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Barber N, Valoumas I, Leger KR, Chang YL, Huang CM, Goh JOS, Gutchess A. Culture, prefrontal volume, and memory. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298235. [PMID: 38551909 PMCID: PMC10980194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prior cross-cultural studies have demonstrated differences among Eastern and Western cultures in memory and cognition along with variation in neuroanatomy and functional engagement. We further probed cultural neuroanatomical variability in terms of its relationship with memory performance. Specifically, we investigated how memory performance related to gray matter volume in several prefrontal lobe structures, including across cultures. For 58 American and 57 Taiwanese young adults, memory performance was measured with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) using performance on learning trial 1, on which Americans had higher scores than the Taiwanese, and the long delayed free recall task, on which groups performed similarly. MRI data were reconstructed using FreeSurfer. Across both cultures, we observed that larger volumes of the bilateral rostral anterior cingulate were associated with lower scores on both CVLT tasks. In terms of effects of culture, the relationship between learning trial 1 scores and gray matter volumes in the right superior frontal gyrus had a trend for a positive relationship in Taiwanese but not in Americans. In addition to the a priori analysis of select frontal volumes, an exploratory whole-brain analysis compared volumes-without considering CVLT performance-across the two cultural groups in order to assess convergence with prior research. Several cultural differences were found, such that Americans had larger volumes in the bilateral superior frontal and lateral occipital cortex, whereas Taiwanese had larger volumes in the bilateral rostral middle frontal and inferior temporal cortex, and the right precuneus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Barber
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Valoumas
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Krystal R. Leger
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ling Chang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Angela Gutchess
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
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Sadeh T, Moscovitch M. Retrieval of temporal structure at recall can occur automatically. Cognition 2024; 242:105647. [PMID: 37857055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Temporal-structure, namely, the order in which events unfold over time, is one of the fundamental principles of episodic memory organization. A seminal empirical demonstration of the prominence of temporal structure in memory organization is the Temporal Contiguity Effect (TCE), whereby the proximity between two items at encoding predicts the likelihood of those two items being retrieved consecutively during recall. Recent studies have found that TCE occurs under a wide variety of conditions in which strategic control processes at encoding are reduced or even eliminated. This suggests that the encoding of temporal structure occurs automatically. Extending these findings, in the current study we asked whether the retrieval of temporal structure, as reflected by indices of the TCE, is influenced by strategic control processes at retrieval. To manipulate participants' ability to rely on strategic control processes, we compared standard recall performance (Full Attention condition) to a condition in which attention was divided between recall and a concurrent task (Divided Attention condition), which has been shown to disrupt such control processes. Across two experiments-one with standard encoding conditions and one with continual distraction during encoding-we found no differences in any index of the TCE between the two conditions. These results are all the more striking considering that in both experiments, dividing attention negatively affected overall recall performance compared to the Full Attention condition. Thus, while recall performance is reduced when disrupting strategic processes, the ability to use temporal structure to drive recall is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Sadeh
- The Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; The School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
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Toller G, Zitser J, Sukhanov P, Grant H, Miller BL, Kramer JH, Rosen HJ, Rankin KP, Grinberg LT. Clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological characterization of a patient with Alzheimer's disease syndrome due to Pick's pathology. Neurocase 2022; 28:19-28. [PMID: 34402746 PMCID: PMC9472769 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1936072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The most common neurodegenerative syndrome associated with Pick's disease pathology (PiD) is behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), which features profound social behavioral changes. Rarely, PiD can manifest as an Alzheimer's disease (AD)-type dementia with early memory impairment. We describe a patient with AD-type dementia and pure PiD pathology who showed slowly progressive memory impairment, early social changes, and paucity of motor symptoms. Atrophy and PiD were found mainly in frontotemporal regions underlying social behavior. This report may help predict the pathology of patients with atypical AD, which will ultimately be critical for enrolling suitable subjects into disease-modifying clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Toller
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Zitser
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourazky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Paul Sukhanov
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Harli Grant
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zhang A, Zhang L, Wang M, Zhang Y, Jiang F, Jin X, Du X, Ma J. Functional connectivity of thalamus in children with primary nocturnal enuresis: results from a resting-state fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:355-363. [PMID: 32125610 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is characterized by a low cure rate and a high reoccurrence rate, since its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Based on the recent studies that thalamus plays an important role in waking up a sleeping person, here we further investigate the functional connectivity (FC) information between thalamus and other brain regions, in order to make better understanding of the PNE's pathogenesis. In this study, we enrolled 30 children diagnosed with PNE and 30 typically developing children that are age and sex matched, the thalamus-based FC estimates were extracted at the resting-state. Experiments showed that for children with PNE, there were four brain regions found with a reduced connection efficiency with thalamus, that were cerebellum posterior lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe and precentral gyrus. It can be concluded that these relevant regions might induce an arousal disorder, and therefore further lead to PNE. This finding also provides a new insight in the pathophysiology of PNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dong-Fang Road, 200127, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lichi Zhang
- Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dong-Fang Road, 200127, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dong-Fang Road, 200127, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingming Jin
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dong-Fang Road, 200127, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1678 Dong-Fang Road, 200127, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhang Y. Enhanced Written vs. Verbal Recall Accuracy Associated With Greater Prefrontal Activation: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:601698. [PMID: 33859555 PMCID: PMC8042156 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.601698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Memory efficiency is influenced by the modalities of acquisition and retrieval. The recall accuracy of read or voiced material differs depending on whether the recall is given verbally or in writing. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for both attentional allocation and short-term memory, suggesting that different short-term memory recall modalities are associated with distinct mPFC processes and activation patterns. Methods: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor mPFC oxygenation parameters of 30 healthy subjects during acquisition and recall tasks as a measure of neural activity. Oxygenation parameters and recall accuracy were compared between oral and written answers and the potential correlations were analyzed. Results: Written responses were more accurate than verbal responses to the same questions and evoked greater changes in mPFC oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and total Hb (total-Hb). Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between recall accuracy and both Δ[oxyHb] and Δ[total-Hb] in the mPFC. Conclusion: Memory accuracy of written material is greater when responses are also written rather than verbal. In both cases, recall accuracy was correlated with the degree of mPFC activity. This NIRS-based learning and memory paradigm may be useful for monitoring training efficacy, such as in patients with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Brian Li
