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Eleuteri M, Desantis J, Cruciani G, Germani R, Goracci L. Use of ionic liquids in amidation reactions for proteolysis targeting chimera synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38602033 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Selective degradation of disease-causing proteins using proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has gained great attention, thanks to its several advantages over traditional therapeutic modalities. Despite the advances made so far, the structural chemical complexity of PROTACs poses challenges in their synthetic approaches. PROTACs are typically prepared through a convergent approach, first synthesizing two fragments separately (target protein and E3 ligase ligands) and then coupling them to produce a fully assembled PROTAC. The amidation reaction represents the most common coupling exploited in PROTACs synthesis. Unfortunately, the overall isolated yields of such synthetic procedures are usually low due to one or more purification steps to obtain the final PROTAC with acceptable purity. In this work, we focused our attention on the optimization of the final amidation step for the synthesis of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 PROTAC by investigating different amidation coupling reagents and a range of alternative solvents, including ionic liquids (ILs). Among the ILs screened, [OMIM][ClO4] emerged as a successful replacement for the commonly used DMF within the HATU-mediated amidation reaction, thus allowing the synthesis of the target PROTAC under mild and sustainable conditions in very high isolated yields. With the optimised conditions in hand, we explored the scalability of the synthetic approach and the substrate scope of the reaction by employing different E3 ligase ligand (VHL and CRBN)-based intermediates containing linkers of different lengths and compositions or by using different target protein ligands. Interestingly, in all cases, we obtained high isolated yields and complete conversion in short reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Eleuteri
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Raimondo Germani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy.
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2
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Palazzotti D, Felicetti T, Sabatini S, Moro S, Barreca ML, Sturlese M, Astolfi A. Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance: Insights on How the Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Recognizes 2-Phenylquinoline Inhibitors by Supervised Molecular Dynamics (SuMD) and Molecular Docking Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4875-4887. [PMID: 37515548 PMCID: PMC10428217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The superbug Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) exhibits several resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps, that strongly contribute to antimicrobial resistance. In particular, the NorA efflux pump activity is associated with S. aureus resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) by promoting their active extrusion from cells. Thus, since efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are able to increase antibiotic concentrations in bacteria as well as restore their susceptibility to these agents, they represent a promising strategy to counteract bacterial resistance. Additionally, the very recent release of two NorA efflux pump cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures in complex with synthetic antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) represents a real breakthrough in the study of S. aureus antibiotic resistance. In this scenario, supervised molecular dynamics (SuMD) and molecular docking experiments were combined to investigate for the first time the molecular mechanisms driving the interaction between NorA and efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), with the ultimate goal of elucidating how the NorA efflux pump recognizes its inhibitors. The findings provide insights into the dynamic NorA-EPI intermolecular interactions and lay the groundwork for future drug discovery efforts aimed at the identification of novel molecules to fight antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Palazzotti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular
Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological
Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular
Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological
Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Astolfi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018−2022, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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3
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De Gaetano GV, Lentini G, Famà A, Coppolino F, Beninati C. Antimicrobial Resistance: Two-Component Regulatory Systems and Multidrug Efflux Pumps. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:965. [PMID: 37370284 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of multidrug-resistant bacteria is rapidly spreading worldwide. Among the various mechanisms determining resistance to antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps play a noteworthy role because they export extraneous and noxious substrates from the inside to the outside environment of the bacterial cell contributing to multidrug resistance (MDR) and, consequently, to the failure of anti-infective therapies. The expression of multidrug efflux pumps can be under the control of transcriptional regulators and two-component systems (TCS). TCS are a major mechanism by which microorganisms sense and reply to external and/or intramembrane stimuli by coordinating the expression of genes involved not only in pathogenic pathways but also in antibiotic resistance. In this review, we describe the influence of TCS on multidrug efflux pump expression and activity in some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Taking into account the strict correlation between TCS and multidrug efflux pumps, the development of drugs targeting TCS, alone or together with already discovered efflux pump inhibitors, may represent a beneficial strategy to contribute to the fight against growing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Scylla Biotech Srl, 98124 Messina, Italy
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4
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Abavisani M, Kodori M, Akrami F, Radfar A, Hashemi A. Relationships between Efflux Pumps and Emergence of Heteroresistance: A Comprehensive Study on the Current Findings. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2022; 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36249589 PMCID: PMC9553693 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3916980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heteroresiatnce (HR) is the type of resistance toward one or more antibiotics appearing as a population of the bacterial load consisting of one or more subpopulations with lower antibiotic susceptibility levels than others. Due to the lack of appropriate diagnosis of HR isolates and their importance in resistance emergence to antibiotics, investigating the origins, emergence factors, and HR inhibitors is critical in combating antibiotic resistance. Efflux pumps (EPs) are bacterial systems that own an influential role in acquiring resistance toward anti-bacterial compounds. Studies on EPs revealed that they can affect HR emergence mechanisms and are competent to be introduced as a suitable bacterial target for diagnostic and therapeutic development in combating HR isolates. This review will consider the relations between EPs and the emergence of HR isolates and discuss their importance in confronting this type of antibiotic resistance.
