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Kappacher C, Schwarz B, Rainer M, Huck CW. Unveiling the synergy of NIRS and enrichment technologies: A comprehensive review of in-sorbent-based detection and quantification strategies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 310:123955. [PMID: 38306925 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review paper aims to captivate the applicability of in-sorbent detection, where near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) converges with enrichment technologies. For this purpose, we collected and summarized information regarding the combination of several sophisticated analytical enrichment techniques with NIRS to further explore and develop this synergistic approach. Peer-reviewed publications, matching the criteria of in situ NIR measurements prior analyte elution, have been collected, investigated, and concluded within this review. Investigations according to used materials, commercial or self-made, composition, organic or inorganic and applied analytical methodologies have been carried out. Applications extending over a multitude of chemical fields, from environmental to medicinal applications. As this review concludes, the combination of these techniques further expands the applicability of NIRS and moreover tries to solve the long-standing issue of the comparably low sensitivity regarding this vibrational technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kappacher
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Leven C, Barrash W. Fiber Optic Pressure Measurements Open Up New Experimental Possibilities in Hydrogeology. Ground Water 2022; 60:125-136. [PMID: 34448195 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-optic (FO) technology is being used increasingly for measurement methods in a variety of environmental applications. However, FO pressure transducers are rarely used in hydrogeological applications. We review the current state of Fabry-Pérot interferometry-based FO pressure transducers, including their advantages and limitations, as another option for high-resolution pressure- or head-change measurements in conventional or advanced aquifer testing. Resolution and precision specifications of FO transducers meet or exceed commonly used non-FO pressure transducers. Due to their design, FO transducers can be used in small-diameter (inner diameter ≥1/4 inch) and continuous multichannel tubing (CMT), sampling points, multilevel packer systems, and Direct Push-based in situ installations and testing. The small diameter of FO transducers provides logistical advantages-especially for tests with monitoring at many zones in a number of wells and/or CMTs (e.g., no reels, placement just below water level in access tubes vs. within isolated zones, reduced weight and volume, small footprint at single point of data acquisition). Principal limitations are small measurement drift that may become evident for tests longer than a few hours, and higher-than-average cost. We present field examples of FO transducer performance in short-term tests with high consistency of acquired data and higher resolution (i.e., capturing significant hydrologic information) compared with commonly used non-FO transducers. Given the above, including advantageous logistical features, FO transducers can open new experimental possibilities in areas of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneity (flow and transport, remediation, critical zones); 3D fracture networks and fundamental hydromechanical behavior; complex 3D flow and leak detection (mines, dams, repositories, geothermal systems).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warren Barrash
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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Mainka T, Weirathmüller D, Herwig C, Pflügl S. Potential applications of halophilic microorganisms for biological treatment of industrial process brines contaminated with aromatics. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab015. [PMID: 33928348 PMCID: PMC9113102 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Saline wastewater contaminated with aromatic compounds can be frequently found in various industrial sectors. Those compounds need to be degraded before reuse of wastewater in other process steps or release to the environment. Halophiles have been reported to efficiently degrade aromatics, but their application to treat industrial wastewater is rare. Halophilic processes for industrial wastewater treatment need to satisfy certain requirements: a continuous process mode, low operational expenditures, suitable reactor systems and a monitoring and control strategy. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of halophilic microorganisms, principles of aromatic biodegradation, and sources of saline wastewater containing aromatics and other contaminants. Finally, process examples for halophilic wastewater treatment and potential process monitoring strategies are discussed. To further illustrate the significant potential of halophiles for saline wastewater treatment and to facilitate development of ready-to-implement processes, future research should focus on scale-up and innovative process monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mainka
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH,
Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - David Weirathmüller
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH,
Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Pflügl
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience
Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060
Vienna, Austria
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4
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Hu Y, Muhammad T, Wu B, Wei A, Yang X, Chen L. A simple on-line detection system based on fiber-optic sensing for the realtime monitoring of fixed bed adsorption processes of molecularly imprinted polymers. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461112. [PMID: 32386708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fixed bed adsorption is widely used for separations and purifications of active components in medicine, and for wastewater treatment. At present, fixed bed adsorption breakthrough curve is generally obtained by manual sampling and off-line detection. In this study, we proposed a method for on-line monitoring of fixed bed adsorption process using a self-assembled fiber-optic sensing (FOS) system. The adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the fixed bed packed with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were studied. The reproducibility and precision of the system was investigated. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the system was less than 1.54%, which indicates that the system has a good reproducibility. The effects of initial concentration, flow rate, adsorbent mass and particle size on the breakthrough curves were investigated. Through screening, it was found that adsorption kinetics of the polymer materials fit to Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The MIPs showed high binding capacity, good selectivity, fast adsorption rate, indicating a great potential for the treatment of 2,4-D contaminated water. Moreover, this study has identified that the detection method has the advantages of being on-line, realtime, simple, and accurate. The on-line method can facilitate the study of fixed bed adsorption processes and accelerate the understanding of adsorption kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Hu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Turghun Muhammad
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Urumqi 830046, PR China.