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Shi Q, Li X, Xia C. Fasciculation and Elongation Protein Zeta-1 Expression in Reactive Astrocytes in a Rat Model of Frontal Lobe Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:194-208. [PMID: 31774489 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are reports that depression induced by frontal lobe injury (FLI) has a devastating effect on human mental health. We previously reported that fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) was essential for astrocytic protection of dopamine neurons. Studies of glutamate-glutamine cycle in mental illness have been reported, whereas not from the perspective of astrocytes. This study was designed to investigate the roles of astrocytic FEZ1 and glutamate-glutamine cycle after FLI. A model of FLI was established by inserting a blade into the right frontal lobe of rats. Behavioral tests were used to observe the behavioral changes of FLI rats. Neuropathologic examinations, including immunohistochemistry, were conducted. Behavioral tests showed that FLI decreased exploratory activity. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of astroglial proteins overall decreased in the initial injury stage, as well as FEZ1. Immunohistochemistry showed a shift of FEZ1 localization from neurons in sham-lesioned rats to astrocytes in FLI rats, and showed the expression profile of glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthetase (GS) was consistent with Western blot observation. Our results indicate that astrocytic FEZ1 and glutamate-glutamine cycle dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression after FLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- From the Cytoneurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Shi
- From the Cytoneurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- From the Cytoneurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Xia
- From the Cytoneurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Venkatesan UM, Margolis SA, Tremont G, Festa EK, Heindel WC. Forward to the past: Revisiting the role of immediate recognition in the assessment of episodic memory. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 42:160-170. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1697210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth A. Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Geoffrey Tremont
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elena K. Festa
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William C. Heindel
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Cizman Staba U, Vrhovac S, Mlinaric Lesnik V, Novakovic-Agopian T. Goal-oriented attentional self-regulation training in individuals with acquired brain injury in a subacute phase: a pilot feasibility study. Int J Rehabil Res 2020; 43:28-36. [PMID: 31688223 DOI: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this prospective pilot study was to assess feasibility of implementing goal-oriented attentional self-regulation (GOALS) training in Slovenia with patients with multiple cognitive deficits after acquired brain injury in acute phase of recovery. Seven patients with acquired brain injury (i.e. stroke, traumatic brain injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) with a mean postinjury time of 4.3 months (SD = 1.25) and mean age of 34.5 years (SD = 18.6) were recruited for the study. The group program consisted of 10 sessions twice a week and included cognitive strategy training, social skills training, and psychoeducation. Structured interviews and neuropsychological tests were used before and after the training to determine the influence of the interventions on daily life tasks and attentional networks performance involving cognitive and behavioral domains. GOALS influenced self-reports of positive effect on the individual goals set by the patients. Training had a positive influence on executive control and memory. The results from the present study suggest that it is feasible to implement GOALS manualized executive function training in Slovenia, with the patients in a somewhat more acute stage than in previous studies, and that GOALS training may be a promising nonpharmacological treatment for cognitive and behavioral difficulties after acquired brain injury. Further research is needed to extend these findings in a larger sample.
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Vakil E, Greenstein Y, Weiss I, Shtein S. The Effects of Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury on Episodic Memory: a Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:270-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Robinson S, Granata L, Hienz RD, Davis CM. Temporary inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex impairs the formation, but not the retrieval of social odor recognition memory in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 161:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Geurts S, van der Werf SP, Kwa VI, Kessels RP. Accelerated long-term forgetting after TIA or minor stroke: A more sensitive measure for detecting subtle memory dysfunction? Cortex 2019; 110:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Ge S, Wei Z, Liu T, Wang J, Li H, Feng J, Li C. Alcohol Use and Cognitive Functioning Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: Findings of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Baseline Survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2054-2060. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Ge
- Department of Natural Sciences/Nursing; University of Houston-Downtown; Houston Texas
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Statistics; The George Washington University; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Tingting Liu
- Eleanor Mann School of Nursing; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Jinjiao Wang
- School of Nursing; University of Rochester; Rochester New York
| | - Hongjin Li
- School of Nursing; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Juan Feng
- School of Nursing; The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston Texas
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; University of Georgia College of Public Health; Athens Georgia
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Corrêa DG, Zimmermann N, Borges RS, Pereira DB, Doring TM, Tukamoto G, Fonseca RP, Gasparetto EL. White-matter integrity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and memory deficits. Neuroradiol J 2018; 31:587-595. [PMID: 30091662 DOI: 10.1177/1971400918793601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive dysfunction is common in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Memory is a commonly affected cognitive domain. Clinically, however, it is difficult to detect memory deficits. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether normal controls and SLE patients with and without memory deficit differ in terms of white-matter integrity. METHODS Twenty SLE patients with memory deficit were compared to 47 SLE patients without memory deficit and 22 sex-, age-, and education-matched control individuals. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed in a 1.5-Tesla scanner. For tract-based spatial statistics analysis, a white-matter skeleton was created. A permutation-based inference with 5000 permutations with a threshold of p < 0.05 was used to identify abnormalities in fractional anisotropy (FA). The mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD) were also projected onto the mean FA skeleton. RESULTS Compared to controls, SLE patients with and without memory deficit had decreased FA in: bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, corticospinal tract, genu, and body of the corpus callosum. SLE patients with and without memory deficit also presented increased MD and RD values compared to controls in these areas. Comparison between SLE patients with and without memory deficit did not present significant differences in DTI parameters. CONCLUSION DTI can detect extensive abnormalities in the normal-appearing white matter of SLE patients with and without memory deficit, compared to controls. However, there was no difference, in terms of white-matter integrity, between the groups of SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo G Corrêa
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,2 Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Zimmermann
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,3 Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Borges
