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Tolstik E, Gongalsky MB, Dierks J, Brand T, Pernecker M, Pervushin NV, Maksutova DE, Gonchar KA, Samsonova JV, Kopeina G, Sivakov V, Osminkina LA, Lorenz K. Raman and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy applied for the monitoring of sunitinib-loaded porous silicon nanocontainers in cardiac cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962763. [PMID: 36016563 PMCID: PMC9397571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials are a central pillar in modern medicine. They are thought to optimize drug delivery, enhance therapeutic efficacy, and reduce side-effects. To foster this technology, analytical methods are needed to validate not only the localization and distribution of these nanomaterials, but also their compatibility with cells, drugs, and drug release. In the present work, we assessed nanoparticles based on porous silicon (pSiNPs) loaded with the clinically used tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib for their effectiveness of drug delivery, release, and toxicity in colon cancer cells (HCT 116 cells) and cardiac myoblast cells (H9c2) using Raman micro-spectroscopy, high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, along with biological methods for toxicological effects. We produced pSiNPs with a size of about 100 nm by grinding mesoporous silicon layers. pSiNPs allowed an effective loading of sunitinib due to their high porosity. Photoluminescence properties of the nanoparticles within the visible spectrum allowed the visualization of their uptake in cardiac cells. Raman micro-spectroscopy allowed not only the detection of the uptake and distribution of pSiNPs within the cells via a characteristic silicon Raman band at about 518–520 cm−1, but also the localization of the drug based on its characteristic molecular fingerprints. Cytotoxicity studies by Western blot analyses of apoptotic marker proteins such as caspase-3, and the detection of apoptosis by subG1-positive cell fractions in HCT 116 and MTT analyses in H9c2 cells, suggest a sustained release of sunitinib from pSiNPs and delayed cytotoxicity of sunitinib in HCT 116 cells. The analyses in cardiac cells revealed that pSiNPs are well tolerated and that they may even protect from toxic effects in these cells to some extent. Analyses of the integrity of mitochondrial networks as an early indicator for apoptotic cellular effects seem to validate these observations. Our study suggests pSiNPs-based nanocontainers for efficient and safe drug delivery and Raman micro-spectroscopy as a reliable method for their detection and monitoring. Thus, the herein presented nanocontainers and analytical methods have the potential to allow an efficient advancement of nanoparticles for targeted and sustained intracellular drug release that is of need, e.g., in chronic diseases and for the prevention of cardiac toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Tolstik
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Dortmund, Germany
- *Correspondence: E. Tolstik, elen.tolstik@isas; L. A. Osminkina, ; K. Lorenz,
| | - M. B. Gongalsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, Russia
| | - J. Dierks
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Brand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Pernecker
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - N. V. Pervushin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - D. E. Maksutova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, Russia
| | - K. A. Gonchar
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, Russia
| | - J. V. Samsonova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - G. Kopeina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. Sivakov
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Department Functional Interfaces, Jena, Germany
| | - L. A. Osminkina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: E. Tolstik, elen.tolstik@isas; L. A. Osminkina, ; K. Lorenz,
| | - K. Lorenz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V., Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: E. Tolstik, elen.tolstik@isas; L. A. Osminkina, ; K. Lorenz,
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