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Leung MYM, Carlsson NP, Colditz GA, Chang SH. The Burden of Obesity on Diabetes in the United States: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2008 to 2012. Value Health 2017; 20:77-84. [PMID: 28212973 PMCID: PMC5319814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and costly chronic diseases in the United States. OBJECTIVES To analyze the risk of developing diabetes and the annual cost of diabetes for a US general population. METHODS Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2008 to 2012, were used to analyze 1) probabilities of developing diabetes and 2) annual total health care expenditures for diabetics. The age-, sex-, race-, and body mass index (BMI)-specific risks of developing diabetes were estimated by fitting an exponential survival function to age at first diabetes diagnosis. Annual health care expenditures were estimated using a generalized linear model with log-link and gamma variance function. Complex sampling designs in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were adjusted for. All dollar values are presented in 2012 US dollars. RESULTS We observed a more than 6 times increase in diabetes risks for class III obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) individuals compared with normal-weight individuals. Using age 50 years as an example, we found a more than 3 times increase in annual health care expenditures for those with diabetes ($13,581) compared with those without diabetes ($3,954). Compared with normal-weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2) individuals, class II obese (35 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2) and class III obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) individuals incurred an annual marginal cost of $628 and $756, respectively. The annual health care expenditure differentials between those with and without diabetes of age 50 years were the highest for individuals with class II ($12,907) and class III ($9,703) obesity. CONCLUSIONS This article highlights the importance of obesity on diabetes burden. Our results suggested that obesity, in particular, class II and class III (i.e., BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) obesity, is associated with a substantial increase in the risk of developing diabetes and imposes a large economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yee Mallory Leung
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nils P Carlsson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Salem MA, Helal MH, Eldebss TMA, Abd-elaziz TA, El-sherif AA, Mohamed GAM. Synthesis, characterization and quantum-chemical calculations of novel series of pyridones, quinazolinones and pyrazoles heterocyclic compounds. J IRAN CHEM SOC 2015; 12:1693-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Helal MH, El-Awdan SA, Salem MA, Abd-elaziz TA, Moahamed YA, El-Sherif AA, Mohamed GAM. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of novel series of pyridine derivatives as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:764-773. [PMID: 25150427 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a combined synthesis; characterization, computational and biological activity studies of novel series of pyridines heterocyclic compounds. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses and spectral like IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS studies. Michael addition of substituted-2-methoxycarbonylacetanilide 2a,b on the α-substituted cinnamonitriles 3a-d gave the corresponding 2-pyridone derivatives 5-10. Structures of the titled compounds cited in this article were elucidated by spectrometric data (IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS). The molecular modeling of the synthesized compounds has been drawn and their molecular parameters were calculated. Also, valuable information is obtained from the calculation of molecular parameters including electronegativity, net dipole moment of the compounds, total energy, electronic energy, binding energy, HOMO and LUMO energy. Various in vitro antitumor as well as in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the synthesized compounds were investigated. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of test compounds was performed using carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. All the tested compounds showed moderate to good activity. The SAR results indicate that all compounds showed moderate to good activity, among these 7 and 10 compounds having -N(CH3)2 group are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - S A El-Awdan
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Center, El-Bohoth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail Assir, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Abd-elaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Y A Moahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A A El-Sherif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - G A M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 11284 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
A series of styryl substituted semicarbazides were synthesised by reaction of trans-styryl isocyanate, prepared by Curtius rearrangement of cinnamoyl azide, with acid hydrazides under microwave irradiation using a one-pot procedure. The effects of microwave irradiation in promoting the condensation of trans-styryl isocyanate with hydrazides were investigated alongside a conventional heating method (oil bath at 120 °C). When compared with classical methods, microwave irradiation has the advantages of mild conditions, easy handling, and high yields. The products have been characterised by analytical and spectral (IR and 1H NMR) data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qin Chai
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Song Zhang
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | | | - Jiao-Jiao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
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El-Sayed WA, Metwally MA, Nada DS, Mohamed AA, Abdel-Rahman AAH. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Substituted 5-(Pyridine-3-yl)-1,3,4-Thiadiazoles and Their Sugar Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. El-Sayed
- Department of Photochemistry; National Research Centre; Cairo; Egypt
| | | | - Doaa S. Nada
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Menoufia University; Shebin El-Koam; Egypt
| | - Asem A. Mohamed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Dept.; National Research Centre; Dokki; Cairo; Egypt
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Pingaew R, Tongraung P, Worachartcheewan A, Nantasenamat C, Prachayasittikul S, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V. Cytotoxicity and QSAR study of (thio)ureas derived from phenylalkylamines and pyridylalkylamines. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
A series of asymmetric semicarbazides were synthesised using 3-coumarin isocyanate, which was prepared from 3-coumarinyl azide by Curtius rearrangement, with acid hydrazides under microwave irradiation using a one-pot procedure. This method has the advantages of mild conditions, easy handling and high yields. The products, which have been characterised by analytical and spectral data, have many medicinal and agrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qin Chai
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Song Zhang
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Kai Cui
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
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Jin C, Liang YJ, He H, Fu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel (thio)urea derivatives as potential antitumor agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:741-4. [PMID: 21956458 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel (thio)ureas containing the pyrimidinyl group was designed and synthesized. Their in-vitro antitumor activity against different human tumor cells was examined. Some of the compounds showed potential antitumor activity, which provided some hints for further studies on structure modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qin Chai
