Elucidating the Molecular Structure of Hydrophobically Modified Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles and Its Potential Implications for DNA Binding

Role of tungsten disulfide quantum dots in specific protein-protein interactions at air-water interface

The intriguing network of antibody-antigen (Ab-Ag) interactions is highly governed by environmental perturbations and the nature of biomolecular interaction. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have potential applications in developing protein-adsorption-based sensors and nano-scale materials. Therefore, characterizing PPIs in the presence of a nanomaterial at the molecular level becomes imperative. The present work involves the investigation of antiferritin-ferritin (Ab-Ag) protein interactions under the influence of tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2 QDs). Isothermal calorimetry and contact angle measurements validated the strong influence of WS2 QDs on Ab-Ag interactions. The interfacial signatures of nano-bio-interactions were evaluated using sum frequency generation vibration spectroscopy (SFG-VS) at the air-water interface. Our SFG results reveal a variation in the tilt angle of methyl groups by ∼12° ± 2° for the Ab-Ag system in the presence of WS2 QDs. The results illustrated an enhanced ordering of water molecules in the presence of QDs, which underpins the active role of interfacial water molecules during nano-bio-interactions. We have also witnessed a differential impact of QDs on Ab-Ag by raising the concentration of the Ab-Ag combination, which showcased an increased inter-molecular interaction among the Ab and Ag molecules and a minimal influence on the methyl tilt angle. These findings suggest the formation of stronger and ordered Ab-Ag complexes upon introducing WS2 QDs in the aqueous medium and signify the potentiality of WS2 QDs relevant to protein-based sensing assays.

Alkylated Sulfonium Modification of Low Molecular Weight Polyethylenimine to Form Lipopolymers as Gene Vectors

Hydrophobic modification of low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI) is an efficient method to form ideal gene-transfer carriers. Sulfonium-a combination of three different functional groups, was conjugated onto PEI 1.8k at a conjugation ratio of 1:0.1 to form a series of sulfonium PEI (SPs). These SPs were hydrophobically modified and characterized by Fourier transform infrared and HNMR. DNA-condensing abilities of SPs were tested with gel retardation experiment, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated via the MTT assay. The particle size and zeta potential of SP/DNA nanoparticles were measured and evaluated for cellular uptake and transfection ability on HepG2 cell line. The results showed that the sulfonium moiety was attached to PEI 1.8k with a high yield at a conjugation ratio of 1:0.1. SPs containing longer alkyl chains condensed DNA completely at an SP/DNA weight ratio of 2:1. The formed nanoparticle size was in the range of 168-265 nm, and the zeta potential was +16-45 mV. The IC50 values of SPs were 6.5-43.2 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity of SPs increased as the hydrophobic chain got longer. SP/DNA showed much stronger cellular uptakes than PEI 25k; however, pure SPs presented almost no gene transfection on cells. Heparin release experiment showed that SP's strong binding of DNA resulted in low release of DNA and thus hindered the gene transfection process. By mixing SP with PEI 1.8k, the mixture presented adjustable DNA binding and releasing. The mixture formed by 67% SP and 33% PEI 1.8k showed strong gene transfection. In conclusion, sulfonium is an effective linkage to carry hydrophobic groups to adjust cell compatibilities and gene transfection capabilities of PEI.

Interfacial molecular structure of phosphazene-based polymer electrolyte at the air-aqueous interface using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

The change induced in the physicochemical properties of polymer while hosting ions provides a platform for studying its potential applications in electrochemical devices, water treatment plants, and materials engineering science. The ability to host ions is limited in very few polymers, which lack a detailed molecular-level understanding for showcasing the polymer-ion linkage behavior at the interfacial region. In the present manuscript, we have employed sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy to investigate the interfacial structure of a new class phosphazene-based methoxyethoxyethoxyphosphazene (MEEP) polymer in the presence of lithium chloride salt at the air-aqueous interface. The interfacial aspects of the molecular system collected through SFG spectral signatures reveal enhanced water ordering and relative hydrogen bonding strength at the air-aqueous interface. The careful observation of the study finds a synchronous contribution of van der Waals and electrostatic forces in facilitating changes in the interfacial water structure that are susceptible to MEEP concentration in the presence of ions. The observation indicates that dilute MEEP concentrations support the role of electrostatic interaction, leading to an ordered water structure in proximity to diffused ions at the interfacial region. Conversely, higher MEEP concentrations promote the dominance of van der Waals interactions at the air-aqueous interface. Our study highlights the establishment of polymer electrolyte (PE) characteristics mediated by intermolecular interactions, as observed through the spectral signatures witnessed at the air-aqueous interface. The investigation illustrates the polymer-ion linkage adsorption effects at the interfacial region, which explains the macroscopic changes observed from the cyclic voltammetry studies. The fundamental findings from our studies can be helpful in the design and fine-tuning of better PE systems that can offer improved hydrophobic membranes and interface stability for use in electrochemical-based power sources.