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Fox RJ, Wiendl H, Wolf C, De Stefano N, Sellner J, Gryb V, Rejdak K, Bozhinov PS, Vitt D, Kohlhof H, Slizgi J, Ondrus M, Sciacca V, Muehler AR. Safety and Dose-Response of Vidofludimus Calcium in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Extended Results of a Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2024; 11:e200208. [PMID: 38662979 PMCID: PMC11087024 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Vidofludimus calcium suppressed MRI disease activity compared with placebo in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in the first cohort of the phase 2 EMPhASIS study. Because 30 mg and 45 mg showed comparable activity on multiple end points, the study enrolled an additional low-dose cohort to further investigate a dose-response relationship. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, patients with RRMS, aged 18-55 years, and with ≥2 relapses in the last 2 years or ≥1 relapse in the last year, and ≥1 gadolinium-enhancing brain lesion in the last 6 months. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) vidofludimus calcium (30 or 45 mg) or placebo in cohort 1 and vidofludimus calcium (10 mg) or placebo (4:1) in cohort 2 for 24 weeks. The primary end point was the cumulative number of combined unique active (CUA) lesions at week 24. Secondary end points were clinical outcomes and safety. RESULTS Across cohorts 1 and 2, 268 patients were randomized to placebo (n = 81), 10 mg (n = 47) vidofludimus calcium, 30 mg (n = 71) vidofludimus calcium, or 45 mg (n = 69) vidofludimus calcium. The mean cumulative CUA lesions over 24 weeks was 5.8 (95% CI 4.1-8.2) for placebo, 5.9 (95% CI 3.9-9.0) for 10 mg treatment group, 1.4 (95% CI 0.9-2.1) for 30 mg treatment group, and 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) for 45 mg treatment group. Serum neurofilament light chain decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The number of patients with confirmed disability worsening after 24 weeks was 3 (3.7%) patients receiving placebo and 3 (1.6%) patients receiving any dose of vidofludimus calcium. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 35 (43%) placebo patients compared with 11 (23%) and 71 (37%) patients in the 10 mg or any dose of vidofludimus calcium groups, respectively. The incidence of liver enzyme elevations and infections were similar between placebo and any dose of vidofludimus calcium. No new safety signals were observed. DISCUSSION Compared with placebo, vidofludimus calcium suppressed the development of new brain lesions with daily doses of 30 mg and 45 mg, but not 10 mg, establishing the lowest efficacious dose is 30 mg. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that among adults with active RRMS and ≥1 Gd+ brain lesion in the past 6 months, the cumulative number of active lesions decreased with vidofludimus calcium. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03846219) and EudraCT (2018-001896-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fox
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Christian Wolf
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Johann Sellner
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Viktoriia Gryb
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Plamen S Bozhinov
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Daniel Vitt
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Hella Kohlhof
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Jason Slizgi
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Matej Ondrus
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Valentina Sciacca
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
| | - Andreas R Muehler
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.J.F.), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology (H.W.), University of Münster, Germany; Lycalis sprl (C.W.), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medicine (N.D.S.), Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Neurology (J. Sellner), Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Austria; Regional Clinical Hospital Department of Vascular Neurology (V.G.), Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; Department of Neurology (K.R.), Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Pleven (P.S.B.), Bulgaria; Immunic AG (D.V., H.K., M.O., V.S., A.R.M.), Gräfelfing, Germany; and independent consultant (J. Slizgi), Raleigh, NC
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Liu Y, Ma C, Li Y, Li M, Cui T, Zhao X, Li Z, Jia H, Wang H, Xiu X, Hu D, Zhang R, Wang N, Liu P, Yang H, Cheng M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of carbamate derivatives incorporating multifunctional carrier scaffolds as pseudo-irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116071. [PMID: 38157596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of carbamate derivatives incorporating multifunctional carrier scaffolds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used tacrine to modify the aliphatic substituent, and employed rivastigmine, indole and sibiriline fragments as carrier scaffolds. The majority of compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity for cholinesterase. Notably, compound C7 with sibiriline fragment exhibited potent inhibitory activities against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE, IC50 = 30.35 ± 2.07 nM) and human butyrylcholinesterase (hBuChE, IC50 = 48.03 ± 6.41 nM) with minimal neurotoxicity. Further investigations have demonstrated that C7 exhibited a remarkable capacity to safeguard PC12 cells against H2O2-induced apoptosis and effectively suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, in an inflammation model of BV2 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), C7 effectively attenuated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. After 12 h of dialysis, C7 continued to exhibit an inhibitory effect on cholinesterase activity. An acute toxicity test in vivo demonstrated that C7 exhibited a superior safety profile and no hepatotoxicity compared to the parent nucleus tacrine. In the scopolamine-induced AD mouse model, C7 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced cholinesterase activity in the brain of the mice. C7 was tested in a pharmacological AD mouse model induced by Aβ1-42 and attenuated memory deficits at doses as low as 5 mg/kg. The pseudo-irreversible cholinesterase inhibitory properties and multifunctional therapeutic attributes of C7 render it a promising candidate for further investigation in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xueqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhenli Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dexiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ningwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Huali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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