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Garcia-Vargas I, Barthe L, Tierce P, Louisnard O. Simulations of a full sonoreactor accounting for cavitation. Ultrason Sonochem 2022; 91:106226. [PMID: 36402126 PMCID: PMC9672921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the increasing interest in ultrasound processing applications, industrial scale-up remains limited, in particular by the unavailability of predictive computer tools. In this study, using a previously published model of cavitating liquids implementable as a non-linear Helmholtz equation, it is shown that a full sonoreactor can be modelled and simulated. The model includes the full transducer and the vibrations of the vessel walls, using the physics of elastic solids and piezo-electricity. The control-loop used by the generator to set the optimal frequency is also accounted for. Apart from the geometry, the unique input of the model is the current feeding the transducer whereas the dissipated electrical power, transducer complex impedance and working frequency are available as outputs. The model is put to the test against experiments realized in different geometries, varying either the input current or the transducer immersion depth. Despite the overestimation of the power dissipated in the liquid, the evolution of the acoustic load in both cases is reasonably well reproduced by simulation, which partially validates the method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Garcia-Vargas
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines-Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi CT, France; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; SinapTec, 7, Avenue Pierre et Marie Curie, 59260 Lezennes, France
| | - Laurie Barthe
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Tierce
- SinapTec, 7, Avenue Pierre et Marie Curie, 59260 Lezennes, France
| | - Olivier Louisnard
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines-Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi CT, France.
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Rana MM, De la Hoz Siegler H. Tuning the Properties of PNIPAm-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3154. [PMID: 34578055 PMCID: PMC8467289 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) is a three-dimensional (3D) crosslinked polymer that can interact with human cells and play an important role in the development of tissue morphogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. PNIPAm-based scaffolds possess many desirable structural and physical properties required for tissue regeneration, but insufficient mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biomimicry for tissue development remain obstacles for their application in tissue engineering. The structural integrity and physical properties of the hydrogels depend on the crosslinks formed between polymer chains during synthesis. A variety of design variables including crosslinker content, the combination of natural and synthetic polymers, and solvent type have been explored over the past decade to develop PNIPAm-based scaffolds with optimized properties suitable for tissue engineering applications. These design parameters have been implemented to provide hydrogel scaffolds with dynamic and spatially patterned cues that mimic the biological environment and guide the required cellular functions for cartilage tissue regeneration. The current advances on tuning the properties of PNIPAm-based scaffolds were searched for on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the scaffolding properties of PNIPAm-based hydrogels and the effects of synthesis-solvent and crosslinking density on tuning these properties. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of considering these two design variables for developing PNIPAm-based scaffolds are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohosin Rana
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Hector De la Hoz Siegler
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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McKenzie TG, Karimi F, Ashokkumar M, Qiao GG. Ultrasound and Sonochemistry for Radical Polymerization: Sound Synthesis. Chemistry 2019; 25:5372-5388. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | | | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne 3010 Australia
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Li DS, Lee YT, Xi Y, Pelivanov I, O'Donnell M, Pozzo LD. A small-angle scattering environment for in situ ultrasound studies. Soft Matter 2018; 14:5283-5293. [PMID: 29897086 PMCID: PMC6040585 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01000e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic devices are common tools in laboratory and industrial settings to produce cavitation events for cleaning, emulsification, cell lysis and other materials applications. Effects of sonication at the macroscopic scale can be visible while effects at the molecular and nano-scales are not easily probed and, therefore, not fully understood. We present a new small angle scattering sample environment designed specifically to study structural changes occurring in various types of dispersions at the nano-scale due to ultrasonic acoustic waves. The sample environment features two face-to-face high-intensity focused ultrasound transducers coaxially aligned and normal to the neutron/X-ray beam propagation direction. A third broadband transducer is fixed beneath the scattering volume to acoustically monitor for cavitation events. By correlating acoustic data to scattering data, measured structural changes can be correlated to changes in parameters such as frequency, acoustic pressure, or cavitation pressure threshold. Several example applications of colloidal systems effectively influenced by ultrasound fields are also presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the device and to motivate future work on in situ scattering analysis of ultrasound materials processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Feng L, Zheng H, Tang X, Zheng X, Liu S, Sun Q, Wang M. The investigation of the specific behavior of a cationic block structure and its excellent flocculation performance in high-turbidity water treatment. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15119-15133. [PMID: 35541323 PMCID: PMC9079996 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of a cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) with high efficiency and economy has been highly desired in the field of high-turbidity water treatment. This study introduced an ultrasound (US)-initiated template polymerization (UTP) method to develop a novel cationic templated polyacrylamide (TPAA) with a microblock structure. TPAA was prepared using acrylamide (AM) and sodium (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (ATAC) as the monomers and sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA) as the template. Factors that affected polymerization such as the ultrasound power, ultrasound time, initiator concentration, pH, and mAM : mATAC and nNaPAA : nATAC values were investigated. The properties of the polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated the successful formation of a cationic microblock structure in TPAA. In addition, TPAA displayed favorable thermal decomposition properties and a rough and coarse surface morphology, as shown by analyses using TGA and SEM, respectively. Moreover, a zip (type I) template polymerization mechanism was identified via analyses of the association constant (KM), conversion (Cv) and polymerization rate (Rp). The flocculation performance of the templated copolymer TPAA was evaluated by treating high-turbidity water. According to the results for the zeta potentials and FTIR spectra of the generated flocs, it was indicated that the cationic microblocks in the templated copolymer could greatly enhance its charge neutralization, patching and bridging ability, and therefore excellent flocculation performance (residual turbidity: 5.8 NTU, Df: 1.89, floc size d50: 608.404 μm and floc kinetic: 15.86 × 10−4 s−1) for treating high-turbidity water was achieved. The fabrication of a cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) with high efficiency and economy has been highly desired in the field of high-turbidity water treatment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
| | - Huaili Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
| | - Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
| | - Moxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- China
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Tulibaeva GZ, Shestakov AF, Chernyak AV, Volkov VI, Khatmullina KG, Yudina AV, Ignatova AA, Yarmolenko OV. Quantum chemical modeling of the degradation of the polymer matrix and solvent molecules in nanocomposite polymer gel electrolytes. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Yichun University; Yichun 336000 China
| | - Jiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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Nagatomo D, Horie T, Hongo C, Ohmura N. Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on emulsion polymerization of styrene. Ultrason Sonochem 2016; 31:337-341. [PMID: 26964957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of pretreatment of ultrasonic irradiation on emulsion polymerization of styrene to propose a process intensification method which gives high conversion, high reaction rate, and high energy efficiency. The solution containing styrene monomer was irradiated by a horn mounted on the ultrasonic transducer with the diameter of 5mm diameter and the frequency of 28 kHz before starting polymerization. The pretreatment of ultrasound irradiation as short as 1 min drastically improved monomer dispersion and increased reaction rate even under the agitation condition with low rotational speed of impeller. Furthermore, the ultrasonic pretreatment resulted in higher monomer concentration in polymer particles and produced larger polymer particles than conventional polymerization without ultrasonic pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nagatomo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Horie
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Chizuru Hongo
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoto Ohmura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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11
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Su J, Jin G, Li C, Zhu X, Dou Y, Li Y, Wang X, Wang K, Gu Q. Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2355-2361. [PMID: 25458692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel (EN) plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine-formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon (MFT/AC). PdCl2 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite (Ni/AC) in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Su
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Guanping Jin
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Changyong Li
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yan Dou
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kunwei Wang
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qianqian Gu
- Department of Application Chemistry of School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Somaieh Salehpour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
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Abstract
Polymer microcapsules have important application in the fields of biochemistry and materials science owing to their unique structures and functions. Poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate) (PS-co-PMMA) microcapsules were prepared through sonochemical method. The results reveal that it is difficult to form a microcapsule structure from neat styrene (St). However, MMA can improve the interface condition for its higher hydrophilicity. Therefore, it is easier to form hollow structure because polymer microcapsules have a lower interface free energy per unit area. FTIR results confirm that polymer microcapsules have both the typical peaks of PS and PMMA. The results of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM show that PS-co-PMMA microcapsules are uniform in size(about 100 nm in diameter and 20~25 nm in shell thickness).
