Infrared Spectroscopy on Equilibrated High-Density Amorphous Ice

A continuum of amorphous ices between low-density and high-density amorphous ice

Amorphous ices are usually classified as belonging to low-density or high-density amorphous ice (LDA and HDA) with densities ρLDA ≈ 0.94 g/cm3 and ρHDA ≈ 1.15-1.17 g/cm3. However, a recent experiment crushing hexagonal ice (ball-milling) produced a medium-density amorphous ice (MDA, ρMDA ≈ 1.06 g/cm3) adding complexity to our understanding of amorphous ice and the phase diagram of supercooled water. Motivated by the discovery of MDA, we perform computer simulations where amorphous ices are produced by isobaric cooling and isothermal compression/decompression. Our results show that, depending on the pressure employed, isobaric cooling can generate a continuum of amorphous ices with densities that expand in between those of LDA and HDA (briefly, intermediate amorphous ices, IA). In particular, the IA generated at P ≈ 125 MPa has a remarkably similar density and average structure as MDA, implying that MDA is not unique. Using the potential energy landscape formalism, we provide an intuitive qualitative understanding of the nature of LDA, HDA, and the IA generated at different pressures. In this view, LDA and HDA occupy specific and well-separated regions of the PEL; the IA prepared at P = 125 MPa is located in the intermediate region of the PEL that separates LDA and HDA.

Intrinsic Dynamics of Amorphous Ice Revealed by a Heterodyne Signal in X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Experiments

Unraveling the mechanism of water's glass transition and the interconnection between amorphous ices and liquid water plays an important role in our overall understanding of water. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) experiments were conducted to study the dynamics and the complex interplay between the hypothesized glass transition in high-density amorphous ice (HDA) and the subsequent transition to low-density amorphous ice (LDA). Our XPCS experiments demonstrate that a heterodyne signal appears in the correlation function. Such a signal is known to originate from the interplay of a static component and a dynamic component. Quantitative analysis was performed on this heterodyne signal to extract the intrinsic dynamics of amorphous ice during the HDA-LDA transition. An angular dependence indicates non-isotropic, heterogeneous dynamics in the sample. Using the Stokes-Einstein relation to extract diffusion coefficients, the data are consistent with the scenario of static LDA islands floating within a diffusive matrix of high-density liquid water.

The Importance of Nuclear Quantum Effects on the Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Low-Density Amorphous Ice: A Comparison with Hexagonal Ice

We study the nuclear quantum effects (NQE) on the thermodynamic properties of low-density amorphous ice (LDA) and hexagonal ice (I_h) at P = 0.1 MPa and T ≥ 25 K. Our results are based on path-integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) and classical MD simulations of H₂O and D₂O using the q-TIP4P/F water model. We show that the inclusion of NQE is necessary to reproduce the experimental properties of LDA and ice I_h. While MD simulations (no NQE) predict that the density ρ(T) of LDA and ice I_h increases monotonically upon cooling, PIMD simulations indicate the presence of a density maximum in LDA and ice I_h. MD and PIMD simulations also predict a qualitatively different T-dependence for the thermal expansion coefficient α_P(T) and bulk modulus B(T) of both LDA and ice I_h. Remarkably, the ρ(T), α_P(T), and B(T) of LDA are practically identical to those of ice I_h. The origin of the observed NQE is due to the delocalization of the H atoms, which is identical in LDA and ice I_h. H atoms delocalize considerably (over a distance ≈ 20-25% of the OH covalent-bond length) and anisotropically (preferentially perpendicular to the OH covalent bond), leading to less linear hydrogen bonds HB (larger HOO angles and longer OO separations) than observed in classical MD simulations.