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Asadi S, Zebarjad M, Mehrabi H. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Imidazopyridine: A Simple One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of 6-Hydroxy-5 -(3-Phenylimidazo[1,2- a]Pyridin-2-yl)-2-Thioxo-2, 3-Dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-Ones. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2161583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maedeh Zebarjad
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mehrabi
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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2
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Murithi JM, Deni I, Pasaje CFA, Okombo J, Bridgford JL, Gnädig NF, Edwards RL, Yeo T, Mok S, Burkhard AY, Coburn-Flynn O, Istvan ES, Sakata-Kato T, Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Cowell AN, Wicht KJ, Le Manach C, Kalantarov GF, Dey S, Duffey M, Laleu B, Lukens AK, Ottilie S, Vanaerschot M, Trakht IN, Gamo FJ, Wirth DF, Goldberg DE, Odom John AR, Chibale K, Winzeler EA, Niles JC, Fidock DA. The Plasmodium falciparum ABC transporter ABCI3 confers parasite strain-dependent pleiotropic antimalarial drug resistance. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:824-839.e6. [PMID: 34233174 PMCID: PMC8727639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Widespread Plasmodium falciparum resistance to first-line antimalarials underscores the vital need to develop compounds with novel modes of action and identify new druggable targets. Here, we profile five compounds that potently inhibit P. falciparum asexual blood stages. Resistance selection studies with three carboxamide-containing compounds, confirmed by gene editing and conditional knockdowns, identify point mutations in the parasite transporter ABCI3 as the primary mediator of resistance. Selection studies with imidazopyridine or quinoline-carboxamide compounds also yield changes in ABCI3, this time through gene amplification. Imidazopyridine mode of action is attributed to inhibition of heme detoxification, as evidenced by cellular accumulation and heme fractionation assays. For the copy-number variation-selecting imidazopyridine and quinoline-carboxamide compounds, we find that resistance, manifesting as a biphasic concentration-response curve, can independently be mediated by mutations in the chloroquine resistance transporter PfCRT. These studies reveal the interconnectedness of P. falciparum transporters in overcoming drug pressure in different parasite strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Murithi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ioanna Deni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - John Okombo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jessica L. Bridgford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nina F. Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rachel L. Edwards
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Vaccine Development, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anna Y. Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olivia Coburn-Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eva S. Istvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomoyo Sakata-Kato
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Annie N. Cowell
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Wicht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Drug Discovery and Development Center (H3D) and South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Claire Le Manach
- Drug Discovery and Development Center (H3D) and South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gavreel F. Kalantarov
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sumanta Dey
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maëlle Duffey
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amanda K. Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ilya N. Trakht
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francisco-Javier Gamo
- Global Health Pharma Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dyann F. Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Center (H3D) and South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Corresponding author
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3
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Wantulok J, Swoboda D, Nycz JE, Książek M, Kusz J, Małecki JG, Kubíček V. Direct Amination of Nitroquinoline Derivatives via Nucleophilic Displacement of Aromatic Hydrogen. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071857. [PMID: 33806090 PMCID: PMC8036465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (VNS) reaction in electron-deficient nitroquinolines was studied. Properties of all new products have been characterized by several techniques: MS, HRMS, FTIR, GC-MS, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and multinuclear NMR. The structures of 4-chloro-8-nitroquinoline, 8-(tert-butyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroquinoline, 9-(8-nitroquinolin-7-yl)-9H-carbazole and (Z)-7-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-8-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-5(8H)-one were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The 9-(8-nitroquinolin-7-yl)-9H-carbazole and (Z)-7-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-8-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-5(8H)-one illustrate the nitro/nitroso conversion within VNS reaction. Additionally, 9-(8-isopropyl-2-((8-isopropyl-2-methyl-5-nitroquinolin-6-yl)methyl)-5-nitrosoquinolin-6-yl)-9H-carbazole is presented as a double VNS product. It is postulated that the potassium counterion interacts with the oxygen on the nitro group, which could influence nucleophile attack in that way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wantulok
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (D.S.); (J.G.M.)
| | - Daniel Swoboda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (D.S.); (J.G.M.)
| | - Jacek E. Nycz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (D.S.); (J.G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-359-1446
| | - Maria Książek
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Physics, Univeristy of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Joachim Kusz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Physics, Univeristy of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland; (J.W.); (D.S.); (J.G.M.)