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Monteiro KLC, Silva ON, Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, Mendonça Júnior FJB, Aquino PGV, da Silva-Júnior EF, de Aquino TM. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors Targeting Resistant Bacteria. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1983-2028. [PMID: 35319372 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220321124452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics was a revolutionary feat that provided countless health benefits. The identification of penicillin by Alexander Fleming initiated the era of antibiotics, represented by constant discoveries that enabled effective treatments for the different classes of diseases caused by bacteria. However, the indiscriminate use of these drugs allowed the emergence of resistance mechanisms of these microorganisms against the available drugs. In addition, the constant discoveries in the 20th century generated a shortage of new molecules, worrying health agencies and professionals about the appearance of multidrug-resistant strains against available drugs. In this context, the advances of recent years in molecular biology and microbiology have allowed new perspectives in drug design and development, using the findings related to the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to generate new drugs that are not affected by such mechanisms and supply new molecules to be used to treat resistant bacterial infections. Besides, a promising strategy against bacterial resistance is the combination of drugs through adjuvants, providing new expectations in designing new antibiotics and new antimicrobial therapies. Thus, this manuscript will address the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance under the understanding of medicinal chemistry, showing the main active compounds against efflux mechanisms, and also the application of the use of drug delivery systems, and finally, the main potential natural products as adjuvants or with promising activity against resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Osmar Nascimento Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Center of Anápolis, Unievangélica, 75083-515, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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6
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Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Brown MH. Efflux Pump Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance by Staphylococci in Health-Related Environments: Challenges and the Quest for Inhibition. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121502. [PMID: 34943714 PMCID: PMC8698293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal bacteria is a major health threat worldwide due to significant morbidity and mortality resulting from their associated hospital- or community-acquired infections. Dramatic decrease in the discovery of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical industry coupled with increased use of sanitisers and disinfectants due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic can further aggravate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococci utilise multiple mechanisms to circumvent the effects of antimicrobials. One of these resistance mechanisms is the export of antimicrobial agents through the activity of membrane-embedded multidrug efflux pump proteins. The use of efflux pump inhibitors in combination with currently approved antimicrobials is a promising strategy to potentiate their clinical efficacy against resistant strains of staphylococci, and simultaneously reduce the selection of resistant mutants. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of staphylococcal efflux pumps, discusses their clinical impact, and summarises compounds found in the last decade from plant and synthetic origin that have the potential to be used as adjuvants to antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant staphylococci. Critically, future high-resolution structures of staphylococcal efflux pumps could aid in design and development of safer, more target-specific and highly potent efflux pump inhibitors to progress into clinical use.