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denis B Pereira
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Tukamoto
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,2 Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Brazil
| | - Rochele P Fonseca
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,3 Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Gasparetto
- 1 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,2 Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Brazil
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Levitch CF, Zimmerman ME, Lubin N, Kim N, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Kim M, Lipton ML. Recent and Long-Term Soccer Heading Exposure Is Differentially Associated With Neuropsychological Function in Amateur Players. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2018; 24:147-55. [PMID: 28829004 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617717000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study examined the relative contribution of recent or long-term heading to neuropsychological function in amateur adult soccer players. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Soccer players completed a baseline questionnaire (HeadCount-12m) to ascertain heading during the prior 12 months (long-term heading, LTH) and an online questionnaire (HeadCount-2w) every 3 months to ascertain heading during the prior 2 weeks (recent heading, RH). Cogstate, a battery of six neuropsychological tests, was administered to assess neuropsychological function. Generalized estimating equations were used to test if LTH or RH was associated with neuropsychological function while accounting for the role of recognized concussion. RESULTS A total of 311 soccer players completed 630 HeadCount-2w. Participants had an average age of 26 years. Participants headed the ball a median of 611 times/year (mean=1,384.03) and 9.50 times/2 weeks (mean=34.17). High levels of RH were significantly associated with reduced performance on a task of psychomotor speed (p=.02), while high levels of LTH were significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of verbal learning (p=.03) and verbal memory (p=.04). Significantly better attention (p=.02) was detectable at moderately high levels of RH, but not at the highest level of RH. One hundred and seven (34.4%) participants reported a lifetime history of concussion, but this was not related to neuropsychological function and did not modify the association of RH or LTH with neuropsychological function. CONCLUSION High levels of both RH and LTH were associated with poorer neuropsychological function, but on different domains. The clinical manifestations following repetitive exposure to heading could change with chronicity of exposure. (JINS, 2018, 24, 147-155).
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Scalici F, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. The contribution of different prefrontal cortex regions to recollection and familiarity: a review of fMRI data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:240-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Campbell MEM, Leitner D, Miller HB, Libben M. Comparison of the Buschke Selective Reminding Test and the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition in a stroke population. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1333510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie E. M. Campbell
- University of British Columbia Okanagan and Department of Psychology, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damian Leitner
- University of British Columbia Okanagan and Department of Psychology, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Harry B. Miller
- University of British Columbia Okanagan and Department of Psychology, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maya Libben
- University of British Columbia Okanagan and Department of Psychology, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Geib BR, Stanley ML, Dennis NA, Woldorff MG, Cabeza R. From hippocampus to whole-brain: The role of integrative processing in episodic memory retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2242-2259. [PMID: 28112460 PMCID: PMC5460662 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivariate functional connectivity analyses of neuroimaging data have revealed the importance of complex, distributed interactions between disparate yet interdependent brain regions. Recent work has shown that topological properties of functional brain networks are associated with individual and group differences in cognitive performance, including in episodic memory. After constructing functional whole-brain networks derived from an event-related fMRI study of memory retrieval, we examined differences in functional brain network architecture between forgotten and remembered words. This study yielded three main findings. First, graph theory analyses showed that successfully remembering compared to forgetting was associated with significant changes in the connectivity profile of the left hippocampus and a corresponding increase in efficient communication with the rest of the brain. Second, bivariate functional connectivity analyses indicated stronger interactions between the left hippocampus and a retrieval assembly for remembered versus forgotten items. This assembly included the left precuneus, left caudate, bilateral supramarginal gyrus, and the bilateral dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. Integrative properties of the retrieval assembly were greater for remembered than forgotten items. Third, whole-brain modularity analyses revealed that successful memory retrieval was marginally significantly associated with a less segregated modular architecture in the network. The magnitude of the decreases in modularity between remembered and forgotten conditions was related to memory performance. These findings indicate that increases in integrative properties at the nodal, retrieval assembly, and whole-brain topological levels facilitate memory retrieval, while also underscoring the potential of multivariate brain connectivity approaches for providing valuable new insights into the neural bases of memory processes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2242-2259, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Geib
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Matthew L. Stanley
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Nancy A. Dennis
- Department of PsychologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Marty G. Woldorff
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
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Grewe P, Nikstat A, Koch O, Koch-Stoecker S, Bien C. Subjective memory complaints in patients with epilepsy: The role of depression, psychological distress, and attentional functions. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Turunen KE, Laari SP, Kauranen TV, Mustanoja S, Tatlisumak T, Poutiainen E. Executive Impairment Is Associated with Impaired Memory Performance in Working-Aged Stroke Patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22:551-60. [PMID: 27019324 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617716000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Executive dysfunction is associated with impaired memory performance, but controversies remain about which aspects of memory are involved and how general intelligence influences these connections. We aimed to clarify these connections in stroke patients by comparing various memory measures in patients with and without executive impairment. METHODS Our consecutive cohort included patients with a first-ever ischemic stroke. Neuropsychological assessments were completed 6 months and 2 years after stroke. We classified patients as executively impaired, when at least two of five executive measures were defective at 6 months. At both 6 months and 2 years, we compared list learning of unrelated words, story recall, and recall of geometric figures in patients with and without executive impairment, while controlling for general intelligence. RESULTS Patients with executive impairment (n=66; 37%) performed worse in list learning (p=.001; partial η2=.058) and immediate recall of a logical passage (p=.010; partial η2=.037) 6 months after stroke compared to executively intact patients (n=113). At the end of the 2-year follow-up period, the patients who were executively impaired at 6 months (n=53; 37%) still performed worse than executively intact patients (n=92) in list learning (p<.001; partial η2=.096), and additionally in delayed recall of the list (p=.006; partial η2=.052) and immediate recall of geometric figures (p=.007; partial η2=.050). CONCLUSIONS In our working-aged stroke patients, executive impairment was common. Executive impairment was associated with memory tasks that provided less inherent structure and required the use of active memory strategies. Clinicians should remember this role of executive dysfunction when interpreting memory performance.