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14
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Bhanvase BA, Pinjari DV, Sonawane SH, Gogate PR, Pandit AB. Analysis of semibatch emulsion polymerization: role of ultrasound and initiator. Ultrason Sonochem 2012; 19:97-103. [PMID: 21665510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work semibatch miniemulsion was carried out wherein the effect of free radicals produced by ultrasound and an external addition of initiator was examined. Influence of different variables on polymerization rate and polymer particle size has also been investigated. Over a range of 0-4% (by wt) initiator, the polymerization rate was found to increase over a range of 0.56-1.33 g L(-1) min(-1). Similarly monomer concentration range (7.2-15 wt.%) changed the polymerization rate from 1.33 to 2.61 g L(-1) min(-1). Under optimum parametric conditions polymer particle size 50 nm were obtained with a narrow size distribution. Syndiotactic phase of PMMA was observed by controlling the formulation recipe. Although, number of reports could be found in the literature [9,13,17,18,20,22] related to batch emulsion polymerization, this experimental data could be useful for the production of large scale monodispersed PMMA latex as all of the scale-up and design parameters have been qualitatively addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Bhanvase
- Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, 666, Upper Indira Nagar, Pune 411 037, India
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Moiseev IK, Ovchinnikov KA, Shadrikova VA. An example of ultrasonic activation in the synthesis of ethyl 3-(R-imino)adamantyl-1-carboxylates. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363211040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Teo BM, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F. Sonochemical polymerization of miniemulsions in organic liquids/water mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4095-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The acoustic cavitation-induced events, multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) and initial growth of MBSL have been studied in surfactant solutions and correlated with bubble coalescence data at three different ultrasound frequencies. For an ionic surfactant, both the number of ultrasonic pulses required to reach a steady state MBSL intensity (N(crit)) and the magnitude of this intensity increases to a maximum as the surfactant concentration increases and then falls again. The total bubble volume generated for a fixed sonication time, which is indirectly related to bubble coalescence, similarly falls as surfactant concentration increases and then rises again. These effects are caused by a combination of electrostatic and coalescence factors at relatively low surfactant concentrations and the screening of the electrostatic factor as surfactant concentration increases further. The peak in coalescence inhibition occurs almost at the same surfactant concentrations as the acoustic frequency is increased; however, the concentrations at which peaks in MBSL and N(crit) occur vary at different frequencies. These results have been discussed in terms of coalescence, electrostatic interactions, rectified diffusion growth, and the adsorption kinetics of the surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Wu
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Cass P, Knower W, Pereeia E, Holmes NP, Hughes T. Preparation of hydrogels via ultrasonic polymerization. Ultrason Sonochem 2010; 17:326-332. [PMID: 19762267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several acrylic hydrogels were prepared via ultrasonic polymerization of water soluble monomers and macromonomers. Ultrasound was used to create initiating radicals in viscous aqueous monomer solutions using the additives glycerol, sorbitol or glucose in an open system at 37 degrees C. The water soluble additives were essential for the hydrogel production, glycerol being the most effective. Hydrogels were prepared from the monomers 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, dextran methacrylate, acrylic acid/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and acrylamide/bis-acrylamide. For example a 5% w/w solution of dextran methacrylate formed a hydrogel in 6.5min in a 70% w/w solution of glycerol in water at 37 degrees C with 20kHz ultrasound, 56Wcm(-2). The ultrasonic polymerization method described here has a wide range of applications such a biomaterial synthesis where initiators are not desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cass
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Clayton VIC, Australia.
