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Pratakshya P, Xu C, Dibble DJ, Mukazhanova A, Liu P, Burke AM, Kurakake R, Lopez R, Dennison PR, Sharifzadeh S, Gorodetsky AA. Octopus-inspired deception and signaling systems from an exceptionally-stable acene variant. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8528. [PMID: 38135683 PMCID: PMC10746719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional platforms that can dynamically modulate their color and appearance have attracted attention for applications as varied as displays, signaling, camouflage, anti-counterfeiting, sensing, biomedical imaging, energy conservation, and robotics. Within this context, the development of camouflage systems with tunable spectroscopic and fluorescent properties that span the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectral regions has remained exceedingly challenging because of frequently competing materials and device design requirements. Herein, we draw inspiration from the unique blue rings of the Hapalochlaena lunulata octopus for the development of deception and signaling systems that resolve these critical challenges. As the active material, our actuator-type systems incorporate a readily-prepared and easily-processable nonacene-like molecule with an ambient-atmosphere stability that exceeds the state-of-the-art for comparable acenes by orders of magnitude. Devices from this active material feature a powerful and unique combination of advantages, including straightforward benchtop fabrication, competitive baseline performance metrics, robustness during cycling with the capacity for autonomous self-repair, and multiple dynamic multispectral operating modes. When considered together, the described exciting discoveries point to new scientific and technological opportunities in the areas of functional organic materials, reconfigurable soft actuators, and adaptive photonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Pratakshya
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David J Dibble
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Aliya Mukazhanova
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Panyiming Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anthony M Burke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Reina Kurakake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert Lopez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Philip R Dennison
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alon A Gorodetsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Abou Taka A, Lu SY, Gowland D, Zuehlsdorff TJ, Corzo HH, Pribram-Jones A, Shi L, Hratchian HP, Isborn CM. Comparison of Linear Response Theory, Projected Initial Maximum Overlap Method, and Molecular Dynamics-Based Vibronic Spectra: The Case of Methylene Blue. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3039-3051. [PMID: 35472264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The simulation of optical spectra is essential to molecular characterization and, in many cases, critical for interpreting experimental spectra. The most common method for simulating vibronic absorption spectra relies on the geometry optimization and computation of normal modes for ground and excited electronic states. In this report, we show that the utilization of such a procedure within an adiabatic linear response (LR) theory framework may lead to state mixings and a breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, resulting in a poor description of absorption spectra. In contrast, computing excited states via a self-consistent field method in conjunction with a maximum overlap model produces states that are not subject to such mixings. We show that this latter method produces vibronic spectra much more aligned with vertical gradient and molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory-based approaches. For the methylene blue chromophore, we compare vibronic absorption spectra computed with the following: an adiabatic Hessian approach with LR theory-optimized structures and normal modes, a vertical gradient procedure, the Hessian and normal modes of maximum overlap method-optimized structures, and excitation energy time-correlation functions generated from an MD trajectory. Because of mixing between the bright S1 and dark S2 surfaces near the S1 minimum, computing the adiabatic Hessian with LR theory and time-dependent density functional theory with the B3LYP density functional predicts a large vibronic shoulder for the absorption spectrum that is not present for any of the other methods. Spectral densities are analyzed and we compare the behavior of the key normal mode that in LR theory strongly couples to the optical excitation while showing S1/S2 state mixings. Overall, our study provides a note of caution in computing vibronic spectra using the excited-state adiabatic Hessian of LR theory-optimized structures and also showcases three alternatives that are less sensitive to adiabatic state mixing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abou Taka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Shao-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Duncan Gowland
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Zuehlsdorff
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Hector H Corzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Aurora Pribram-Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Hrant P Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Christine M Isborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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3
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Segalina A, Aranda D, Green JA, Cristino V, Caramori S, Prampolini G, Pastore M, Santoro F. How the Interplay among Conformational Disorder, Solvation, Local, and Charge-Transfer Excitations Affects the Absorption Spectrum and Photoinduced Dynamics of Perylene Diimide Dimers: A Molecular Dynamics/Quantum Vibronic Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3718-3736. [PMID: 35377648 PMCID: PMC9202308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this contribution
we present a mixed quantum-classical dynamical
approach for the computation of vibronic absorption spectra of molecular
aggregates and their nonadiabatic dynamics, taking into account the
coupling between local excitations (LE) and charge-transfer (CT) states.
