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Gu S, Chen J, Hussain I, Wang Z, Chen X, Ahmad M, Feng SP, Lu Z, Zhang K. Modulation of Radical Intermediates in Rechargeable Organic Batteries. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2306491. [PMID: 37533193 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials have been considered as promising electrodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries in view of their sustainability, structural flexibility, and potential recyclability. The radical intermediates generated during the redox process of organic electrodes have profound effect on the reversible capacity, operation voltage, rate performance, and cycling stability. However, the radicals are highly reactive and have very short lifetime during the redox of organic materials. Great efforts have been devoted to capturing and investigating the radical intermediates in organic electrodes. Herein, this review summarizes the importance, history, structures, and working principles of organic radicals in rechargeable batteries. More importantly, challenges and strategies to track and regulate the radicals in organic batteries are highlighted. Finally, further perspectives of organic radicals are proposed for the development of next-generation high-performance rechargeable organic batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shien-Ping Feng
- Department of Systems Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhouguang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Seong H, Nam W, Moon JH, Kim G, Jin Y, Yoo H, Jung T, Myung Y, Lee K, Choi J. Lithium Storage Mechanism: A Review of Perylene Diimide N-Substituted with a 1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl Ring for Organic Cathode Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:58451-58461. [PMID: 38051908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased rapidly. However, commercial inorganic-based cathode materials have a low theoretical capacity and inherent disadvantages, such as high cost and toxicity. Redox-active organic cathodes with a high theoretical capacity, eco-friendly properties, and sustainability have been developed to overcome these limitations. Herein, perylene diimide derivatives N-substituted with 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl rings (PDI-3AT) were developed to apply as a cathode material for LIBs. The PDI-3AT cathode exhibited discharge capacities of 85.2 mAh g-1 (50 mA g-1 over 100 cycles) and 64.5 mAh g-1 (500 mA g-1 over 1000 cycles) with ratios to the theoretical capacities of 84 and 64%, respectively. Electrochemical kinetics analysis showed capacitive behaviors of the PDI-3AT cathode with efficient pathways for lithium-ion transport. Also, the activation step of the PDI-3AT cathode was demonstrated by improving the charge transfer resistance and lithium-ion diffusion coefficient during the initial few charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+G** level and ex situ analysis of various charge states of the PDI-3AT electrode using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted for the further study of the lithium-ion storage mechanism. The results showed that the lithiation process formed the lithium enolate (═C-O-Li) coordinated with the N atoms of the 1,2,4-triazole ring. It is expected that our study results will encourage the production and use of redox-active perylene diimide derivatives as next-generation cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggyu Seong
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Wonbin Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Geongil Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Youngho Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyerin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Taejung Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Yoon Myung
- Dongnam Regional Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, South Korea
| | - Kyounghoon Lee
- Department of Chemical education and Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
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