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Zurnacı M, Şenturan M, Şener N, Gür M, Altınöz E, Şener İ, Altuner EM. Studies on Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Efflux Pump Inhibiting, and ADMET Properties of Newly Synthesized 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Zurnacı
- Central Research Laboratory Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Merve Şenturan
- Institue of Science Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Nesrin Şener
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science-Arts Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gür
- Department of Forest Industrial Engineering Faculty of Forestry Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Eda Altınöz
- Institue of Science Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
| | - İzzet Şener
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
| | - Ergin Murat Altuner
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Arts Kastamonu University 37200 Kastamonu Turkey
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8
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Cernicchi G, Felicetti T, Sabatini S. Microbial Efflux Pump Inhibitors: A Journey around Quinoline and Indole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:6996. [PMID: 34834098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex threat to human health and, to date, it represents a hot topic in drug discovery. The use of non-antibiotic molecules to block resistance mechanisms is a powerful alternative to the identification of new antibiotics. Bacterial efflux pumps exert the early step of AMR development, allowing the bacteria to grow in presence of sub-inhibitory drug concentration and develop more specific resistance mechanisms. Thus, efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) offer a great opportunity to fight AMR, potentially restoring antibiotic activity. Based on our experience in designing and synthesizing novel EPIs, herein, we retrieved information around quinoline and indole derivatives reported in literature on this topic. Thus, our aim was to collect all data around these promising classes of EPIs in order to delineate a comprehensive structure–activity relationship (SAR) around each core for different microbes. With this review article, we aim to help future research in the field in the discovery of new microbial EPIs with improved activity and a better safety profile.
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Cedraro N, Cannalire R, Astolfi A, Mangiaterra G, Felicetti T, Vaiasicca S, Cernicchi G, Massari S, Manfroni G, Tabarrini O, Cecchetti V, Barreca ML, Biavasco F, Sabatini S. From Quinoline to Quinazoline-Based S. aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors by Coupling a Focused Scaffold Hopping Approach and a Pharmacophore Search. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3044-3059. [PMID: 34032014 PMCID: PMC8518402 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance breakers, such as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), represent a powerful alternative to the development of new antimicrobials. Recently, by using previously described EPIs, we developed pharmacophore models able to identify inhibitors of NorA, the most studied efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus. Herein we report the pharmacophore-based virtual screening of a library of new potential NorA EPIs generated by an in-silico scaffold hopping approach of the quinoline core. After chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of the best virtual hits, we found the quinazoline core as the best performing scaffold. Accordingly, we designed and synthesized a series of functionalized 2-arylquinazolines, which were further evaluated as NorA EPIs. Four of them exhibited a strong synergism with ciprofloxacin and a good inhibition of ethidium bromide efflux on resistant S. aureus strains coupled with low cytotoxicity against human cell lines, thus highlighting a promising safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cedraro
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marchevia Brecce Bianche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Current address: Department of PharmacyUniversity of Napoli “Federico II”via D. Montesano 4980131NapoliItaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Gianmarco Mangiaterra
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marchevia Brecce Bianche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Salvatore Vaiasicca
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marchevia Brecce Bianche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Giada Cernicchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marchevia Brecce Bianche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Perugiavia del Liceo 106123PerugiaItaly
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Dos Santos Barbosa CR, Scherf JR, de Freitas TS, de Menezes IRA, Pereira RLS, Dos Santos JFS, de Jesus SSP, Lopes TP, de Sousa Silveira Z, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, Júnior JPS, Coutinho HDM, Tintino SR, da Cunha FAB. Effect of Carvacrol and Thymol on NorA efflux pump inhibition in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:489-498. [PMID: 34159523 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Undue exposure to antimicrobials has led to the acquisition and development of sophisticated bacterial resistance mechanisms, such as efflux pumps, which are able to expel or reduce the intracellular concentration of various antibiotics, making them ineffective. Therefore, inhibiting this mechanism is a promising way to minimize the phenomenon of resistance in bacteria. In this sense, the present study sought to evaluate the activity of the Carvacrol (CAR) and Thymol (THY) terpenes as possible Efflux Pump Inhibitors (EPIs), by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the association of these compounds in subinhibitory concentrations with the antibiotic Norfloxacin and with Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) against strains SA-1199 (wild-type) and SA-1199B (overexpresses NorA) of Staphylococcus aureus. In order to verify the interaction of the terpenes with the NorA efflux protein, an in silico molecular modeling study was carried out. The assays used to obtain the MIC of CAR and THY were performed by broth microdilution, while the Efflux Pump inhibitory test was performed by the MIC modification method of the antibiotic Norfloxacin and EtBr. docking was performed using the Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) program. The results of the study revealed that CAR and THY have moderate bacterial activity and are capable of reducing the MIC of Norfloxacin antibiotic and EtBr in strains of S. aureus carrying the NorA efflux pump. The docking results showed that these terpenes act as possible competitive NorA inhibitors and can be investigated as adjuvants in combined therapies aimed at reducing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackelyne Roberta Scherf