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Lamb YN, Thompson CS, McKay NS, Waldie KE, Kirk IJ. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met polymorphism differentially affects performance on subscales of the Wechsler Memory Scale - Third Edition (WMS-III). Front Psychol 2015; 6:1212. [PMID: 26347681 PMCID: PMC4538220 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene influence brain structure and function, as well as cognitive abilities. They are most influential in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), respectively. Recall and recognition are forms of memory proposed to have different neural substrates, with recall having a greater dependence on the PFC and hippocampus. This study aimed to determine whether the BDNF val66met or COMT val158met polymorphisms differentially affect recall and recognition, and whether these polymorphisms interact. A sample of 100 healthy adults was assessed on recall and familiarity-based recognition using the Faces and Family Pictures subscales of the Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition (WMS-III). COMT genotype did not affect performance on either task. The BDNF polymorphism (i.e., met carriers relative to val homozygotes) was associated with poorer recall ability, while not influencing recognition. Combining subscale scores in memory tests such as the WMS might obscure gene effects. Our results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between recall and familiarity-based recognition in neurogenetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette N Lamb
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Thompson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand
| | - Nicole S McKay
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ian J Kirk
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland New Zealand
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Terry DP, Sabatinelli D, Puente AN, Lazar NA, Miller LS. A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Activation Differences during Episodic Memory in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Neuroimaging 2015; 25:849-60. [PMID: 26076800 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean Sabatinelli
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens GA
- BioImaging Research Center, Biomedical & Health Science Institute; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | | | | | - L. Stephen Miller
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens GA
- BioImaging Research Center, Biomedical & Health Science Institute; University of Georgia; Athens GA
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Pirogovsky-Turk E, Filoteo JV, Litvan I, Harrington DL. Structural MRI Correlates of Episodic Memory Processes in Parkinson's Disease Without Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Parkinsons Dis 2015; 5:971-81. [PMID: 26577652 PMCID: PMC4754077 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in episodic memory are common early in Parkinson's disease (PD) and may be a risk factor for future cognitive decline. Although medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory and frontostriatal (FS) executive systems are thought to play different roles in distinct components of episodic memory impairment in PD, no study has investigated whether different aspects of memory functioning are differentially associated with MTL and FS volumes in nondemented patients without mild cognitive impairment (PD-woMCI). OBJECTIVES The present study investigated MRI markers of different facets of memory functioning in 48 PD-woMCI patients and 42 controls. METHODS Regional volumes were measured in structures comprising the MTL and FS systems and then correlated with key indices of memory from the California Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS In PD-woMCI patients, memory was impaired only for verbal learning, which was not associated with executive, attention/working memory, or visuospatial functioning. Despite an absence of cortical atrophy, smaller right MTL volumes in patients were associated with poorer verbal learning, long delayed free recall, long delayed cued recall, and recognition memory hits and false positives. Smaller right pars triangularis (inferior frontal) volumes were also associated with poorer long delayed cued recall and recognition memory hits. These relationships were not found in controls. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that MTL volumes are sensitive to subtle changes in almost all facets of memory in PD-woMCI, whereas FS volumes are sensitive only to memory performances in cued-testing formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pirogovsky-Turk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
| | - J. Vincent Filoteo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Deborah L. Harrington
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, USA
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Yuan J, Blumen HM, Verghese J, Holtzer R. Functional connectivity associated with gait velocity during walking and walking-while-talking in aging: a resting-state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1484-93. [PMID: 25504964 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait decline is common among older adults and is a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Poor gait performance in dual-task conditions, such as walking while performing a secondary cognitive interference task, is associated with increased risk of frailty, disability, and death. Yet, the functional neural substrates that support locomotion are not well established. We examined the functional connectivity associated with gait velocity in single- (normal pace walking) and dual-task (walking while talking) conditions using resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). We acquired 6 minutes of resting-state fMRI data in 30 cognitively healthy older adults. Independent components analyses were performed to separate resting-state fMRI data into group-level statistically independent spatial components that correlated with gait velocity in single- and dual-task conditions. Gait velocity in both task conditions was associated with similar functional connectivity in sensorimotor, visual, vestibular, and left fronto-parietal cortical areas. Compared to gait velocity in the single-task condition, the networks associated with gait velocity in the dual-task condition were associated with greater functional connectivity in supplementary motor and prefrontal regions. Our findings show that there are partially overlapping functional networks associated with single- and dual-task walking conditions. These initial findings encourage the future use of resting-state fMRI as tool in developing a comprehensive understanding of age-related mobility impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yuan
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
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Derksen BJ, Duff MC, Weldon K, Zhang J, Zamba KD, Tranel D, Denburg NL. Older adults catch up to younger adults on a learning and memory task that involves collaborative social interaction. Memory 2014; 23:612-24. [PMID: 24841619 PMCID: PMC4237685 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.915974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory abilities tend to decline as people age. The current study examines the question of whether a learning situation that emphasises collaborative social interaction might help older persons overcome age-related learning and memory changes and thus perform similarly to younger persons. Younger and Older participants (n = 34 in each group) completed the Barrier Task (BT), a game-like social interaction where partners work together to develop labels for a set of abstract tangrams. Participants were also administered standard clinical neuropsychological measures of memory, on which the Older group showed expected inferiority to the Younger group. On the BT, the Older group performed less well than the Younger group early on, but as the task progressed, the performance of the Older group caught up and became statistically indistinguishable from that of the Younger group. These results can be taken to suggest that a learning milieu characterised by collaborative social interaction can attenuate some of the typical memory disadvantages associated with being older.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Derksen
- a Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , IA , USA
