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Abstract
The Brønsted acidity of proton-exchanged zeolites has historically led to the most impactful applications of these materials in heterogeneous catalysis, mainly in the fields of transformations of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Unravelling the mechanisms at the atomic scale of these transformations has been the object of tremendous efforts in the last decades. Such investigations have extended our fundamental knowledge about the respective roles of acidity and confinement in the catalytic properties of proton exchanged zeolites. The emerging concepts are of general relevance at the crossroad of heterogeneous catalysis and molecular chemistry. In the present review, emphasis is given to molecular views on the mechanism of generic transformations catalyzed by Brønsted acid sites of zeolites, combining the information gained from advanced kinetic analysis, in situ, and operando spectroscopies, and quantum chemistry calculations. After reviewing the current knowledge on the nature of the Brønsted acid sites themselves, and the key parameters in catalysis by zeolites, a focus is made on reactions undergone by alkenes, alkanes, aromatic molecules, alcohols, and polyhydroxy molecules. Elementary events of C-C, C-H, and C-O bond breaking and formation are at the core of these reactions. Outlooks are given to take up the future challenges in the field, aiming at getting ever more accurate views on these mechanisms, and as the ultimate goal, to provide rational tools for the design of improved zeolite-based Brønsted acid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Christophe Bouchy
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Kim Larmier
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Gerhard Pirngruber
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
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Liu P, Liu Q, Liu W, Peng S, Mei D. Mechanistic insights into positional and skeletal isomerization of cyclohexene in the H-BEA zeolite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18043-18054. [PMID: 35861155 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isomerization of cycloalkenes via the formation of carbenium cations assisted by the Brønsted acid site (BAS) in zeolites is the vital reaction step in hydrocracking and hydroisomerization processes of the petrochemical industry. To understand the acid-catalyzed positional isomerization and skeletal isomerization of cycloalkenes via carbenium intermediates, a series of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of cyclohexene within the H-BEA zeolite have been carried out. AIMD simulations combined with the enhanced sampling technique reveal that the half-chair conformer is the most stable conformation for cyclohexene within H-BEA. Free energy landscapes characterizing protonation/deprotonation, positional isomerization, and skeletal isomerization of cyclohexene have been mapped out at 413 K. The free energy barrier for the formation of carbenium is calculated to be 44 kJ mol-1. The skeletal isomerization of cyclohexene to methylcyclopentylium via the protonated cyclopropane transition state involves four stages with a total free energy barrier of 134 kJ mol-1. Further geometrical analysis provides additional information about the structural origin of free energy barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Liu
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116045, P. R. China.
| | - Shaozhong Peng
- SINOPEC Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116045, P. R. China.
| | - Donghai Mei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China. .,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
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Gutierrez‐Acebo E, Rey J, Bouchy C, Schuurman Y, Chizallet C. Ethylcyclohexane Hydroconversion in EU‐1 Zeolite: DFT‐based Microkinetic Modeling Reveals the Nature of the Kinetically Relevant Intermediates. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Gutierrez‐Acebo
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
| | - Jérôme Rey
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
| | - Christophe Bouchy
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
| | - Yves Schuurman
- CNRS, UMR 5256, IRCELYON Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon Université Lyon 1 2 Avenue Albert Einstein F-69626 Villeurbanne France
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
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Gordon CP, Engler H, Tragl AS, Plodinec M, Lunkenbein T, Berkessel A, Teles JH, Parvulescu AN, Copéret C. Efficient epoxidation over dinuclear sites in titanium silicalite-1. Nature 2020; 586:708-713. [PMID: 33116285 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) is a zeolitic material with MFI framework structure, in which 1 to 2 per cent of the silicon atoms are substituted for titanium atoms. It is widely used in industry owing to its ability to catalytically epoxidize olefins with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leaving only water as a byproduct1,2; around one million tonnes of propylene oxide are produced each year using this process3. The catalytic properties of TS-1 are generally attributed to the presence of isolated Ti(IV) sites within the zeolite framework1. However, despite almost 40 years of experimental and computational investigation4-10, the structure of these active Ti(IV) sites is unconfirmed, owing to the challenges of fully characterizing TS-1. Here, using a combination of spectroscopy and microscopy, we characterize in detail a series of highly active and selective TS-1 propylene epoxidation catalysts with well dispersed titanium atoms. We find that, on contact with H217O2, all samples exhibit a characteristic solid-state 17O nuclear magnetic resonance signature that is indicative of the formation of bridging peroxo species on dinuclear titanium sites. Further, density functional theory calculations indicate that cooperativity between two titanium atoms enables propylene epoxidation via a low-energy reaction pathway with a key oxygen-transfer transition state similar to that of olefin epoxidation by peracids. We therefore propose that dinuclear titanium sites, rather than isolated titanium atoms in the framework, explain the high efficiency of TS-1 in propylene epoxidation with H2O2. This revised view of the active-site structure may enable further optimization of TS-1 and the industrial epoxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hauke Engler
- Department of Chemistry, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amadeus Samuel Tragl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Milivoj Plodinec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zhang N, Ma J, Li R, Jiao H. Hydrocracking of Fused Aromatic Hydrocarbons Catalyzed by Al-Substituted HZSM-5—A Case Study of 9,10-Dihydroanthracene. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles Solaize, Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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Treps L, Gomez A, de Bruin T, Chizallet C. Environment, Stability and Acidity of External Surface Sites of Silicalite-1 and ZSM-5 Micro and Nano Slabs, Sheets, and Crystals. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laureline Treps
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize
, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Axel Gomez
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize
, 69360 Solaize, France
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University
, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Theodorus de Bruin
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau,
, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize
, 69360 Solaize, France
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Said-Aizpuru O, Allain F, Diehl F, Farrusseng D, Joly JF, Dandeu A. A naphtha reforming process development methodology based on the identification of catalytic reactivity descriptors. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This critical review proposes an original and pragmatic naphtha reforming process development approach aimed at merging catalyst development with kinetic modelling through the identification of “effective” and “measurable” catalytic descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Said-Aizpuru
- IFP Énergies Nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize – BP 3
- 69360 Solaize
- France
- Univ Lyon
| | - Florent Allain
- IFP Énergies Nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize – BP 3
- 69360 Solaize
- France
| | - Fabrice Diehl
- IFP Énergies Nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize – BP 3
- 69360 Solaize
- France
| | - David Farrusseng
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
| | - Jean-François Joly
- IFP Énergies Nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize – BP 3
- 69360 Solaize
- France
| | - Aurélie Dandeu
- IFP Énergies Nouvelles
- Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize – BP 3
- 69360 Solaize
- France
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Rey J, Raybaud P, Chizallet C, Bučko T. Competition of Secondary versus Tertiary Carbenium Routes for the Type B Isomerization of Alkenes over Acid Zeolites Quantified by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Rey
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize−BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Pascal Raybaud
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize−BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize−BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Tomáš Bučko
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, SK- 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84236 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Rey J, Gomez A, Raybaud P, Chizallet C, Bučko T. On the origin of the difference between type A and type B skeletal isomerization of alkenes catalyzed by zeolites: The crucial input of ab initio molecular dynamics. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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