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Thiago Sampaio de Freitas
- Laboratory of Simulations and Molecular Spectroscopy (Lasemol), Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Luiz Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Simulations and Molecular Spectroscopy (Lasemol), Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thais Pereira Lopes
- Laboratory of Semi-Arid Bioprospecting (LABSEMA), Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato, Brazil
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Monteiro KLC, de Aquino TM, Mendonça Junior FJB. An Update on Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2168-2185. [PMID: 32621719 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200704135837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens causing severe infectious diseases that pose real public health threats problems worldwide. In S. aureus, the most efficient multidrug-resistant system is the NorA efflux pump. For this reason, it is critical to identify efflux pump inhibitors. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we present an update of the new natural and synthetic compounds that act as modulators of antibiotic resistance through the inhibition of the S. aureus NorA efflux pump. RESULTS Several classes of compounds capable of restoring the antibiotic activity have been identified against resistant-S. aureus strains, acting as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. The most promising classes of compounds were quinolines, indoles, pyridines, phenols, and sulfur-containing heterocycles. However, the substantial degree structural diversity of these compounds makes it difficult to establish good structure- activity correlations that allow the design of compounds with more promising activities and properties. CONCLUSION Despite substantial efforts put forth in the search for new antibiotic adjuvants that act as efflux pump inhibitors, and despite several promising results, there are currently no efflux pump inhibitors authorized for human or veterinary use, or in clinical trials. Unfortunately, it appears that infection control strategies have remained the same since the discovery of penicillin, and that most efforts remain focused on discovering new classes of antibiotics, rather than trying to prolong the life of available antibiotics, and simultaneously fighting mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
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12
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Nazari Montazer M, Asadi M, Bahadorikhalili S, Hosseini FS, Amanlou A, Biglar M, Amanlou M. Design, synthesis, docking study and urease inhibitory activity evaluation of novel 2-((5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)-N-arylacetamide derivatives. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Oliveira-Tintino CDDM, Muniz DF, Barbosa CRDS, Pereira RLS, Begnini IM, Rebelo RA, Silva LED, Mireski SL, Nasato MC, Krautler MIL, Pereira PS, Costa JGMD, Rodrigues FFG, Teixeira AMR, Ribeiro-Filho J, Tintino SR, de Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Silva TGD. The 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides are NorA efflux pump inhibitors. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 24:233-240. [PMID: 33385589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Efflux pumps are transmembrane proteins associated with bacterial resistance mechanisms. Bacteria use these proteins to actively transport antibiotics to the extracellular medium, preventing the pharmacological action of these drugs. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial activity of 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides, as well as their ability to inhibit efflux systems of Staphylococcus aureus strains expressing different levels of the NorA efflux pump. METHODS The broth microdilution test was performed to assess antibacterial activity. Efflux pump inhibition was evaluated in silico by molecular docking and in vitro by fluorometric tests, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The MIC was determined in the association between 1,8-naphthyridine and norfloxacin or ethidium bromide. RESULTS The 1,8-naphthyridines did not show direct antibacterial activity. However, they effectively reduced the MIC of multidrug-resistant bacteria by associating with norfloxacin and ethidium bromide, in addition to increasing the fluorescence emission. In silico analysis addressing the binding between NorA and 1,8-naphthyridines suggests that hydrogen bonds and hydrophilic interactions represent the interactions with the most favourable binding energy, corroborating the experimental data. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that 1,8-naphthyridines sulfonamides inhibit bacterial resistance through molecular mechanisms associated with inhibition of the NorA efflux pump in S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Débora Feitosa Muniz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Raimundo Luiz Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Iêda Maria Begnini
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrade Rebelo
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Everson da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Territorial Development, Coastal Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandro Lucio Mireski
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Michele Caroline Nasato
- Department of Chemistry, Regional University of Blumenau, FURB, Itoupava Seca, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José Galberto Martins da Costa
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Magno Rodrigues Teixeira
