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Wang Y, Zhan S, Hu Y, Chen X, Yin S. Understanding the Formation and Growth of New Atmospheric Particles at the Molecular Level through Laboratory Molecular Beam Experiments. Chempluschem 2024:e202400108. [PMID: 38497136 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), which exerts comprehensive implications for climate, air quality and human health, has received extensive attention. From molecule to cluster is the initial and most important stage of the nucleation process of atmospheric new particles. However, due to the complexity of the nucleation process and limitations of experimental characterization techniques, there is still a great uncertainty in understanding the nucleation mechanism at the molecular level. Laboratory-based molecular beam methods can experimentally implement the generation and growth of typical atmospheric gas-phase nucleation precursors to nanoscale clusters, characterize the key physical and chemical properties of clusters such as structure and composition, and obtain a series of their physicochemical parameters, including association rate coefficients, electron binding energy, pickup cross section and pickup probability and so on. These parameters can quantitatively illustrate the physicochemical properties of the cluster, and evaluate the effect of different gas phase nucleation precursors on the formation and growth of atmospheric new particles. We review the present literatures on atmospheric cluster formation and reaction employing the experimental method of laboratory molecular beam. The experimental apparatuses were classified and summarized from three aspects of cluster generation, growth and detection processes. Focus of this review is on the properties of nucleation clusters involving different precursor molecules of water, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and NxOy, respectively. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for effects of cluster physicochemical properties on nucleation, and reveal the formation and growth mechanism of atmospheric new particle at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
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Sutton SF, Rotteger CH, Jarman CK, Tarakeshwar P, Sayres SG. Ultrafast Proton Transfer and Contact Ion-Pair Formation in Formic Acid Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8306-8311. [PMID: 37681673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast proton transfer dynamics of homogeneous formic acid clusters (FA)n, n < 10, are investigated with femtosecond time-resolved mass spectrometry. We monitor the proton transfer pathway following Rydberg state electronic relaxation and find that successful ion pair formation increases logarithmically with cluster size. Ab initio calculations demonstrate similar excitation/relaxation behavior for each cluster, revealing a contact ion pair forms between two molecules composing the cluster before finally a formate anion (HCOO-) is dissociated by the probe pulse. The sub-ps time scale for rearrangement and proton transfer increases almost linearly with cluster size, requiring ∼67 fs per additional formic acid molecule and ranging from 213 ± 51 fs for the trimer to 667 ± 116 fs for FA9. The near-linear trends measured for both rearrangement lifetime and ion pair formation suggest that proton transfer is unlikely in the formic acid dimer but becomes prominent in small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Sutton
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chase H Rotteger
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Carter K Jarman
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Scott G Sayres
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Schweer SM, Nejad A, Suhm MA. Coupled proton vibrations between two weak acids: the hinge complex between formic acid and trifluoroethanol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26449-26457. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Raman and FTIR spectra of an acid–alcohol complex show complementary signatures from acidic and alcoholic OH stretching, proving its existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Schweer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Arman Nejad
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin A. Suhm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Amini A, Fallah A, Sedaghat A, Gholami A, Cheng C, Gupta AR. Natural vs. Synthetic Phosphate as Efficient Heterogeneous Compounds for Synthesis of Quinoxalines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13665. [PMID: 34948460 PMCID: PMC8704691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural phosphate (NP) and synthetic fluorapatite phosphate (SFAP) were proposed as stable, inexpensive, readily available and recyclable catalysts for the condensation of 1,2-diamines with 1,2-dicarbonyls in methanol to afford quinoxaline at room temperature. NP provided as high as 92-99% yield for quinoxalines in short reaction times (i.e., 1-45 min), while SFAP created quinoxalines with 87-97% yield in 60-120 min. From the chemical analyses, X-ray fluoresecency, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy methods, two main phases (CaO, P2O5) appeared in NP together with other low content phases (SiO2, Fe2O3). Compared to other phases, apatite (CaO and P2O5 as Ca10(PO4)6) played a major role in the catalytic activity of NP. SFAP with similar Ca/P atomic ratio showed a relatively lower catalytic activity than NP for the condensation of 1,2-diamine with 1,2-dicarbonyl in methanol at ambient temperature. To investigate the recyclability of catalysts, the surface properties of NP and 6-recycled NP were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda methods. Some differences were observed in NP and 6-recycled NP's particle size, surface area, the volume and size of pores, and the content of elements; nevertheless, the use-reuse process did not noticeably change the catalytic property of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Amini
- Centre for Infrastructure of Engineering, Bld Z, Locked Bag 1797, Kingswood Campus, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College of Kuwait, Mishref, Safat 13015, Kuwait;
| | - Azadeh Fallah
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19395-4697, Iran;
| | - Ahmad Sedaghat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College of Kuwait, Mishref, Safat 13015, Kuwait;
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Chun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Anju R. Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
