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Yan X, Liu C, Gadre CA, Dai S, Gu L, Yu K, Aoki T, Wu R, Pan X. Unexpected Strong Thermally Induced Phonon Energy Shift for Mapping Local Temperature. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7494-7502. [PMID: 31517496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Measuring temperature in nanoscale is crucial for the research and development of microelectronic devices. Plasmon resonance has been utilized to map local temperature gradient in metallic materials (Al) due to their large coefficients of thermal expansion. However, most semiconductors (including Si and SiC) possess much smaller coefficients of thermal expansion due to their strong covalent bonding in crystal structure, for which the plasmon-based temperature measurement becomes unreliable. Here, we report an unexpected strong, thermally induced phonon energy shift in SiC by spatially resolved vibrational spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopy with in situ heating, demonstrating that this shift can be applied as a useful tool for measuring nanoscale temperature. When a bulk phonon spectrum is used, the spatial resolution of vibrational spectroscopy can be as high as one nanometer. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that lattice expansion only contributes a small fraction of phonon energy shift and that vibrant motions away from the bonds are predominate factors. This study gains deeper insight into the understanding of dynamic behaviors of the phonon and provides a new avenue to measure local temperature in nanodevices.
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Boniface M, Quazuguel L, Danet J, Guyomard D, Moreau P, Bayle-Guillemaud P. Nanoscale Chemical Evolution of Silicon Negative Electrodes Characterized by Low-Loss STEM-EELS. Nano Lett 2016; 16:7381-7388. [PMID: 27960471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation remains the limiting factor of the lifetime of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) based negative electrodes. Methods that could provide clear diagnosis of the electrode degradation are of utmost necessity to streamline further developments. We demonstrate that electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM can be used to quickly map SEI components and quantify LixSi alloys from single experiments with resolutions down to 5 nm. Exploiting the low-loss part of the EEL spectrum allowed us to circumvent the degradation phenomena that have so far crippled the application of this technique on such beam-sensitive compounds. Our results provide unprecedented insight into silicon aging mechanisms in full cell configuration. We observe the morphology of the SEI to be extremely heterogeneous at the particle scale but with clear chemical evolutions with extended cycling coming from both SEI accumulation and a transition from lithium-rich carbonate-like compounds to lithium-poor ones. Thanks to the retrieval of several results from a single data set we were able to correlate local discrepancies in lithiation to the initial crystallinity of silicon as well as to the local SEI chemistry and morphology. This study emphasizes how initial heterogeneities in the percolating electronic network and the porosity affect SiNPs aggregates along cycling. These findings pinpoint the crucial role of an optimized formulation in silicon-based thick electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boniface
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA-INAC-MEM , F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Lucille Quazuguel
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Julien Danet
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38054 Grenoble, France
- CEA-INAC-MEM , F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Guyomard
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Matsko NB, Schmidt FP, Letofsky-Papst I, Rudenko A, Mittal V. In situ determination and imaging of physical properties of soft organic materials by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2014; 20:916-923. [PMID: 24576398 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) offers great flexibility in identification of the structural-chemical organization of soft materials at the level of individual macromolecules. However, the determination of mechanical characteristics such as hardness/elasticity of the amorphous and polycrystalline organic substances by ATEM has been problematic so far. Here, we show that energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) measurements enable direct identification and study of mechanical properties in complex (bio-)polymer systems of relevance for different industrial and (bio-)medical applications. We experimentally demonstrate strong correlations between hardness/elasticity of different polymers (polycaprolactone, polylactid, polyethelene, etc.) and their volume plasmon energy. Thickness and anisotropy effects, which substantially mask the material contrast in EFTEM bulk plasmon images, can be adequately removed by normalizing the latter by carbon elemental map. EFTEM data has been validated using atomic force microscopy phase images, where phase shift related to the hardness and elastic modulus of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz P Schmidt
- 2Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis,Graz University of Technology,Graz,Austria
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- 2Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis,Graz University of Technology,Graz,Austria
| | - Artem Rudenko
- 4J. R. Macdonald Laboratory,Department of Physics,Kansas State University,Kansas,USA
| | - Vikas Mittal
- 5Department of Chemical Engineering,The Petroleum Institute,Abu Dhabi,UAE