- Laboratory of simulations and molecular spectroscopy, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IGM-Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
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14
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Elhidar N, Nafis A, Goehler A, Abbad A, Hassani L, Mezrioui NE, Bohnert JA. Novel DiOC 3 96-well real-time efflux assay for discovery of NorA efflux pump inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 181:106128. [PMID: 33347918 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The NorA efflux pump is one of the most studied efflux systems in Staphylococcus aureus and confers multidrug resistance to a variety of dyes and antimicrobial compounds. Hence, inhibition of the NorA efflux pump might be a viable option for restoring susceptibility to antibiotics like fluoroquinolones. Fluorescent real-time efflux assays are important tools to identify putative efflux pump inhibitors. Nevertheless, the number of available compounds for usage in Staphylococcus aureus is limited. Previously, a 3-dipropyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC3) efflux assay was published that circumvented problems associated with the usage of ethidium bromide, namely slow efflux and suggested mutagenicity. However, the DiOC3 assay protocol was cuvette - based and therefore needs to be adapted to the 96-well plate format. Hence, we optimized this assay for usage with 96-well plates. The new assay allows for rapid high-throughput efflux pump inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Elhidar
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Nafis
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - André Goehler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Nour-Eddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Jürgen A Bohnert
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Cannalire R, Mangiaterra G, Felicetti T, Astolfi A, Cedraro N, Massari S, Manfroni G, Tabarrini O, Vaiasicca S, Barreca ML, Cecchetti V, Biavasco F, Sabatini S. Structural Modifications of the Quinolin-4-yloxy Core to Obtain New Staphylococcus aureus NorA Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197037. [PMID: 32987835 PMCID: PMC7582826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a social responsibility aimed at renewing the antimicrobial armamentarium and identifying novel therapeutical approaches. Among the possible strategies, efflux pumps inhibition offers the advantage to contrast the resistance against all drugs which can be extruded. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are molecules devoid of any antimicrobial activity, but synergizing with pumps-substrate antibiotics. Herein, we performed an in silico scaffold hopping approach starting from quinolin-4-yloxy-based Staphylococcus aureus NorA EPIs by using previously built pharmacophore models for NorA inhibition activity. Four scaffolds were identified, synthesized, and modified with appropriate substituents to obtain new compounds, that were evaluated for their ability to inhibit NorA and synergize with the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin against resistant S. aureus strains. The two quinoline-4-carboxamide derivatives 3a and 3b showed the best results being synergic (4-fold MIC reduction) with ciprofloxacin at concentrations as low as 3.13 and 1.56 µg/mL, respectively, which were nontoxic for human THP-1 and A549 cells. The NorA inhibition was confirmed by SA-1199B ethidium bromide efflux and checkerboard assays against the isogenic pair SA-K2378 (norA++)/SA-K1902 (norA-). These in vitro results indicate the two compounds as valuable structures for designing novel S. aureus NorA inhibitors to be used in association with fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Mangiaterra
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (N.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (F.B.)
| | - Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Nicholas Cedraro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (N.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Salvatore Vaiasicca
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (N.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (N.C.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (F.B.)
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (R.C.); (A.A.); (S.M.); (G.M.); (O.T.); (M.L.B.); (V.C.); (S.S.)
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16
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Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics ought to have ended the issue of bacterial infections, but this was not the case as it has led to the evolution of various mechanisms of bacterial resistance against various antibiotics. The efflux pump remains one of the mechanisms through which organisms develop resistance against antibiotics; this is because organisms can extrude most of the clinically relevant antibiotics from the interior cell environment to the exterior environment via the efflux pumps. Efflux pumps are thought to contribute significantly to biofilm formation as highlighted by various studies. Therefore, the inhibition of these efflux pumps can be a potential way of improving the activity of antibiotics, particularly now that the discovery of novel antibiotics is becoming tedious. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are molecules that can inhibit efflux pumps; they have been considered potential therapeutic agents for rejuvenating the activity of antibiotics that have already lost their activity against bacteria. However, studies are yet to determine the specific substrates for such pumps; the effect of altered efflux activity of these pumps on biofilm formation is still being investigated. A clear knowledge of the involvement of efflux pumps in biofilm development could aid in developing new agents that can interfere with their function and help to prevent biofilms formation; thereby, improving the outcome of treatment strategies. This review focuses on the novel update of EPIs and discusses the evidence of the roles of efflux pumps in biofilm formation; the potential approaches towards overcoming the increasing problem of biofilm-based infections are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia.
| | - Osman Albarri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü), Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia.