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Dong HC, Ho TH, Nguyen TM, Kawazoe Y, Le HM. Dissociation of hydrogen peroxide in water and methanol through a biased molecular dynamics investigation. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1344-1353. [PMID: 33977539 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The two dissociation channels of HOOH, namely, HOOH and HOOH, in water and methanol are investigated using umbrella-sampling ab initio molecular dynamics. Our potential of mean force calculations reveals the HOOH dissociation to be more favorable in methanol with a free energy barrier of 7.56 kcal/mol, while the HOOH dissociation possesses a free energy barrier of 11.46 kcal/mol. In water, the HOOH dissociation channel is more favorable (8.25 kcal/mol), while the HOOH dissociation process requires a higher free energy (11.28 kcal/mol). Such reaction favorability can be explained by inspecting the formation of secondary radical species during the course of multiple hydrogen donating-accepting processes in each reaction channel. The radical species, that is, H3 O• (observed in water) and CH3 OH2 • (observed in methanol), are the first subordinate species upon the HOOH dissociation. For the HOOH dissociation channel in methanol, the secondary species such as water and formaldehyde can be observed, while the re-generation of HOOH in water can be spotted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu C Dong
- Future Materials and Devices Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thi H Ho
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thu M Nguyen
- Future Materials and Devices Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hung M Le
- Future Materials and Devices Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
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Fárník M, Fedor J, Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Pluhařová E, Poterya V, Pysanenko A. Pickup and reactions of molecules on clusters relevant for atmospheric and interstellar processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3195-3213. [PMID: 33524089 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we review experiments with molecules picked up on large clusters in molecular beams with the focus on the processes in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. First, we concentrate on the pickup itself, and we discuss the pickup cross sections. We measure the uptake of different atmospheric molecules on mixed nitric acid-water clusters and determine the accommodation coefficients relevant for aerosol formation in the Earth's atmosphere. Then the coagulation of the adsorbed molecules on the clusters is investigated. In the second part of this perspective, we review examples of different processes triggered by UV-photons or electrons in the clusters with embedded molecules. We start with the photodissociation of hydrogen halides and Freon CF2Cl2 on ice nanoparticles in connection with the polar stratospheric ozone depletion. Next, we mention reactions following the excitation and ionization of the molecules adsorbed on clusters. The first ionization-triggered reaction observed between two different molecules picked up on the cluster was the proton transfer between methanol and formic acid deposited on large argon clusters. Finally, negative ion reactions after slow electron attachment are illustrated by two examples: mixed nitric acid-water clusters, and hydrogen peroxide deposited on large ArN and (H2O)N clusters. The selected examples are discussed from the perspective of the atmospheric and interstellar chemistry, and several future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Pysanenko A, Gámez F, Fárník M, Chalabala J, Slavíček P. Photochemistry of Amylene Double Bond in Clusters on Free Argon Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3038-3047. [PMID: 32240587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated reactivity of double bond in 2-methyl-2-butene (also trimethylethylene or amylene) in the excited and ionized states. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, we focused on both the intermolecular and intramolecular reactions. In a molecular beam experiment, we have sequentially picked up several amylene molecules on the surface of argon nanoparticles ArM, M̅ ≈ 90, acting as a cold support. Ionization with 70 eV electrons yields mass spectra strongly dominated by amylene cluster ions Am(Am)n+. Interestingly, upon multiphoton ionization with 193 nm (6.4 eV) photons, a new strong fragment series appears in the spectra, nominally corresponding to an addition of two carbon atoms, i.e., (Am)nC2+. This difference between electron and photoionization suggests a reaction in an excited state of amylene with a neighboring amylene molecule. We used techniques of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics to study the reactivity of amylene molecules both in the excited and in ionized states. Possible reaction pathways are proposed, substantiating the observed differences between the electron ionization and photoionization mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Gámez
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chalabala
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Tiefenthaler L, Kollotzek S, Ellis AM, Scheier P, Echt O. Proton transfer at subkelvin temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28165-28172. [PMID: 33290453 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method to ionize molecules or molecular clusters by proton transfer at temperatures below 1 K. The method yields nascent ions and largely eliminates secondary reactions, even for notoriously 'delicate' molecules. Protonation is achieved inside liquid helium nanodroplets (HNDs) and begins with the formation of (H2)mH+ ions as the proton donors. In a separate and subsequent step the HNDs are doped with a proton acceptor molecule, X. Proton transfer occurs between X and the cold proton donor ions inside a helium droplet, an approach that avoids the large excess energy that is released if HNDs are first doped and then ionized. Mass spectra, recorded after stripping excess helium and hydrogen in a collision cell, show that this method offers a new way to determine proton affinities of molecules and clusters by proton-transfer bracketing, to investigate astrochemically relevant ion-molecule reactions at sub-kelvin temperatures, and to prepare XH+ ions that are suitable for messenger-tagging action spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tiefenthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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