| | - Beibei Wu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Aixia Wei
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
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Valderrama L, Merib J, Março PH, Valderrama P, Carasek E. Emerging micropollutants determination by NIR spectroscopy using pseudo-univariate calibration and TF-SPME coupled with 96-well plate system. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Varona-Torres E, Carlton DD, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. Matrix-effect-free determination of BTEX in variable soil compositions using room temperature ionic liquid co-solvents in static headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Qu Z, Wang Y, Yue H, An Y, Wu L, Zhou W, Wang H, Su Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yang X, Cai Y, Yan D. Study on the natural gas pipeline safety monitoring technique and the time-frequency signal analysis method. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Pujol-Vila F, Vigués N, Guerrero-Navarro A, Jiménez S, Gómez D, Fernández M, Bori J, Vallès B, Riva M, Muñoz-Berbel X, Mas J. Paper-based chromatic toxicity bioassay by analysis of bacterial ferricyanide reduction. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Klavarioti M, Kostarelos K, Pourjabbar A, Ghandehari M. In situ sensing of subsurface contamination--part I: near-infrared spectral characterization of alkanes, aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:5849-5860. [PMID: 24445930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an imperative need for a chemical sensor capable of remote, in situ, long-term monitoring of chemical species at sites containing toxic chemical spills, specifically at chemical waste dumps, landfills, and locations with underground storage tanks. In the current research, a series of experiments were conducted measuring the near-infrared optical absorption of alkanes, aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. A spectral library was then developed to characterize the optical spectra of liquid hydrocarbons. Near-infrared analysis was chosen due to compatibility with optical fibers. The goal was to differentiate between classes of hydrocarbons and to also discriminate between compounds within a class of similar molecular structures. It was observed that unique absorption spectra can be obtained for each hydrocarbon, and this uniqueness can be used to discriminate between hydrocarbons from different families. Statistical analyses, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation coefficient (Spearman and Pearson methods), were attempted to match absorption spectra from an unknown hydrocarbon with the database with limited success. An algorithm was subsequently written to identify the characteristic peaks of each hydrocarbon that could be used to match data from an unknown chemical species with the database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klavarioti
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, NIREAS International Water Research Center, The University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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11
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Lai WC, Chakravarty S, Zou Y, Chen RT. Multiplexed detection of xylene and trichloroethylene in water by photonic crystal absorption spectroscopy. Opt Lett 2013; 38:3799-3802. [PMID: 24081056 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate simultaneous selective detection of xylene and trichloroethylene (TCE) using multiplexed photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) by near-infrared optical absorption spectroscopy on a chip. Based on the slow light effect of photonic crystal structure, the sensitivity of our device is enhanced to 1 ppb (v/v) for xylene and 10 ppb (v/v) for TCE in water. Multiplexing is enabled by multimode interference power splitters and Y-combiners that integrate multiple PCWs on a silicon chip in a silicon-on-insulator platform.
