Construction of C–Cu Bond: A Useful Strategy in CO2 Conversion

Base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles with CO2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an available, abundant, and renewable C1 resource, which could be converted into value-added chemicals. Due to its inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness, it is difficult to realize its efficient utilization. Nevertheless, many elegant strategies for the utilization of CO2 have been developed using Lewis bases, frustrated Lewis pairs, hydroxyl-containing compounds, amino-group-containing compounds or transition metal catalysis. Among them, base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles is an environmentally friendly strategy for CO2 conversion, which is operationally simple, using low-toxicity bases and economical available promoters, without the use of complex ligands or cocatalysts. This review summarizes related work on the base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles with CO2, based on the effects of nucleophiles, promoters, additives, and solvents. The types of pronucleophile are categorized as follows: hydrocarbon with C(sp3)-H, C(sp2)-H or C(sp)-H bonds, organosilanes, organotin, organoboron, and N-tosylhydrazones. Typical mechanisms and applications of these carboxylation reactions are also depicted. Moreover, mechanistic comprehension of CO2 activation and conversion at a molecular level aims to further expand the repertoire of carboxylation transformations mediated by bases.

Modern Strategies for Carbon Isotope Exchange

In contrast to stable and natural abundant carbon-12, the synthesis of organic molecules with carbon (radio)isotopes must be conceived and optimized in order to navigate through the hurdles of radiochemical requirements, such as high costs of the starting materials, harsh conditions and radioactive waste generation. In addition, it must initiate from the small cohort of available C-labeled building blocks. For long time, multi-step approaches have represented the sole available patterns. On the other side, the development of chemical reactions based on the reversible cleavage of C-C bonds might offer new opportunities and reshape retrosynthetic analysis in radiosynthesis. This review aims to provide a short survey on the recently emerged carbon isotope exchange technologies that provide effective opportunity for late-stage labeling. At present, such strategies have relied on the use of primary and easily accessible radiolabeled C1-building blocks, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and cyanides, while the activation principles have been based on thermal, photocatalytic, metal-catalyzed and biocatalytic processes.

Novel and sustainable carboxylation of terminal alkynes and CO2 to alkynyl carboxylic acids using triazolium ionic liquid-modified PMO-supported transition metal acetylacetonate as effective cooperative catalysts

Efficient and sustainable chemical fixation of CO₂ into value-added chemicals is one of the most promising objectives in environmental chemistry. In this work, transition metal acetylacetonate immobilized onto triazolium ionic liquid-modified periodic mesoporous organosilica PMO-IL-M(x) was successfully prepared and investigated as an effective and heterogeneous catalyst in the direct carboxylation of terminal alkynes and CO₂ to the desired alkynyl carboxylic acids. It was found that the catalyst PMO-IL-Sn(0.3) exhibited extraordinary catalytic performance in terms of excellent activity, stability, productivity, and excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalyst PMO-IL-Sn(0.3) could be easily recovered and reused at least six times without considerable loss in catalytic activity. This work provides a sustainable and efficient synergistic strategy for the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide into valuable alkynyl carboxylic acids.

Revisiting Reduction of CO2 to Oxalate with First-Row Transition Metals: Irreproducibility, Ambiguous Analysis, and Conflicting Reactivity

Construction of higher C_≥2 compounds from CO₂ constitutes an attractive transformation inspired by nature's strategy to build carbohydrates. However, controlled C-C bond formation from carbon dioxide using environmentally benign reductants remains a major challenge. In this respect, reductive dimerization of CO₂ to oxalate represents an important model reaction enabling investigations on the mechanism of this simplest CO₂ coupling reaction. Herein, we present common pitfalls encountered in CO₂ reduction, especially its reductive coupling, based on established protocols for the conversion of CO₂ into oxalate. Moreover, we provide an example to systematically assess these reactions. Based on our work, we highlight the importance of utilizing suitable orthogonal analytical methods and raise awareness of oxidative reactions that can likewise result in the formation of oxalate without incorporation of CO₂. These results allow for the determination of key parameters, which can be used for tailoring of prospective catalytic systems and will promote the advancement of the entire field.

Computational study of Cu-catalyzed 1,2-hydrocarboxylation of 1,3-dienes with CO2: Pauli repulsion-controlled regioselectivity of Cu–Bpin additions

The mechanism and origin of regioselectivity of Cu-catalyzed 1,2-hydrocarboxylation of 1,3-dienes with CO2 were computationally investigated. The results show that CO2 not only acts as a carboxylation reagent, but also...

Origins of regio- and stereoselectivity in Cu-catalyzed alkyne difunctionalization with CO2 and organoboranes

The anti-to-Cu 1,2-migration of alkynyl boronates is critical for the 1,1-E-selective difunctionalization of terminal alkynes with CO2 and organoboranes.

Chemodivergent Synthesis of Oxazolidin-2-ones via Cu-Catalyzed Carboxyl Transfer Annulation of Propiolic Acids with Amines

Carboxylic acids are widely found in natural products and bioactive molecules and have served as raw material compounds in industry. We now report the first example of copper(I)-catalyzed carboxyl transfer annulation of propiolic acids with amines, thereby chemodivergently constructing the oxazolidine-2-ones. In this reaction, two kinds of key propargyamine intermediates were formed through sequential CuI/NBS-catalyzed oxidative deamination/decarboxylative alkynylation or CuI-catalyzed decarboxylative hydroamination/alkynylation. The advantages of this decarboxylative coupling/carboxylative cyclization are showcased in the atom economy, chemical specificity, and functional group tolerance.

Stereodivergent synthesis of β-iodoenol carbamates with CO2 via photocatalysis

Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added chemicals is of great significance from the viewpoint of green chemistry and sustainable development. Here, we report a stereodivergent synthesis of β-iodoenol carbamates through a photocatalytic three-component coupling of ethynylbenziodoxolones, CO2 and amines. By choosing appropriate photocatalysts, both Z- and E-isomers of β-iodoenol carbamates, which are difficult to prepare using existing methods, can be obtained stereoselectively. This transformation featured mild conditions, excellent functional group compatibility and broad substrate scope. The potential synthetic utility of this protocol was demonstrated by late-stage modification of bioactive molecules and pharmaceuticals as well as by elaborating the products to access a wide range of valuable compounds. More importantly, this strategy could provide a general and practical method for stereodivergent construction of trisubstituted alkenes such as triarylalkenes, which represents a fascinating challenge in the field of organic chemistry research. A series of mechanism investigations revealed that the transformation might proceed through a charge-transfer complex which might be formed through a halogen bond.

Organocatalytic Strategy for the Fixation of CO2 via Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes

An organocatalytic strategy for the direct carboxylation of terminal alkynes with CO₂ has been developed. The combined use of a bifunctional organocatalyst and Cs₂CO₃ resulted in a robust catalytic system for the preparation of a range of propiolic acid derivatives in high yields with broad substrate scope using CO₂ at atmospheric pressure under mild temperatures (60 °C). This work has demonstrated that this organocatalytic method offers a competitive alternative to metal catalysis for the carboxylation of terminal alkynes and CO₂. In addition, this protocol was suitable for the three-component carboxylation of terminal alkynes, alkyl halides, and CO₂.

Copper-catalyzed four-component reaction of alkenes, Togni's reagent, amines and CO2: stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-enol carbamates

A copper-catalyzed four-component reaction of alkenes, Togni's reagent, amines and CO₂ was disclosed, providing an efficient and straightforward access to a range of stereodefined (Z)-enol carbamates.