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Blumen HM, Holtzer R, Brown LL, Gazes Y, Verghese J. Behavioral and neural correlates of imagined walking and walking-while-talking in the elderly. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4090-104. [PMID: 24522972 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognition is important for locomotion and gait decline increases the risk for morbidity, mortality, cognitive decline, and dementia. Yet, the neural correlates of gait are not well established, because most neuroimaging methods cannot image the brain during locomotion. Imagined gait protocols overcome this limitation. This study examined the behavioral and neural correlates of a new imagined gait protocol that involved imagined walking (iW), imagined talking (iT), and imagined walking-while-talking (iWWT). In Experiment 1, 82 cognitively-healthy older adults (M=80.45) walked (W), iW, walked while talking (WWT) and iWWT. Real and imagined walking task times were strongly correlated, particularly real and imagined dual-task times (WWT and iWWT). In Experiment 2, 33 cognitively-healthy older adults (M=73.03) iW, iT, and iWWT during functional magnetic resonance imaging. A multivariate Ordinal Trend (OrT) Covariance analysis identified a pattern of brain regions that: (1) varied as a function of imagery task difficulty (iW, iT and iWWT), (2) involved cerebellar, precuneus, supplementary motor and other prefrontal regions, and (3) were associated with kinesthetic imagery ratings and behavioral performance during actual WWT. This is the first study to compare the behavioral and neural correlates of imagined gait in single and dual-task situations, an issue that is particularly relevant to elderly populations. These initial findings encourage further research and development of this imagined gait protocol as a tool for improving gait and cognition among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Blumen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Blumen HM, Rajaram S, Henkel L. The applied value of collaborative memory research in aging: Behavioral and neural considerations. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davidson PSR, Cook SP, McGhan L, Bouchard T, Camicioli R. Source memory in normal aging and Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2013; 7:179-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. R. Davidson
- School of Psychology; Bruyère Research Institute; Centre for Stroke Recovery; University of Ottawa; Canada
| | - Shaun P. Cook
- Department of Psychology; Millersville University; Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Thomas Bouchard
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of Alberta; Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital; Edmonton Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of Alberta; Canada
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Barak O, Vakil E, Levy DA. Environmental context effects on episodic memory are dependent on retrieval mode and modulated by neuropsychological status. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:2008-22. [PMID: 23480476 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.772647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Contextual change or constancy between occasions of memory formation and retrieval are commonly assumed to affect retrieval success, yet such effects may be inconsistent, and the processes leading to the pattern of effects are still not well understood. We conducted a systematic investigation of environmental context effects on memory, using a range of materials (common objects, pictures of familiar and unfamiliar faces, words, and sentences), and four types of retrieval (free recall, cued recall, recognition, and order memory), all assessed within participants. Additionally, we examined the influence of mnemonic challenge on context effects by examining both healthy participants and a group of patients in rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We found no effects of contextual factors on tests of recognition for either group of participants, but effects did emerge for cued and free recall, with the most prominent effects being on memory for objects. Furthermore, while patients' memory abilities in general were impaired relative to the comparison group, they exhibited greater influences of contextual reinstatement on several recall tasks. These results support suggestions that environmental context effects on memory are dependent on retrieval mode and on the extent to which retrieval is challenging because of neurocognitive status. Additionally, findings of environmental context effects in memory-impaired TBI patients suggest that by harnessing such preserved indirect memory (e.g., using reminder technologies), it may be possible to ameliorate TBI patients' difficulties in explicit remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohr Barak
- a School of Behavioural Sciences , Tel-Aviv Jaffa Academic College , Tel-Aviv , Israel
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Doi T, Shimada H, Makizako H, Yoshida D, Shimokata H, Ito K, Washimi Y, Endo H, Suzuki T. Characteristics of cognitive function in early and late stages of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 13:83-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aly M, Yonelinas AP, Kishiyama MM, Knight RT. Damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex impairs familiarity but not recollection. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:297-304. [PMID: 21827792 PMCID: PMC3170503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Frontal lobe lesions impair recognition memory but it is unclear whether the deficits arise from impaired recollection, impaired familiarity, or both. In the current study, recognition memory for verbal materials was examined in patients with damage to the left or right lateral prefrontal cortex. Words were incidentally encoded under semantic or phonological orienting conditions, and recognition memory was tested using a 6-point confidence procedure. Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were examined in order to measure the contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition memory. In both encoding conditions, lateral prefrontal cortex damage led to a deficit in familiarity but not recollection. Similar deficits were observed in left and right hemisphere patients. The results indicate that the lateral prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in the monitoring or decision processes required for accurate familiarity-based recognition responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Aly
- University of California, Davis, Department of Psychology, 134 Young Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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31
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Costanzo F, Vicari S, Carlesimo GA. Familiarity and recollection in Williams syndrome. Cortex 2013; 49:232-42. [PMID: 21774924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interest is being shown in a componential analysis of performance on declarative memory tasks that distinguishes two different kinds of access to stored memories, recollection and familiarity. From a developmental perspective, it has been hypothesized that recollection emerges later and shows more developmental changes than familiarity. Nevertheless, the contribution of recollection and familiarity to the recognition performance of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been rarely examined. The present study was aimed at investigating the qualitative profile of declarative long-term memory in a group of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS). We compared 13 individuals with WS and 13 mental-age-matched typically developing children in two different experimental paradigms to assess the contribution of familiarity and recollection to recognition performance. We adopted a modified version of the process dissociation procedure and a task dissociation procedure, both of which are suited to individuals with ID. Results of both experimental paradigms demonstrated reduced recollection and spared familiarity in the declarative memory performances of individuals with WS. These results provide direct evidence of a dissociation between recollection and familiarity in a neurodevelopmental disorder and are discussed in relation to alternative approaches for explaining abnormal cognition in individuals with ID.
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Abstract
Results from fMRI have strongly supported the idea that the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) contributes to successful memory formation, but the role the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) in memory encoding is more controversial. Some findings suggest that the DLPFC is recruited when one is processing relationships between items in working memory, and this processing specifically promotes subsequent memory for these relationships. However, previous studies could not rule out the possibility that DLPFC promotes memory during all elaborative encoding conditions and contributes to memory on all subsequent associative memory tests. To address this question directly, we used fMRI to examine activity during two encoding tasks that prompted participants to encode either relational or item-specific information. On relational trials, participants imagined pairs of items interacting, whereas on item-specific trials, participants imagined the items spatially separated and in different sizes. After scanning, we examined memory for relational information and item-specific information. fMRI results showed that DLPFC activity specifically promoted memory for relational information during relational encoding and not memory for item-specific information during item-specific encoding. In contrast, activity in the VLPFC predicted memory for both relational and item-specific information. The present results are consistent with the idea that the DLPFC specifically contributes to successful memory formation through its role in building relationships among items.