The approach is based on an adiabatic (Ad) separation between the
soft degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the system and the stiff vibrations,
which are described by the quantum dynamics (QD) of wave packets (WPs)
moving on the coupled potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the LE and
CT states. These PESs are described with a linear vibronic coupling
(LVC) Hamiltonian, parameterized by an overlap-based diabatization
on the grounds of time-dependent density functional theory computations.
The WPs time evolution is computed with the multiconfiguration time-dependent
Hartree method, using effective modes defined through a hierarchical
representation of the LVC Hamiltonian. The soft DoFs are sampled with
classical molecular dynamics (MD), and the coupling between the slow
and fast DoFs is included by recomputing the key parameters of the
LVC Hamiltonians, specifically for each MD configuration. This method,
named Ad-MD|gLVC, is applied to a perylene diimide (PDI) dimer in
acetonitrile and water solutions, and it is shown to accurately reproduce
the change in the vibronic features of the absorption spectrum upon
aggregation. Moreover, the microscopic insight offered by the MD trajectories
allows for a detailed understanding of the role played by the fluctuation
of the aggregate structure on the shape of the vibronic spectrum and
on the population of LE and CT states. The nonadiabatic QD predicts
an extremely fast (∼50 fs) energy transfer between the two
LEs. CT states have only a moderate effect on the absorption spectrum,
despite the fact that after photoexcitation they are shown to acquire
a fast and non-negligible population, highlighting their relevance
in dictating the charge separation and transport in PDI-based optical
devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekos Segalina
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT, UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Aranda
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - James A Green
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone 16, I-80136 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, (ICCOM-CNR), SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, (ICCOM-CNR), SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Debata S, Khatua R, Sahu S. Synergistic effects of side-functionalization and aza-substitution on the charge transport and optical properties of perylene-based organic materials: a DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of organic materials are subject to the chemical structure of the molecular unit and the arrangement of molecules in a crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakanti Debata
- Computational Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Rudranarayan Khatua
- Computational Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Sridhar Sahu
- Computational Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
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5
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Ni W, Gurzadyan GG, Sun L, Gelin MF. Toward efficient photochemistry from upper excited electronic states: Detection of long S 2 lifetime of perylene. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:191102. [PMID: 34800965 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A long 0.9 ps lifetime of the upper excited singlet state in perylene is resolved by femtosecond pump-probe measurements under ultraviolet (4.96 eV) excitation and further validated by theoretical simulations of transient absorption kinetics. This finding prompts exploration and development of novel perylene-based materials for upper excited state photochemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
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6
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Brum Martins S, de Andrade EP, Gautam SK, Plantevin O, Cury LA, Malachias A, de Almeida Magalhães Safar G. Aggregation-Induced Emission and Temperature-Dependent Luminescence of Potassium Perylenetetracarboxylate. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1855-62. [PMID: 34519937 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of temperature-dependent photoluminescent properties of potassium perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate (K4PTC), a molecule with no internal rotational degrees of freedom, shows aggregation-induced enhanced emission at room temperature. The different excitonic emission processes are dependent of temperature, some of which quenches in an intermediate temperature range (from 50 to 150 K). The exciton excited states switching phenomenon from "dark" to "bright" states is observed and its explained using Herzberg-Teller selection rule. K4PTC is a molecule comparable to the size of its precursor, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic anhydride (PTCDA) and is highly soluble in water, contrary to PTCDA, which is poorly soluble in most solvents. Powder x-ray diffraction measurements corroborate a lesser degree of ordering of bulk K4PTC compared to bulk PTCDA. The green luminescent molecule could, in principle, be used as a biomarker, or in photodynamic therapy, if further studies show relatively low toxicity.