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13
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Boulart C, Prien R, Chavagnac V, Dutasta JP. Sensing dissolved methane in aquatic environments: an experiment in the central baltic sea using surface plasmon resonance. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:8582-8590. [PMID: 23815404 DOI: 10.1021/es4011916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new sensor for in situ, real time methane (CH4) measurements in aqueous environments is based on the refractive index (RI) modulation of a sensitive film composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer incorporating molecules of cryptophane-A. The RI varies according to the amount of CH4 bound to the cryptophane-A in the film and is determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Tests of the sensor in the summer of 2012 reveal the expansive range of conditions of the Central Baltic Sea with CH4 concentrations varying from 5 nM up to a few hundred nanomolar. The sensor showed detection limits down to 3 nM, sensitivity of 6 to 7 × 10(-6) RIU/nM, and response times of 1 to 2 min. Best responses were obtained for concentrations up to 200 nM. Side effects (temperature, cross-sensitivity) are reviewed for future improvements to the sensor design. CH4 values are highest in the Landsort Deep up to 1.2 μM at 400 m depth and lowest in the Gotland Deep with 900 nM at 220 m depth. However, variable values in the upper layers indicate higher mixing rates due to currents and wind driven forces in the Gotland Basin compared with almost constant CH4 values in the Landsort Deep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Boulart
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research , Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
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14
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Chong SS, Aziz AR, Harun SW. Fibre optic sensors for selected wastewater characteristics. Sensors (Basel) 2013; 13:8640-68. [PMID: 23881131 DOI: 10.3390/s130708640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and treatment compliance are increasing. However the conventional techniques, which involve scheduled sampling and chemical analysis can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore cheaper and faster alternatives to monitor wastewater characteristics are required as alternatives to conventional methods. This paper reviews existing conventional techniques and optical and fibre optic sensors to determine selected wastewater characteristics which are colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The review confirms that with appropriate configuration, calibration and fibre features the parameters can be determined with accuracy comparable to conventional method. With more research in this area, the potential for using FOS for online and real-time measurement of more wastewater parameters for various types of industrial effluent are promising.
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15
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Abstract
An optical fiber sensor based evanescent absorption spectroscopy in the infrared range for the quantitative determination of H2O content in D2O has been evaluated. The coiled optical fiber sensor base on evanescent absorption spectroscopy has been investigated to monitor H2O concentration in D2O. The classical least square model has been utilized to build the calibration model and predict the H2O concentrations. The predicted H2O concentration in D2O is acceptably accurate and susceptible. The work demonstrates that the coiled fiber-optic sensor based on evanescent absorption spectroscopy is a feasible analytical technique for prediction of the low-level H2O content during deuterium oxide distillation in on-line and remote situation
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16
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Boulart C, Connelly D, Mowlem M. Sensors and technologies for in situ dissolved methane measurements and their evaluation using Technology Readiness Levels. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrensa Ablat
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Abliz Yimit
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Mamtimin Mahmut
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kiminori Itoh
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Garrigues S, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Headspace-mass spectrometry determination of benzene, toluene and the mixture of ethylbenzene and xylene isomers in soil samples using chemometrics. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:89-96. [PMID: 17386758 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and fast method has been developed for the determination of benzene, toluene and the mixture of ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) in soils. Samples were introduced in 10 mL standard glass vials of a headspace (HS) autosampler together with 150 microL of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, heated at 90 degrees C for 10 min and introduced in the mass spectrometer by using a transfer line heated at 250 degrees C as interface. The volatile fraction of samples was directly introduced into the source of the mass spectrometer which was scanned from m/z 75 to 110. A partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration approach based on a classical 3(3) calibration model was build with mixtures of benzene, toluene and o-xylene in 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane for BTEX determination. Results obtained for BTEX analysis by HS-MS in