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34
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Ranganath C. A unified framework for the functional organization of the medial temporal lobes and the phenomenology of episodic memory. Hippocampus 2010; 20:1263-90. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The ability to encode and retrieve our daily personal experiences, called episodic memory, is supported by the circuitry of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, which interacts extensively with a number of specific distributed cortical and subcortical structures. In both animals and humans, evidence from anatomical, neuropsychological, and physiological studies indicates that cortical components of this system have key functions in several aspects of perception and cognition, whereas the MTL structures mediate the organization and persistence of the network of memories whose details are stored in those cortical areas. Structures within the MTL, and particularly the hippocampus, have distinct functions in combining information from multiple cortical streams, supporting our ability to encode and retrieve details of events that compose episodic memories. Conversely, selective damage in the hippocampus, MTL, and other structures of the large-scale memory system, or deterioration of these areas in several diseases and disorders, compromises episodic memory. A growing body of evidence is converging on a functional organization of the cortical, subcortical, and MTL structures that support the fundamental features of episodic memory in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Chang YL, Jacobson MW, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Jennings RG, Dale AM, McEvoy LK. Level of executive function influences verbal memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and predicts prefrontal and posterior cingulate thickness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1305-13. [PMID: 19776343 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between executive function and verbal memory and to explore the underlying neuroanatomical correlates in 358 individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 222 healthy controls (HCs). The MCI participants were divided into 2 groups (high vs. low) based on executive function task performance. Results demonstrated that although both MCI groups were impaired on all memory measures relative to HCs, MCI individuals with higher executive function (HEF) demonstrated better verbal memory performance than those with lower executive function (LEF), particularly on measures of learning. The 2 MCI groups did not differ in mesial temporal morphometric measures, but the MCI LEF group showed significant thinning in dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices bilaterally compared with the MCI HEF and HCs. Further, thickness in numerous regions of frontal cortex, and bilateral posterior cingulate, was significantly associated with memory performance in all MCI participants above and beyond the contribution of the mesial temporal regions known to be associated with episodic memory. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of evaluating executive function in individuals with MCI to predict involvement of brain areas beyond the mesial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Memory impairments are common after stroke, and the anatomical basis for impairments may be quite variable. To determine the range of stroke-related memory impairment, we identified all case reports and group studies through the Medline database and the Science Citation Index. There is no hypothesis about memory that is unique to stroke, but there are several important facets of memory impairment after stroke: (1) Every node of the limbic system implicated in memory may be damaged by stroke but very rarely in isolation and the combination of amnesia with the associated deficits often illuminates additional aspects of memory functions. (2) Stroke produces amnesia by damage to critical convergence white matter connections of the limbic system, and stroke is the only etiology of amnesia that can delineate the entire pathway of memory and critical convergence points. (3) Stroke also impairs memory, without causing classical amnesia, by damaging brain regions responsible for cognitive processes, some modality specific and some more generally strategic, that are essential for normal learning and recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lim
- The Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Episodic memory impairments represent a core deficit in schizophrenia that severely limits patients' functional outcome. This quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of episodic encoding and retrieval tests the prediction that these deficits are most consistently associated with dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex. METHOD Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was used to perform a quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies that contrasted patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers during episodic encoding and retrieval. From a pool of 36 potential studies, 18 whole-brain studies in standard space that included a healthy comparison sample and low-level baseline contrast were selected. RESULTS As predicted, patients showed less prefrontal activation than comparison subjects in the frontal pole, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during encoding, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during retrieval. The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex encoding deficits were not present in studies that provided patients with encoding strategies, but dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deficits remained and were not secondary to group performance differences. The only medial temporal lobe finding was relatively greater patient versus comparison subject activation in the parahippocampal gyrus during encoding and retrieval. CONCLUSIONS The finding of prominent prefrontal dysfunction suggests that cognitive control deficits strongly contribute to episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia. Memory rehabilitation approaches developed for patients with frontal lobe lesions and pharmacotherapy approaches designed to improve prefrontal cortex function may therefore hold special promise for remediating memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
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Serino A, Ciaramelli E, Santantonio AD, Malagù S, Servadei F, Làdavas E. A pilot study for rehabilitation of central executive deficits after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2009; 21:11-9. [PMID: 17364515 DOI: 10.1080/02699050601151811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE An impairment of the central executive system (CES) of working memory (WM) is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may also explain deficits in divided attention, long-term memory and executive functions. Here we investigated the efficacy of a rehabilitative program (working memory training: WMT) targeting the CES in improving WM and other cognitive functions dependent on this system. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Nine TBI patients with severe WM deficits underwent the WMT (experimental training). The WMT was preceded by a general stimulation training (GST; control training). Patients' cognitive performance was evaluated at the admission, after the GST and at the end of the WMT. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Whereas the GST had no effect on patients' performance, after the WMT patients improved in all the cognitive functions dependent on the CES, but not in those functions not thought to tap this system. Importantly, a beneficial WMT effect was found on patients' everyday life functioning. CONCLUSIONS The results support the efficacy of the WMT in recovering CES impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Bologna
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40
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: List-learning tasks are frequently used to provide measures of “executive functions” that are believed necessary for successful memory performance. Small sample sizes, confounding anomia, and incomplete representation of all frontal regions have prevented consistent demonstration of distinct regional frontal effects on this task. Objective: To confirm specific effects of lesions in different frontal regions. Subjects: Forty-one patients with chronic focal frontal lesions and 38 control subjects. There were no group differences in naming scores. Methods: Two word lists were presented, one with unblocked words from related categories and one in a preblocked format. Standard measures of learning, recall, recognition, and strategies were obtained, first for the frontal group as a whole and then for large but defined frontal regions. For all measures with significant group differences, a lesion “hotspotting” method identified possible specific regional injury effects. Results: The frontal group was impaired on almost all measures, but impairments on most measures were particularly identified with lesions in the left superior frontal lobe (approximately area 9s) and some deficits in learning processes were surprisingly more prominent on the blocked list. Conclusion: Difficulty with list learning is not a general property of all frontal lesions. Lesions in different frontal regions impair list learning through specific mechanisms, and these effects may be modified by manipulations of the task structure.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate, by means of systematic research and qualitative data analysis, the presence, among a group of patients with fronto-temporal lobar degeneration of a subgroup that, at variance with the standard pattern, is able to devise and implement learning strategies, but appear impaired at carrying them on from a trial to the next. In order to provide evidence of the existence of a group of patients showing this type of learning disability, that we refer to as lack of strategy holding, we performed a stepwise hierarchical cluster analysis of a set of variables whose scores were selected from the subject's performance at the Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense. Results substantiate the segregation of three groups of subjects characterized by the following patterns of performance: normal elderly individuals, who show a quite preserved ability to discover a semantic strategy along the learning trials and to carry it from a trial to the next, patients presenting with a deficit in implementing semantic learning strategies and possibly use of serial and/or phonological strategies to perform the task, and to patients who, although able to generate and implement appropriate learning strategies, appear unable to carry them over the learning trials. The presence of this new pattern raises a few questions that seem worth trying to address.