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Teo BM, Grieser F, Ashokkumar M. High Intensity Ultrasound Initiated Polymerization of Butyl Methacrylate in Mini- and Microemulsions. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900521z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boon M. Teo
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Franz Grieser
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Muthupandian Ashokkumar
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Djenouhat M, Hamdaoui O, Chiha M, Samar MH. Ultrasonication-assisted preparation of water-in-oil emulsions and application to the removal of cationic dyes from water by emulsion liquid membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou X. PREPARATION OF POLY(SODIUM 4-STYRENESULFONATE) GRAFTED CARBON BLACK <I>via</I> ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION INITIATED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION: PREPARATION OF POLY(SODIUM 4-STYRENESULFONATE) GRAFTED CARBON BLACK <I>via</I> ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION INITIATED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION. ACTA POLYM SIN 2008; 008:366-70. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2008.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Djenouhat M, Hamdaoui O, Chiha M, Samar MH. Ultrasonication-assisted preparation of water-in-oil emulsions and application to the removal of cationic dyes from water by emulsion liquid membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon M. Teo
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Muthupandian Ashokkumar
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Franz Grieser
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Cao Y, Zheng Y, Pan G. Radical generation process studies of the cationic surfactants in ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization. Ultrason Sonochem 2008; 15:320-325. [PMID: 17825597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Without any chemical initiators added, ultrasonically irradiated emulsion copolymerization of styrene and a cationic polymerizable surfactant (methacryloxyethyl dodecydimethyl ammonium bromide, C(12)N(+)) was successfully employed to prepare copolymer nanolatexes. Compared with the conventional ionic surfactants, C(12)N(+) has much higher initiation efficiency and C(12)N(+) system exhibits shorter induction period, much higher styrene conversions and polymerization rate R(p) in short reaction time. A radical trapping experiment and gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph analysis proved that under ultrasonic irradiation, C(12)N(+) undergoes bond scission between the two alkyl and ionic group, where both C-N bonds are weak along the chain, thereby producing much more original radicals to initiate the emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guangqin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Zheng Y, Cao Y, Pan G. High purity nanolatex prepared by ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization. Ultrason Sonochem 2008; 15:314-319. [PMID: 17602850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonically initiated emulsion copolymerization of styrene and a cationic polymerizable surfactant (methacryloxyethyl dodecydimethyl ammonium bromide, C(12)N(+)) was successfully employed to prepare high purity copolymer nanolatex. C(12)N(+) can play the roles of an emulsifier, an initiator, and a comonomer at the same time. It has an excellent initiation efficiency and reactivity. The rate of copolymerization was high and styrene conversion achieved 95% in an hour. Nanoscale latex particles with average diameter 40 nm were obtained easily under ultrasonic irradiation. Results of FTIR, (1)H NMR and surface tension tests proved almost all surfmers had copolymerized with styrene when the C(12)N(+) concentration was more than 0.030 g/mL, indicating high purity nanolatex without residual emulsifiers was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Guangqin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Kobayashi D, Matsumoto H, Kuroda C. Effect of reactor's positions on polymerization and degradation in an ultrasonic field. Ultrason Sonochem 2008; 15:251-6. [PMID: 17544316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic generators are used as emulsifiers and efficient alternative initiators in polymerization processes. In this study, the effects of reactor's position on the emulsion polymerization of styrene under indirect ultrasonic irradiation were investigated, along with the effects of reactor's position on chemical and physical degradation. Both polymer yield and molecular weight were influenced by the position of the reactor. The ultrasonic irradiation could be divided into three stages, and the molecular weight of the polymer was influenced by polymerization and degradation processes. It was found that the extent of radical generation estimated by KI oxidation dosimetry and the shock wave index obtained from studies of degradation of standard polymer were useful for controlling the characteristics of the polymer generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S1-42, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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Teo BM, Prescott SW, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F. Ultrasound initiated miniemulsion polymerization of methacrylate monomers. Ultrason Sonochem 2008; 15:89-94. [PMID: 17382571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound initiated emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (2EHMA) in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate as a stabiliser produced latex particles in the size range of 70 nm to 110 nm with molecular weights of the order of 2-6 x 10(6) g mol(-1). The experimental data obtained show significant differences in the rates of polymerization of the methacrylate monomers in the order 2EHMA>BMA>MMA. The rate trend is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties of the monomers. It is suggested from the results obtained that the mechanism involved in sonochemical formation of the latex particles is very similar to that of a conventional miniemulsion polymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon M Teo
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Naoki Miyamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Chiaki Kuroda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Hideyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Chiaki Kuroda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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Zhang J, Cao Y, He Y. Ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of a polymeric surfactant. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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OKUDAIRA G, KAMOGAWA K, SAKAI T, SAKAI H, ABE M. Suspension Polymerization of Styrene Monomer without Emulsifier and Initiator. J Oleo Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.52.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bradley M, Grieser F. Emulsion Polymerization Synthesis of Cationic Polymer Latex in an Ultrasonic Field. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 251:78-84. [PMID: 16290704 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2001] [Accepted: 03/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(butyl acrylate) lattices have been synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of a cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride. The polymerization of oil-in-water emulsions of monomeric species was carried out at 30 degrees C (+/-5 degrees C) in the absence of a chemical initiator. The lattices were formed as stable dispersions with particle diameters spanning the range of 40-150 nm and with polymer molecular weights greater than 10(6) g mol(-1). The results obtained strongly support a polymerization process involving a miniemulsion system, in which continuous nucleation of particles takes place throughout the monomer to polymer conversion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bradley
- Particulate Fluids Processing Center, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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