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7
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Kumar M, Provazza J, Coker DF. Influence of solution phase environmental heterogeneity and fluctuations on vibronic spectra: Perylene diimide molecular chromophore complexes in solution. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224109. [PMID: 34241200 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensembles of ab initio parameterized Frenkel-exciton model Hamiltonians for different perylene diimide dimer systems are used, together with various dissipative quantum dynamics approaches, to study the influence of the solvation environment and fluctuations in chromophore relative orientation and packing on the vibronic spectra of two different dimer systems: a π-stacked dimer in aqueous solution in which the relative chromophore geometry is strongly confined by a phosphate bridge and a side-by-side dimer in dichloromethane involving a more flexible alkyne bridge that allows quasi-free rotation of the chromophores relative to one another. These entirely first-principles calculations are found to accurately reproduce the main features of the experimental absorption spectra, providing a detailed mechanistic understanding of how the structural fluctuations and environmental interactions influence the vibronic dynamics and spectroscopy of solutions of these multi-chromophore complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Justin Provazza
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David F Coker
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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8
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Zuehlsdorff TJ, Shedge SV, Lu SY, Hong H, Aguirre VP, Shi L, Isborn CM. Vibronic and Environmental Effects in Simulations of Optical Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:165-188. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-051350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Including both environmental and vibronic effects is important for accurate simulation of optical spectra, but combining these effects remains computationally challenging. We outline two approaches that consider both the explicit atomistic environment and the vibronic transitions. Both phenomena are responsible for spectral shapes in linear spectroscopy and the electronic evolution measured in nonlinear spectroscopy. The first approach utilizes snapshots of chromophore-environment configurations for which chromophore normal modes are determined. We outline various approximations for this static approach that assumes harmonic potentials and ignores dynamic system-environment coupling. The second approach obtains excitation energies for a series of time-correlated snapshots. This dynamic approach relies on the accurate truncation of the cumulant expansion but treats the dynamics of the chromophore and the environment on equal footing. Both approaches show significant potential for making strides toward more accurate optical spectroscopy simulations of complex condensed phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Zuehlsdorff
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Sapana V. Shedge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Hanbo Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Vincent P. Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Christine M. Isborn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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Shedge SV, Zuehlsdorff TJ, Khanna A, Conley S, Isborn CM. Explicit environmental and vibronic effects in simulations of linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084116. [PMID: 33639769 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately simulating the linear and nonlinear electronic spectra of condensed phase systems and accounting for all physical phenomena contributing to spectral line shapes presents a significant challenge. Vibronic transitions can be captured through a harmonic model generated from the normal modes of a chromophore, but it is challenging to also include the effects of specific chromophore-environment interactions within such a model. We work to overcome this limitation by combining approaches to account for both explicit environment interactions and vibronic couplings for simulating both linear and nonlinear optical spectra. We present and show results for three approaches of varying computational cost for combining ensemble sampling of chromophore-environment configurations with Franck-Condon line shapes for simulating linear spectra. We present two analogous approaches for nonlinear spectra. Simulated absorption spectra and two-dimensional electronic spectra (2DES) are presented for the Nile red chromophore in different solvent environments. Employing an average Franck-Condon or 2DES line shape appears to be a promising method for simulating linear and nonlinear spectroscopy for a chromophore in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana V Shedge
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Tim J Zuehlsdorff
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Ajay Khanna
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Stacey Conley
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Christine M Isborn
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
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10
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Mukazhanova A, Malone W, Negrin-Yuvero H, Fernandez-Alberti S, Tretiak S, Sharifzadeh S. Photoexcitation dynamics in perylene diimide dimers. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244117. [PMID: 33380092 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We utilize first-principles theory to investigate photo-induced excited-state dynamics of functionalized perylene diimide. This class of materials is highly suitable for solar energy conversion because of the strong optical absorbance, efficient energy transfer, and chemical tunability. We couple time-dependent density functional theory to a recently developed time-resolved non-adiabatic dynamics approach based on a semi-empirical description. By studying the monomer and dimer, we focus on the role stacking plays on the time-scales associated with excited-state non-radiative relaxation from a high excitonic state to the lowest energy exciton. We predict that the time-scale for energy conversion in the dimer is significantly faster than that in the monomer when equivalent excited states are accounted for. Additionally, for the dimer, the decay from the second to the nearly degenerate lowest energy excited-state involves two time-scales: a rapid decay on the order of ∼10 fs followed by a slower decay of ∼100 fs. Analysis of the spatial localization of the electronic transition density during the internal conversion process points out the existence of localized states on individual monomers, indicating that the strength of thermal fluctuations exceeds electronic couplings between the states such that the exciton hops between localized states throughout the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Mukazhanova
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Walter Malone
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Hassiel Negrin-Yuvero
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Roque Saenz Peña 352, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | | | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Segalina A, Cerezo J, Prampolini G, Santoro F, Pastore M. Accounting for Vibronic Features through a Mixed Quantum-Classical Scheme: Structure, Dynamics, and Absorption Spectra of a Perylene Diimide Dye in Solution. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7061-7077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alekos Segalina
- Université de Lorraine & CNRS, LPCT, UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Javier Cerezo
- Departamento de Química and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, (ICCOM-CNR) SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, (ICCOM-CNR) SS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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