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van Erp TG, Therman S, Pirkola T, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Glahn DC, Bachman P, Huttunen MO, Lönnqvist J, Hietanen M, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Cannon TD. Verbal recall and recognition in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2008; 159:271-80. [PMID: 18442861 PMCID: PMC2519867 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The nature, neural underpinnings, and etiology of deficits in verbal declarative memory in patients with schizophrenia remain unclear. To examine the contributions of genes and environment to verbal recall and recognition performance in this disorder, the California Verbal Learning Test was administered to a large population-based Finnish twin sample, which included schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients, their non-ill monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) co-twins, and healthy control twins. Compared with controls, patients and their co-twins showed relatively greater performance deficits on free recall compared with recognition. Intra-pair differences between patients and their non-ill co-twins in hippocampal volume and memory performance were highly positively correlated. These findings are consistent with the view that genetic influences are associated with reduced verbal recall in schizophrenia, but that non-genetic influences further compromise these abnormalities in patients who manifest the full-blown schizophrenia phenotype, with this additional degree of disease-related declarative memory deficit mediated in part by hippocampal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Therman
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Pirkola
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Research Imaging Center, UTHSCA, San Antonio, TX, U. S.A
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - Matti O. Huttunen
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Hietanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A., Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Human Genetics, UCLA, CA, U.S.A
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Abstract
AIM The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) assesses suggestibility by asking respondents to recall a short story, followed by exposure to leading questions and pressure to change their responses. Suggestibility, as assessed by the GSS, appears to be elevated in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). This has been shown to reflect to some extent the fact that people with ID have poor recall of the story; however, there are discrepancies in this relationship. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a closer match between memory and suggestibility would be found using a measure of recognition memory rather than free recall. METHOD Three modifications to the procedure were presented to users of a learning disabilities day service. In all three experiments, a measure of forced-choice recognition memory was built into the suggestibility test. In experiments 1 and 2, the GSS was presented using either divided presentation (splitting the story into two halves, with memory and suggestibility tests after each half) or multiple presentation (the story was presented three times before presentation of the memory and suggestibility tests). Participants were tested twice, once with the standard version of the test and once with one of the modified versions. In experiment 3, an alternative suggestibility scale (ASS3) was created, based on real events in a learning disabilities day service. The ASS3 was presented to one group of participants who had been present at the events, and a second group who attended a different day service, to whom the events were unfamiliar. RESULTS As observed previously, suggestibility was not closely related to free recall performance: recall was increased equally by all three manipulations, but they produced, respectively, no effect, a modest effect and a large effect on suggestibility. However, the effects on suggestibility were closely related to performance on the forced-choice recognition memory task: divided presentation of the GSS2 had no effect on either of these measures; multiple presentation of the GSS2 produced a modest increase in recognition memory and a modest decrease in suggestibility; and replacing the GSS with the ASS3 produced a large increase in recognition memory and a large decrease in suggestibility. IMPLICATIONS The results support earlier findings that the GSS is likely to overestimate how suggestible a person will be in relation to a personally significant event. This reflects poor recognition memory for the material being tested, rather than increased suggestibility per se. People with ID may in fact be relatively non-suggestible for well-remembered events, which would include personally significant events, particularly those witnessed recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Willner
- Learning Disability Services, Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust, Neath, UK.
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Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Kostrzewa RM, Archer T. Focusing on symptoms rather than diagnoses in brain dysfunction: Conscious and nonconscious expression in impulsiveness and decision-making. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Davidson PSR, Anaki D, Ciaramelli E, Cohn M, Kim ASN, Murphy KJ, Troyer AK, Moscovitch M, Levine B. Does lateral parietal cortex support episodic memory? Evidence from focal lesion patients. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:1743-55. [PMID: 18313699 PMCID: PMC2806230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although neuroimaging and human lesion studies agree that the medial parietal region plays a critical role in episodic memory, many neuroimaging studies have also implicated lateral parietal cortex, leading some researchers to suggest that the lateral region plays a heretofore underappreciated role in episodic memory. Because there are very few extant lesion data on this matter, we examined memory in six cases of focal lateral parietal damage, using both clinical and experimental measures, in which we distinguished between recollection and familiarity. The patients did not have amnesia, but they did show evidence of disrupted recollection on an anterograde memory task. Although the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated, lateral parietal damage appears to impair some aspects of episodic memory.