| | - Vladimír Kubíček
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Prague, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
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4
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Levert A, Foulon V, Fauchon M, Tapissier-Bontemps N, Banaigs B, Hellio C. Antifouling Activity of Meroterpenes Isolated from the Ascidian Aplidium aff. densum. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:51-61. [PMID: 33094389 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-10000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The settlement and growth of fouling organisms on man-made surfaces can be prevented by the application of antifouling paints containing active compounds (biocides, heavy metals), most of which are toxic to non-target organisms. As part of our research program in chemical ecology and blue biotechnology, we are conducting studies to investigate the natural defence mechanisms of marine organisms that are free from epibionts, with the aim of isolating molecules involved in surface defence that could be good candidates as antifouling agents. Ascidians were selected for our investigation because previous studies have shown that they contain abundant and diverse secondary metabolites, which play a defensive role and have been applied to drug discovery. It is therefore relevant to study the role of such secondary metabolites in surface protection. In this study, 5 meroterpenoids (cordiachromene A, didehydroconicol, epiconicol, methoxyconidiol, conidione) from Aplidium aff. densum (ascidian) were investigated as potential antifoulants towards the inhibition of bacterial growth and settlement inhibition of barnacles. Cardiochromene A (IC50 barnacle settlement = 6.04 μg/mL; MIC Gram positive = 125 μg/mL; MIC Gram negative = 32 μg/mL) and epiconicol (IC50 barnacle settlement = 8.05 μg/mL; MIC Bacillus = 63 μg/mL; MIC other strains = 32 μg/mL) were the most promising compounds among those tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Levert
- Université de Perpignan, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278, CRIOBE, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
- AkiNaO SAS, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, 66000, Perpignan, France
| | - Valentin Foulon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Univ Brest, Plouzané, F-29280, France
| | - Marilyne Fauchon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Univ Brest, Plouzané, F-29280, France
| | - Nathalie Tapissier-Bontemps
- Université de Perpignan, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278, CRIOBE, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Perpignan, France
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- Université de Perpignan, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278, CRIOBE, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Perpignan, France
| | - Claire Hellio
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Univ Brest, Plouzané, F-29280, France.
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5
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Horatscheck A, Andrijevic A, Nchinda AT, Le Manach C, Paquet T, Khonde LP, Dam J, Pawar K, Taylor D, Lawrence N, Brunschwig C, Gibhard L, Njoroge M, Reader J, van der Watt M, Wicht K, de Sousa ACC, Okombo J, Maepa K, Egan TJ, Birkholtz LM, Basarab GS, Wittlin S, Fish PV, Street LJ, Duffy J, Chibale K. Identification of 2,4-Disubstituted Imidazopyridines as Hemozoin Formation Inhibitors with Fast-Killing Kinetics and In Vivo Efficacy in the Plasmodium falciparum NSG Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13013-13030. [PMID: 33103428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2,4-disubstituted imidazopyridines, originating from a SoftFocus Kinase library, was identified from a high throughput phenotypic screen against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Hit compounds showed moderate asexual blood stage activity. During lead optimization, several issues were flagged such as cross-resistance against the multidrug-resistant K1 strain, in vitro cytotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity and were addressed through structure-activity and structure-property relationship studies. Pharmacokinetic properties were assessed in mice for compounds showing desirable in vitro activity, a selectivity window over cytotoxicity, and microsomal metabolic stability. Frontrunner compound 37 showed good exposure in mice combined with good in vitro activity against the malaria parasite, which translated into in vivo efficacy in the P. falciparum NOD-scid IL-2Rγnull (NSG) mouse model. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest inhibition of hemozoin formation as a contributing mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Horatscheck
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ana Andrijevic
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T Nchinda
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Claire Le Manach
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Tanya Paquet
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lutete Peguy Khonde
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jean Dam
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kailash Pawar
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariëtte van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Wicht
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Keletso Maepa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Basarab
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute ,Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul V Fish
- Alzheimer's Research UK, UCL Drug Discovery Institute, The Cruciform Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Leslie J Street
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - James Duffy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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6
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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7
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Murithi JM, Owen ES, Istvan ES, Lee MCS, Ottilie S, Chibale K, Goldberg DE, Winzeler EA, Llinás M, Fidock DA, Vanaerschot M. Combining Stage Specificity and Metabolomic Profiling to Advance Antimalarial Drug Discovery. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 27:158-171.e3. [PMID: 31813848 PMCID: PMC7031696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report detailed susceptibility profiling of asexual blood stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to clinical and experimental antimalarials, combined with metabolomic fingerprinting. Results revealed a variety of stage-specific and metabolic profiles that differentiated the modes of action of clinical antimalarials including chloroquine, piperaquine, lumefantrine, and mefloquine, and identified late trophozoite-specific peak activity and stage-specific biphasic dose-responses for the mitochondrial inhibitors DSM265 and atovaquone. We also identified experimental antimalarials hitting previously unexplored druggable pathways as reflected by their unique stage specificity and/or metabolic profiles. These included several ring-active compounds, ones affecting hemoglobin catabolism through distinct pathways, and mitochondrial inhibitors with lower propensities for resistance than either DSM265 or atovaquone. This approach, also applicable to other microbes that undergo multiple differentiation steps, provides an effective tool to prioritize compounds for further development within the context of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murithi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edward S Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Eva S Istvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis MO 63130, USA
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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