai
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiung Kung
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Tsai
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- From the Graduate Institute of Natural Products (Y.-C.L., J.-H.L., J.-Y.T., P.-H.K., M.-C.T., Y.-F.C., C.-C.W.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (C.-C.W.).,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (C.-C.W.)
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9
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Zhang C, Tang F, Zhang J, Cao J, Li H, Liu C. Uncovering the detailed mode of cleavage of heparinase I toward structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:756-764. [PMID: 31479666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For a more insightful investigation into the specificity of bacterial heparinase I, a series of structurally well-defined heparin oligosaccharides was synthesized using a highly efficient chemoenzymatic strategy. Apart from the primary cleavage site, five glycosidic linkages of oligosaccharides with varying modifications to obtain secondary cleavage sites were degraded by a high concentration of heparinase I. The reactivity of linkages toward heparinase I was not entirely dependent on the 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid being cleaved or the neighboring 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residues, but it was dependent on higher degrees of sulfation of oligosaccharides and indispensable N-substituted glucosamine adjacent to the cleavable linkage. Moreover, the enzyme demonstrated less preferential cleavage toward glycosidic linkages containing glucuronic acid than those containing iduronic acid of the counterpart oligosaccharides. Biolayer interferometry revealed differences in reactivity that are not completely consistent with different affinities of substrates to enzyme. Our study presented accurate information on the cleavage promiscuity of heparinase I that is crucial for heparin depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fengyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jichao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China.
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10
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Hricovíni M, Hricovíni M. Solution Conformation of Heparin Tetrasaccharide. DFT Analysis of Structure and Spin⁻Spin Coupling Constants. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113042. [PMID: 30469334 PMCID: PMC6278409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) has provided detailed information on the molecular structure and spin⁻spin coupling constants of heparin tetrasaccharide (GlcNS,6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS,6S-IdoA2S-OMe) representing the predominant heparin repeating-sequence. The fully optimised molecular structures of two tetrasaccharide conformations (differing from each other in the conformational form of the sulphated iduronic acid residue⁻one ¹C₄ and the other ²S₀) were obtained using the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory and applying explicit water molecules to simulate the presence of a solvent. The theoretical data provided insight into variations of the bond lengths, bond angles and torsion angles, formations of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions. Optimised molecular structures indicated the formation of a complex hydrogen bond network, including interresidue and intraresidue bonds. The ionic interactions strongly influence the first hydration shell and, together with hydrogen bonds, play an important role in shaping the 3D tetrasaccharide structure. DFT-derived indirect three⁻bond proton⁻proton coupling constants (³JH-C-C-H) showed that the best agreement with experiment was obtained with a weighted average of 67:33 (¹C₄:²S₀) of the IdoA2S forms. Detailed analysis of Fermi-contact contributions to ³JH-C-C-H showed that important contributions arise from the oxygen lone pairs of neighbouring oxygen atoms. The analysis also showed that the magnitude of diamagnetic spin⁻orbit contributions are sufficiently large to determine the magnitude of some proton⁻proton coupling constants. The data highlight the need to use appropriate quantum-chemical calculations for a detailed understanding of the solution properties of heparin oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Hricovíni
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Michal Hricovíni
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Balasubramaniam K, Sharma K, Rani A, Rajulapati V, Goyal A. Deciphering the mode of action, structural and biochemical analysis of heparinase II/III (PsPL12a) a new member of family 12 polysaccharide lyase from Pseudopedobacter saltans. ANN MICROBIOL 2018; 68:409-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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12
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van der Meer JY, Kellenbach E, van den Bos LJ. From Farm to Pharma: An Overview of Industrial Heparin Manufacturing Methods. Molecules 2017; 22:E1025. [PMID: 28635655 PMCID: PMC6152658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purification of heparin from offal is an old industrial process for which commercial recipes date back to 1922. Although chemical, chemoenzymatic, and biotechnological alternatives for this production method have been published in the academic literature, animal-tissue is still the sole source for commercial heparin production in industry. Heparin purification methods are closely guarded industrial secrets which are not available to the general (scientific) public. However by reviewing the academic and patent literature, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the general methods used in industry for the extraction of heparin from animal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Ytzen van der Meer
- Development and Technical Support Aspen Oss, Kloosterstraat 6, P.O. Box 98, 5340 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Edwin Kellenbach
- Development and Technical Support Aspen Oss, Kloosterstraat 6, P.O. Box 98, 5340 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
| | - Leendert J van den Bos
- Development and Technical Support Aspen Oss, Kloosterstraat 6, P.O. Box 98, 5340 AB Oss, The Netherlands.
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Zong C, Huang R, Condac E, Chiu Y, Xiao W, Li X, Lu W, Ishihara M, Wang S, Ramiah A, Stickney M, Azadi P, Amster IJ, Moremen KW, Wang L, Sharp JS, Boons GJ. Integrated Approach to Identify Heparan Sulfate Ligand Requirements of Robo1. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13059-13067. [PMID: 27611601 PMCID: PMC5068570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An integrated methodology is described to establish ligand requirements for heparan sulfate (HS) binding proteins based on a workflow in which HS octasaccharides are produced by partial enzymatic degradation of natural HS followed by size exclusion purification, affinity enrichment using an immobilized HS-binding protein of interest, putative structure determination of isolated compounds by a hydrophilic interaction chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry platform, and chemical synthesis of well-defined HS oligosaccharides for structure-activity relationship studies. The methodology was used to establish the ligand requirements of human Roundabout receptor 1 (Robo1), which is involved in a number of developmental processes. Mass spectrometric analysis of the starting octasaccharide mixture and the Robo1-bound fraction indicated that Robo1 has a preference for a specific set of structures. Further analysis was performed by sequential permethylation, desulfation, and pertrideuteroacetylation followed by online separation and structural analysis by MS/MS. Sequences of tetrasaccharides could be deduced from the data, and by combining the compositional and sequence data, a putative octasaccharide ligand could be proposed (GlA-GlcNS6S-IdoA-GlcNS-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoA-GlcNAc6S). A modular synthetic approach was employed to prepare the target compound, and binding studies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed it to be a high affinity ligand for Robo1. Further studies with a number of tetrasaccharides confirmed that sulfate esters at C-6 are critical for binding, whereas such functionalities at C-2 substantially reduce binding. High affinity ligands were able to reverse a reduction in endothelial cell migration induced by Slit2-Robo1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eduard Condac
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yulun Chiu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Annapoorani Ramiah
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Morgan Stickney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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