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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17
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Zimmermann S, Klinger-Strobel M, Bohnert JA, Wendler S, Rödel J, Pletz MW, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Clinically Approved Drugs Inhibit the Staphylococcus aureus Multidrug NorA Efflux Pump and Reduce Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2762. [PMID: 31849901 PMCID: PMC6901667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has acquired resistance to antibiotics since their first use. The S. aureus protein NorA, an efflux pump belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), contributes to resistance to fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin), biocides, dyes, quaternary ammonium compounds, and antiseptics. Different compounds have been identified as potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) of NorA that result in increased intracellular concentration of antibiotics, restoring their antibacterial activity and cell susceptibility. However, none of the currently known EPIs have been approved for clinical use, probably due to their toxicity profiles. In the present study, we screened approved drugs for possible efflux pump inhibition. By screening a compound library of approximately 1200 different drugs, we identified nilotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as showing the best efflux pump inhibitory activity, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.1875, indicating synergism with ciprofloxacin, and a minimum effective concentration as low as 0.195 μM. Moreover, at 0.39 μM, nilotinib, in combination with 8 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin, led to a significant reduction in biofilm formation and preformed mature biofilms. This is the first description of an approved drug that can be used as an efflux pump inhibitor and to reduce biofilms formation at clinically achievable concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Zimmermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mareike Klinger-Strobel
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen A Bohnert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Greifswald University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sindy Wendler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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18
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Gao F, Xiao J, Huang G. Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Tambat R, Jangra M, Mahey N, Chandal N, Kaur M, Chaudhary S, Verma DK, Thakur KG, Raje M, Jachak S, Khatri N, Nandanwar H. Microbe-Derived Indole Metabolite Demonstrates Potent Multidrug Efflux Pump Inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2153. [PMID: 31620109 PMCID: PMC6759831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps are always at the forefront of bacterial multidrug resistance and account for the failure of antibiotics. The present study explored the potential of 2-(2-Aminophenyl) indole (RP2), an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) isolated from the soil bacterium, to overcome the efflux-mediated resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The RP2/antibiotic combination was tested against efflux pump over-expressed S. aureus strains. The compound was further examined for the ethidium bromide (EtBr) uptake and efflux inhibition assay (a hallmark of EPI functionality) and cytoplasmic membrane depolarization. The safety profile of RP2 was investigated using in vitro cytotoxicity assay and Ca2+ channel inhibitory effect. The in vivo efficacy of RP2 was studied in an animal model in combination with ciprofloxacin. RP2 exhibited the synergistic activity with several antibiotics in efflux pump over-expressed strains of S. aureus. In the mechanistic experiments, RP2 increased the accumulation of EtBr, and demonstrated the inhibition of its efflux. The antibiotic-EPI combinations resulted in extended post antibiotic effects as well as a decrease in mutation prevention concentration of antibiotics. Additionally, the in silico docking studies suggested the binding of RP2 to the active site of modeled structure of NorA efflux pump. The compound displayed low mammalian cytotoxicity and had no Ca2+ channel inhibitory effect. In ex vivo experiments, RP2 reduced the intracellular invasion of S. aureus in macrophages. Furthermore, the RP2/ciprofloxacin combination demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a murine thigh infection model. In conclusion, RP2 represents a promising candidate as bacterial EPI, which can be used in the form of a novel therapeutic regimen along with existing and upcoming antibiotics, for the eradication of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh Tambat
- Clinical Microbiology and Bioactive Screening Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Jangra
- Clinical Microbiology and Bioactive Screening Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nisha Mahey
- Clinical Microbiology and Bioactive Screening Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nishtha Chandal
- Clinical Microbiology and Bioactive Screening Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Clinical Microbiology and Bioactive Screening Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surbhi Chaudhary
- Cell Biology and Microscopy Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipesh Kumar Verma
- Structural Biology Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- Structural Biology Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Cell Biology and Microscopy Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Jachak
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Neeraj Khatri
- Animal House Facility, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hemraj Nandanwar