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Abou-Ras D, Caballero R, Fischer CH, Kaufmann CA, Lauermann I, Mainz R, Mönig H, Schöpke A, Stephan C, Streeck C, Schorr S, Eicke A, Döbeli M, Gade B, Hinrichs J, Nunney T, Dijkstra H, Hoffmann V, Klemm D, Efimova V, Bergmaier A, Dollinger G, Wirth T, Unger W, Rockett AA, Perez-Rodriguez A, Alvarez-Garcia J, Izquierdo-Roca V, Schmid T, Choi PP, Müller M, Bertram F, Christen J, Khatri H, Collins RW, Marsillac S, Kötschau I. Comprehensive comparison of various techniques for the analysis of elemental distributions in thin films. Microsc Microanal 2011; 17:728-751. [PMID: 21906418 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 μm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Abou-Ras
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
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Essers E, Benner G, Mandler T, Meyer S, Mittmann D, Schnell M, Höschen R. Energy resolution of an Omega-type monochromator and imaging properties of the MANDOLINE filter. Ultramicroscopy 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yajid MAM, Möbus G. Reactive multilayers examined by HRTEM and plasmon EELS chemical mapping. Microsc Microanal 2009; 15:54-61. [PMID: 19144258 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927609090035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examine chemical mapping of reaction phases in a Cu-Al multilayer system using low-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging and image spectroscopy techniques. The sensitivity of the plasmon peak position and shape to various crystal structures and phases is exploited using postprocessing of spectra into second derivative plasmon maps and line scans. Analytical transmission electron microscopy is complemented by studies of the orientation relationship of the multilayer system using high-resolution electron microscopy of interfaces and selected area diffraction. The techniques have been applied to the Cu-Al multilayer sample and sharply bound epitaxial phases are found, before and after heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mat Yajid
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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Mitchell DRG, Wang X, Caruso RA. Plasmon imaging: An efficient TEM-based method for locating noble metal particles dispersed on oxide catalysts at very low densities. Micron 2008; 39:344-7. [PMID: 17466522 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have used transmission electron microscopy to study catalysts comprising nanoparticulate gold dispersed on a highly porous nanoparticulate TiO2 (anatase) support. The similarity of the morphology of the two phases, and the low number density of gold particles (1 in 65,000) makes this challenging. Diffraction contrast imaging could not differentiate the two phases, since TiO2 oriented at strong Bragg conditions, produced similar contrast to the Bragg/mass-thickness contrast of the gold. Mass-thickness contrast imaging allowed gold to be differentiated from TiO2 only in the thinnest regions, where the mass-thickness of TiO2 was low. Plasmon imaging, using an energy loss of 24 eV and an energy window width of 5 eV, was very effective at locating gold. Both the TiO2 and impregnating resin produced a strong plasmon signal, while the much weaker signal from the gold made it appear dark. This permitted the gold particles to be readily located, irrespective of whether they were located in the thin or thick regions of the TiO2 support.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R G Mitchell
- Institute of Materials and Engineering Science, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
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Koch CT, Sigle W, Höschen R, Rühle M, Essers E, Benner G, Matijevic M. SESAM: exploring the frontiers of electron microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2006; 12:506-14. [PMID: 19830943 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927606060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the sub-electron-volt-sub-angstrom microscope (SESAM), a high-resolution 200-kV FEG-TEM equipped with a monochromator and an in-column MANDOLINE filter. We report on recent results obtained with this instrument, demonstrating its performance (e.g., 87-meV energy resolution at 10-s exposure time, or a transmissivity of the energy filter of T1 ev = 11,000 nm2). New opportunities to do unique experiments that may advance the frontiers of microscopy in areas such as energy-filtered TEM, spectroscopy, energy-filtered electron diffraction and spectroscopic profiling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph T Koch
- Max Planck Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schaffer B, Kothleitner G, Grogger W. EFTEM spectrum imaging at high-energy resolution. Ultramicroscopy 2006; 106:1129-38. [PMID: 16872748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 12/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the application of high-energy resolution EFTEM image series and the corrections needed for reliable data interpretation. The detail of spectral information gained from an image series is largely determined by the intrinsic energy resolution. In this work we show that energy resolution values of as low as 0.8 eV in spectra extracted from EFTEM image series can be obtained with a small energy-selecting slit. At this resolution level aberrations of the energy filter, in particular the non-isochromaticity, can no longer be neglected. We show that the four most prominent factors for EFTEM image series data correction--spatial drift, non-isochromaticity, energy drift and image distortion--must not be treated independently but have to be corrected in unison. We present an efficient algorithm for this correction, and demonstrate the applied correction for the case of a GaN/AlN multilayer sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schaffer
- Research Institute for Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Mark Rainforth W. Recent Developments in the Microscopy of Ceramics. Elsevier; 2004. pp. 167-246. [DOI: 10.1016/s1076-5670(04)32004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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