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Abstract
Recognition of the need to treat cognitive deficits in schizophrenia is compelling and well established, with empirical findings and conceptual arguments related to cognitive enhancement appearing regularly in the literature. Cognitive enhancement itself, however, remains at an early stage. Biological approaches have centered on the development of antipsychotic medications that also improve cognition, but the results have so far remained modest. As a way to facilitate the development of cognitive enhancers in schizophrenia, this article focuses on adjunctive pharmacological approaches to antipsychotic medications and highlights the need for systematic explorations of relevant brain mechanisms. While numerous conceptual criteria might be employed to guide the search, we will focus on 4 points that are especially likely to be useful and which have not yet been considered together. First, the discussion will focus on deficits in a particular cognitive domain, verbal declarative memory. Second, we will review the current status of preclinical and clinical efforts to improve declarative memory using antipsychotic medications, which is the main, existing mode of treatment. Third, we will examine an example of an adjunctive intervention-glucose administration-that improves memory in animals and humans, modulates function in brain regions related to verbal declarative memory, and is highly amenable to translational research. Finally, a heuristic model will be outlined to explore how the intervention maps on to the underlying neurobiology of schizophrenia. More generally, the discussion underlines the promise of cognitive improvement in schizophrenia and the need to approach the issue in a programmatic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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47
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Werheid K, Clare L. Are faces special in Alzheimer's disease? Cognitive conceptualisation, neural correlates, and diagnostic relevance of impaired memory for faces and names. Cortex 2007; 43:898-906. [PMID: 17941348 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory for faces and names has increasingly become a focus of cognitive assessment and research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper reviews evidence from cognitive and clinical neuroscience regarding the question of whether AD is associated with a specific deficit in face recognition, face-name association, and retrieval of semantic information and names. Cognitive approaches conceptualizing face recognition and face-name association have revealed that, compared to other types of visual stimuli, faces are "special" because of their complexity and high intraclass similarity, and because their association with proper names is arbitrary and unique. Neuroimaging has revealed that due to this particular status, face perception requires a complex interplay of highly specialized secondary visual areas located in the occipitotemporal cortex with a widely distributed system of cortical areas subserving further task-dependent processing. Our review of clinical research suggests that AD-related deficits in face recognition are primarily due to mnestic rather than perceptual deficits. Memory for previously studied or famous faces is closely related to mediotemporal and temporocortical brain regions subserving episodic and semantic memory in general, suggesting that AD-related impairments in this domain are due to neural degeneration in these areas. Despite limited specificity due to the apparent absence of a "genuine" domain-specific deficit of face memory in AD, testing memory for faces and names is useful in clinical contexts, as it provides highly sensitive indices of episodic and semantic memory performance. Therefore, clinical assessment of face memory can usefully contribute to early detection of memory deficits in prodromal and initial stages of AD, and represents a basis for further attempts at rehabilitation. Further advantages, such as ecological validity, high task comprehensibility and, in the case of novel face learning, independence from premorbid intelligence level, render measures of face recognition valuable for clinical assessment in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Werheid
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University at Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Pitel AL, Beaunieux H, Witkowski T, Vabret F, Guillery-Girard B, Quinette P, Desgranges B, Eustache F. Genuine episodic memory deficits and executive dysfunctions in alcoholic subjects early in abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1169-78. [PMID: 17511749 PMCID: PMC2895973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcoholism is known to impair episodic memory function, but the specific nature of this impairment is still unclear. Moreover, it has never been established whether episodic memory deficit in alcoholism is an intrinsic memory deficit or whether it has an executive origin. Thus, the objectives are to specify which episodic memory processes are impaired early in abstinence from alcohol and to determine whether they should be regarded as genuine memory deficits or rather as the indirect consequences of executive impairments. METHODS Forty recently detoxified alcoholic inpatients at alcohol entry treatment and 55 group-matched controls underwent a neuropsychological assessment of episodic memory and executive functions. The episodic memory evaluation consisted of 3 tasks complementing each other designed to measure the different episodic memory components (learning, storage, encoding and retrieval, contextual memory, and autonoetic consciousness) and 5 executive tasks testing capacities of organization, inhibition, flexibility, updating, and integration. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, alcoholic patients presented impaired learning abilities, encoding processes, retrieval processes, contextual memory and autonoetic consciousness. However, there was no difference between the 2 groups regarding the storage capacities assessed by the rate of forgetting. Concerning executive functions, alcoholic subjects displayed deficits in each executive task used. Nevertheless, stepwise regression analyses showed that only performances on fluency tasks were significantly predictive of some of the episodic memory disorders (learning abilities for 40%, encoding processes for 20%, temporal memory for 21%, and state of consciousness associated with memories for 26%) in the alcoholic group. DISCUSSION At alcohol treatment entry, alcoholic patients present genuine episodic memory deficits that cannot be regarded solely as the consequences of executive dysfunctions. These results are in accordance with neuroimaging findings showing hippocampal atrophy. Moreover, given the involvement of episodic memory and executive functions in alcohol treatment, these data could have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Pitel
- Inserm EPHE Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie, Unité E0218, GIP Cyceron, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
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49
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Budson AE, Wolk DA, Chong H, Waring JD. Episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease: separating response bias from discrimination. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:2222-32. [PMID: 16820179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most studies examining episodic memory in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on patients' impaired ability to remember information, leading to poor discrimination between studied and unstudied items at test. Poor discrimination, however, can also be attributable to an abnormally high rate of false alarms. One cause of a high false alarm rate is an abnormally liberal response bias; that is, responding "old" too liberally to the test items. In the present study, discrimination and response bias were evaluated when participants were given a series of progressively longer study-test lists of unrelated words. As expected, patients with AD showed overall worse discrimination and a more liberal response bias compared with older adult controls. Critically, patients with AD also showed a more liberal response bias than older adults when discrimination was matched between the groups after performance was equated by giving the older adult controls a more difficult test than the patients with AD. This result confirms that the patients' abnormally liberal response bias is not simply attributable to their poor discrimination. Correlation analyses suggest that the patients' liberal response bias is related to the degree of their episodic memory deficit, which may in turn be related to the severity of their disease. Thus, our research suggests that as AD progresses two distinct abnormalities of episodic memory develop: worse discrimination and a more liberal response bias. Possible explanations of this liberal response bias in patients with AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Budson
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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