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Song Zhang
- b Second Hospital of Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Kui Dong
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhao
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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10
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Abbas HAS, El Sayed WA, Fathy NM. Synthesis and antitumor activity of new dihydropyridine thioglycosides and their corresponding dehydrogenated forms. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 45:973-82. [PMID: 20004044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of a new pyridine thioglycosides were synthesized via reaction of piperidinium salts of dihydropyridinethiones with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-gluco- and galactopyranosyl bromide. The antitumor activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated utilizing two different human cell lines. Some of the tested compounds showed high inhibition of human cell lines. The detailed synthesis, spectroscopic data and antitumor activities for the synthesized compounds were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebat-Allah S Abbas
- Photochemistry Department, National research center, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qin Chai
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yony-Xi Chen
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Peng Chen
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Qi Ding
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Qin Chai
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou , Gansu , P. R. China
| | - Wei-Peng Chen
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou , Gansu , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou , Gansu , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Ge
- a School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou , Gansu , P. R. China
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Wang X, Song A, Zhu J, Yang Z, Zhang Z. Hydrogen Peroxide–Promoted Transformation of Thioureas/Thiosemicarbazides to Related Ureas/Semicarbazides at Room Temperature via Grinding. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701263734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xicun Wang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Aiying Song
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jihua Zhu
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Cun Wang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lan‐Qin Chai
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- b College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering , Lanzhou Jiaotong University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Man‐Gang Wang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng‐Qun Quan
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Esteves-Souza A, Pissinate K, Nascimento MDG, Grynberg NF, Echevarria A. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and DNA-topoisomerase inhibitory activity of new asymmetric ureas and thioureas. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:492-9. [PMID: 16183295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N-3,3-diphenylpropyl-N-(p-X-benzyl)-N'-phenylureas (5a-g) and thioureas (6a-g) were synthesized by the reaction of secondary amines and phenyl isocyanate or isothiocyanate. The cytotoxic effects of the urea and thiourea derivatives were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay against Ehrlich carcinoma and K562 human leukemia cells. Moreover, the activity of compounds in the inhibition of DNA topoisomerases I and II-alpha was tested. The results indicated that the compounds presented important and promising antiproliferative action.
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Encío I, Morré DJ, Villar R, Gil MJ, Martínez-Merino V. Benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide derivatives inhibit tNOX activity in a redox state-dependent manner. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:690-5. [PMID: 15685230 PMCID: PMC2361890 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide (BTS) derivatives are strong cytotoxic agents that induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and apoptosis in tumour cells. Although the precise origin of BTS-induced ROS is not known, a clear correlation between their cytotoxic effect and ability to inhibit a tumour-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) activity of the plasma membrane has been described. To analyse the putative implication of tNOX in BTS-induced ROS generation, in this work we have synthesised and tested a new BTS derivative, the 6-[N-(2-phenylethyl)]benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide. According to its high lipophilicity, this compound showed a strong cytotoxic activity against a panel of six human tumour cell lines, including two human leukaemia (K-562 and CCRF-CEM) and four human solid tumours (HT-29, HTB54, HeLa and MEL-AC). We also tested the ability of this compound to inhibit the tNOX activity and we found an absolute dependence of this inhibition on the redox state of the tNOX: while under reducing conditions, that is, 100 mM GSH, the drug inhibits strongly the NOX activity with an EC50 of about 0.1 nM, under oxidising conditions, there is no effect of the drug or just a slight stimulation of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Encío
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - D J Morré
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R Villar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - M J Gil
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Martínez-Merino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain. E-mail:
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Villar R, Encio I, Migliaccio M, Gil MJ, Martinez-Merino V. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of lipophilic sulphonamide derivatives of the benzo[ b ]thiophene 1,1-dioxide. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:963-8. [PMID: 14980609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the search of new compounds with antineoplastic activity, we have analysed the effect of several structural modifications on the nucleus 6-benzo[b]thiophenesulphonamide 1,1-dioxide on its cytotoxic activity on tumour cells. Lipophilic substituents on the sulphonamide group significantly increased the cytotoxic activity measured using a panel of human tumour cell lines. Only slight variations on cytotoxicity were obtained when the sulphonamide group occupied the position 5 of the system. The most active compound was the N-4-methoxyphenyl derivative 15, which showed GI(50) values of 1-9 nM against HT-29, CCRF-CEM, K-562 and MEL-AC cells and of 200 nM against HTB-54 cells. Free access to the 3-position of the heterocyclic system seems to be required to obtain cytotoxic derivatives. Derivative 15 was also active at the same level of commercial Doxorubicine against cultured normal human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Villar
- Dpto. de Química, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Alonso MM, Encío I, Martínez-Merino V, Gil M, Migliaccio M. New cytotoxic benzo(b)thiophenilsulfonamide 1,1-dioxide derivatives inhibit a NADH oxidase located in plasma membranes of tumour cells. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1400-2. [PMID: 11720481 PMCID: PMC2375244 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of benzo(b)thiophenesulfonamide 1,1-dioxide derivatives (BTS) have been designed and synthesized as candidate antineoplastic drugs. Several of these compounds have shown in vitro cytotoxic activity on leukaemic CCRF-CEM cells. The cytotoxic BTS, but not the inactive ones, were able to inhibit a tumour cell-specific NADH oxidase activity present in the membrane of CCRF-CEM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Alonso
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Avd Barañaín s/n, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
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