- Clinical Microbiology and Bioactive Screening Laboratory, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Pereira PS, Lima MDCAD, Neto PPM, Oliveira-tintino CDDM, Tintino SR, Menezes IRDA, de Oliveira JF, Marchand P, Coutinho HDM, Rodrigues MDD, da Silva TG. Thiazolidinedione and thiazole derivatives potentiate norfloxacin activity against NorA efflux pump over expression in Staphylococcus aureus 1199B strains. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3797-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Lamut A, Peterlin Mašič L, Kikelj D, Tomašič T. Efflux pump inhibitors of clinically relevant multidrug resistant bacteria. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2460-2504. [PMID: 31004360 DOI: 10.1002/med.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are an increasingly serious issue worldwide. The inability of existing therapies to treat multidrug-resistant pathogens has been recognized as an important challenge of the 21st century. Efflux pumps are important in both intrinsic and acquired bacterial resistance and identification of small molecule efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), capable of restoring the effectiveness of available antibiotics, is an active research field. In the last two decades, much effort has been made to identify novel EPIs. However, none of them has so far been approved for therapeutic use. In this article, we explore different structural families of currently known EPIs for multidrug resistance efflux systems in the most extensively studied pathogens (NorA in Staphylococcus aureus, AcrAB-TolC in Escherichia coli, and MexAB-OprM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Both synthetic and natural compounds are described, with structure-activity relationship studies and optimization processes presented systematically for each family individually. In vitro activities against selected test strains are presented in a unifying manner for all the EPIs described, together with the most important toxicity, pharmacokinetic and in vivo efficacy data. A critical evaluation of lead-likeness characteristics and the potential for clinical development of the most promising inhibitors of the three efflux systems is described. This overview of EPIs is a good starting point for the identification of novel effective antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Lamut
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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23
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Song X, Gao C, Li B, Zhang X, Fan X. Regioselective Synthesis of 2-Alkenylindoles and 2-Alkenylindole-3-carboxylates through the Cascade Reactions of N-Nitrosoanilines with Propargyl Alcohols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8509-8521. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Cai Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Bin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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24
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Radix S, Jordheim AD, Rocheblave L, N'Digo S, Prignon AL, Commun C, Michalet S, Dijoux-Franca MG, Mularoni A, Walchshofer N. N,N′-disubstituted cinnamamide derivatives potentiate ciprofloxacin activity against overexpressing NorA efflux pump Staphylococcus aureus 1199B strains. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:900-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Adjei J, Sanford LM, Shrestha U, Kumar S, Varela MF. Modulation of antimicrobial efflux pumps of the major facilitator superfamily in Staphylococcus aureus. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:1-18. [PMID: 31294201 PMCID: PMC6605029 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of the microorganism Staphylococcus aureus which are resistant to antimicrobial agents exist as causative agents of serious infectious disease and constitute a considerable public health concern. One of the main antimicrobial resistance mechanisms harbored by S. aureus pathogens is exemplified by integral membrane transport systems that actively remove antimicrobial agents from bacteria where the cytoplasmic drug targets reside, thus allowing the bacteria to survive and grow. An important class of solute transporter proteins, called the major facilitator superfamily, includes related and homologous passive and secondary active transport systems, many of which are antimicrobial efflux pumps. Transporters of the major facilitator superfamily, which confer antimicrobial efflux and bacterial resistance in S. aureus, are good targets for development of resistance-modifying agents, such as efflux pump inhibition. Such modulatory action upon these antimicrobial efflux systems of the major facilitator superfamily in S. aureus may circumvent resistance and restore the clinical efficacy of therapy towards S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre, Dr. Salim Ali Road, Kochi, 682018, India
| | - Jones Adjei
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Leslie M Sanford
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Ugina Shrestha
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Eastern New Mexico, Department of Biology, Station 33, 1500 South Avenue K, Portales, NM, 88130, USA
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26
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Zimmermann S, Tuchscherr L, Rödel J, Löffler B, Bohnert JA. Optimized efflux assay for the NorA multidrug efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 142:39-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Yu S, Hu K, Gong J, Qi L, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Cheng T, Chen J. Palladium-catalyzed tandem addition/cyclization in aqueous medium: synthesis of 2-arylindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4300-4307. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00572e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed tandem reaction of potassium aryltrifluoroborates with nitriles for the synthesis of 2-arylindoles in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Yu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Hu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Julin Gong
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Linjun Qi
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Jianghe Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Yetong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Tianxing Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
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