different types of soil samples were comparables to those obtained by the reference HS-GC-MS procedure. So, the developed procedure allowed a fast identification and prediction of BTEX present in the samples without a prior chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Esteve-Turrillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de València, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, 50th Dr. Moliner, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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Kim WJ, Lee JI, Lee S, Ahn KH, Park JW. UV spectroscopic monitoring of vaporized monoaromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum-contaminated soils. Environ Monit Assess 2006; 120:527-36. [PMID: 16763743 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-005-9101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast and simple systems using ultraviolet (UV) absorbance were examined for on-line monitoring of monoaromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum-contaminated soils in this research. Since soil particles hinder the UV light transmittance, the absorbance measurement of vaporized monoaromatic hydrocarbons in soil gas extracted from petroleum-contaminated soils was proposed. In the fixed system that exhibited higher sensitivity than the portable one, the absorbance intensity of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene increased in proportion to the concentration of the contaminants. The portable system, however, was suitable for screening purpose, while it exhibited faster response. There was no interference from water, which helps the applicability of the proposed systems to the actual fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Skokankova J, Mrazek J, Matejec V, Hayer M, Kasik I, Chomat M, Berkova D, Barau A, Zaharescu M, Raileanu M. Properties of xerogel layers for the detection of toluene in water. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Albuquerque JS, Pimentel MF, Silva VL, Raimundo IM, Rohwedder JJR, Pasquini C. Silicone Sensing Phase for Detection of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Employing Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2004; 77:72-7. [PMID: 15623280 DOI: 10.1021/ac0495788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of silicone for detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in water using near-infrared spectroscopy is proposed. A sensing phase of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was prepared, and a rod of this material was adapted to a transflectance probe for measurements from 850 to 1800 nm. Deionized water samples contaminated separately with known amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene were used for evaluation of the PDMS sensing phase, and measurements were made in a closed reactor with constant stirring. Equilibrium states were obtained after 90, 180, 360, and 405 min for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively. The PDMS sensing phase showed a reversible response, presenting linear response ranges up to 360, 290, 100, and 80 mg L(-1), with detection limits of 8.0, 7.0, 2.6, and 3.0 mg L(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively. Reference spectra obtained with different rods showed a relative standard deviation of 0.5%, indicating repeatability in the sensing phase preparation. A relative standard deviation of 6.7% was obtained for measurements performed with six different rods, using a 52 mg L(-1) toluene aqueous solution. The sensing phase was evaluated for identification of sources of contamination of water in simulated studies, employing Brazilian gasoline type A (without ethanol), gasoline type C (with 25% of anhydrous ethanol), and diesel fuel. Principal component analysis was able to classify the water in distinct groups, contaminated by gasoline A, gasoline C, or diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S Albuquerque
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, UFPE, Av. Arthur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-521 Recife, Brazil
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Peña F, Cárdenas S, Gallego M, Valcárcel M. Combining headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection for confirmation of hydrocarbon residues in virgin olive oil following automatic screening. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1052:137-43. [PMID: 15527130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon residues can be present in virgin olive oils either naturally or as contaminants. Presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers and styrene (BTEXS) in virgin olive oil, demanded the establishment of a cut-off level to discriminate oil samples containing these residues at normal levels from those at high levels caused by contamination. By introducing volatile components present in the headspace (HS) of the oil samples (without prior chromatographic separation) into the ionization source of a mass spectrometer, samples were classified as containing normal or high levels of BTEXS (recommendable or non-recommendable forhuman consumption). Confirmation and quantification of contaminated virgin olive oils were achieved by combining HS sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No sample pretreatment was necessary for the chromatographic method, but the addition of 600 microl of ethyl acetate as chemical modifier for 10 ml of virgin olive oil. Detection limits ranged between 3 and 9 ng/ml. Oil analysis showed the presence of toluene in all samples, as well as the absence of benzene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain
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Pons MN, Le Bonté S, Potier O. Spectral analysis and fingerprinting for biomedia characterisation. J Biotechnol 2004; 113:211-30. [PMID: 15380657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Classical culture media, as well as domestic and/or industrial wastewater treated by biological processes, have a complex composition. The on-line and/or in situ determination of some substances is possible, but expensive, as sample collection and pre-treatment are often necessary with strict rules of sterility. More global methods can be used to detect rapidly "accidents" such as the appearance of an undesirable by-product in a fermentation broth or of a toxic substance in wastewater. These methods combine a "hard" part, for sensing, and a "soft" part, for data treatment. Among potential "hard" candidates, spectroscopy can be the basis for non-invasive and non-destructive measuring systems. Some of them have been already tested in situ: ultra-violet-visible, infra-red (mid or near), fluorescence (mono-dimensional, two-dimensional or synchronous), dielectric, while others, more sophisticated, such as mass spectrometry, coupled or not to pyrolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy, have been proposed. All these methods provide spectra, i.e. large sets of data, from which meaningful information should be rapidly extracted, either for analysis or fingerprinting. The recourse to data-mining techniques (the "soft" part) such as principal components analysis, projection on latent structures or artificial neural networks, is a necessary step for that task. A review of techniques, mostly based on spectroscopy, with examples taken in the bioengineering field in general is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Pons
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, 1 rue Grandville, BP 451, F-54001 Nancy cedex, France.
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Abstract
A distributed sensing system for apolar hydrocarbons is presented which is built from a polymer-clad silica fiber adapted to an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) set-up. OTDR measurements allow locating and detecting chemicals by measuring the time delay between short light pulses entering the fiber and discrete changes in the backscatter signals that are caused by local extraction of hydrocarbons into the fiber cladding. The light guiding properties of the fiber are affected by interaction of the extracted chemicals with the evanescent wave light field extending into the fiber cladding. Distributed sensing of pure liquid hydrocarbons (HC) and aqueous HC solutions with a commercially available mini-OTDR adapted to sensing fibers of up to 1km length could be demonstrated. A pulsed laser diode emitting at the 850 nm telecommunication wavelength was applied in the mini-OTDR to locate the HCs by analyzing the step drop (light loss) in the backscatter signal, which is induced by local refractive index (RI) increase in the silicone cladding due to the extracted HC. The prototype instrument can be applied for monitoring hydrocarbon leakage in large technical installations, such as tanks, chemical pipelines or chemical waste disposal containments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buerck
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Instrumentelle Analytik-IFIA, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Heise HM, Küpper L, Butvina LN. Novel infrared optical probes for process monitoring and analysis based on next-generation silver halide fibers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:1116-23. [PMID: 12733026 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2002] [Revised: 12/20/2002] [Accepted: 01/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared spectroscopy has proved to be a powerful method for the study of various samples and chemical media as found in different industrial processes. In general, the analysis of such samples takes advantage of the fact that multiple analytes can be quantified simultaneously and rapidly without the need for additional reagents. When compared to near-infrared spectroscopy, for which quartz fiber probes can be successfully applied, the application of previously used mid-infrared fiber materials was restricted due to deficiencies with regard to their optical transmission and mechanical properties. Progress in the quality of infrared transparent silver halide fibers and their extrusion with different cross-sections enabled us to construct several flexible fiber-optic probes of different geometries which are particularly suitable and inert for process monitoring. Transmission and attenuated total reflection measurement techniques have mainly been employed for the analysis of liquid and gaseous media. One larger field, for which results are reported, is chemical reactor monitoring. Other applications are concerned with bio-reactor monitoring, or quasi-continuous measurements for the food industry. Infrared spectroscopic cosmetic assays for determining the chemical composition of skin-care formulations are a further promising field of application, for which an example is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Heise
- Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, University of Dortmund, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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Bürck J, Schlagenhof M, Roth S, Mathieu H. Kinetic evaluation method for SPME-NIR measurements of analytes with long equilibration time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/fact.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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