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Brufani G, Di Erasmo B, Li CJ, Vaccaro L. Csp 2-H functionalization of phenols: an effective access route to valuable materials via Csp 2-C bond formation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3831-3871. [PMID: 38487228 PMCID: PMC10935747 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the vast majority of top-selling pharmaceutical and industrial products, phenolic structural motifs are highly prevalent. Non-functionalized simple phenols serve as building blocks in the synthesis of value-added chemicals. It is worth mentioning that lignin, being the largest renewable biomass source of aromatic building blocks in nature, mainly consists of phenolic units, which enable the production of structurally diverse phenols. Given their remarkable applicability in the chemical value chain, many efforts have been devoted to increasing the molecular complexity of the phenolic scaffold. Among the key techniques, direct functionalization of Csp2-H is a powerful tool, enabling the construction of new Csp2-C bonds in an economical and atomic manner. Herein we present and summarize the large plethora of direct Csp2-H functionalization methods that enables scaffold diversification of simple, unprotected phenols, leading to the formation of new Csp2-C bonds. In this review article, we intend to summarize the contributions that appeared in the literature mainly in the last 5 years dealing with the functionalization of unprotected phenols, both catalytic and non-catalytic. Our goal is to highlight the key findings and the ongoing challenges in the stimulating and growing research dedicated to the development of new protocols for the valorization of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brufani
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
| | - Benedetta Di Erasmo
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A0B8 Canada
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy https://greensoc.chm.unipg.it
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2
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Chen H, Yang W, Zhang J, Lu B, Wang X. Divergent Geminal Alkynylation-Allylation and Acylation-Allylation of Carbenes: Evolution and Roles of Two Transition-Metal Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4727-4740. [PMID: 38330247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cooperative bimetallic catalysis to access novel reactivities is a powerful strategy for reaction development in transition-metal-catalyzed chemistry. Particularly, elucidation of the evolution of two transition-metal catalysts and understanding their roles in dual catalysis are among the most fundamental goals for bimetallic catalysis. Herein, a novel three-component reaction of a terminal alkyne, a diazo ester, and an allylic carbonate was successfully developed via cooperative Cu/Rh catalysis with Xantphos as the ligand, providing a highly efficient strategy to access 1,5-enynes with an all-carbon quaternary center that can be used as immediate synthetic precursors for complex cyclic molecules. Notably, a Meyer-Schuster rearrangement was involved in the reactions using propargylic alcohols, resulting in an unprecedented acylation-allylation of carbenes. Mechanistic studies suggested that in the course of the reaction Cu(I) species might aggregate to some types of Cu clusters and nanoparticles (NPs), while the Rh(II)2 precursor can dissociate to mono-Rh species, wherein Cu NPs are proposed to be responsible for the alkynylation of carbenes and work in cooperation with Xantphos-coordinated dirhodium(II) or Rh(I)-catalyzed allylic alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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3
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Xu J, Ge Z, Ding K, Wang X. Rh(II)/Pd(0) Dual-Catalyzed Regio-Divergent Three-Component Propargylic Substitution. JACS Au 2023; 3:2862-2872. [PMID: 37885573 PMCID: PMC10598837 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Regio-divergent propargylic substitution to generate functionally diverse products from identical starting materials remains a formidable challenge, probably due to the unpredictable regiochemical complexity. In practically, the synthesis of α-quaternary propargylic-substituted products is still much less developed, and preprepared nucleophiles are generally applied in this type of reaction with propargylic substrates, which limits the reaction efficiency and diversity of the obtained products. Herein, we disclose unprecedented three-component propargylic substitution of α-diazo esters with amines and propargylic carbonates under dirhodium/palladium dual catalysis. The key to the success of this multicomponent propargylic substitution is to avoid two-component side reactions through a tandem process of dirhodium(II)-catalyzed carbene insertion and palladium-catalyzed regiodivergent propargylic substitution. The judicious selection of a diphosphine (dppf) or monophosphine (tBuBrettphos) as the ligand is crucial for the reaction to generate different products in a switchable way, α-quaternary 1,3-dienyl or propargylated products, with high regio- and chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaoliang Ge
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Frontier
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, 800 Dongchuan
Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 1 Sub-lane
Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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4
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Wang GY, Ge Z, Ding K, Wang X. Cooperative Bimetallic Catalysis via One-Metal/Two-Ligands: Mechanistic Insights of Polyfluoroarylation-Allylation of Diazo Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307973. [PMID: 37327073 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal/ligand in situ assembly is crucial for tailoring the reactivity & selectivity in transition metal catalysis. Cooperative catalysis via a single metal/two ligands is still underdeveloped, since it is rather challenging to harness the distinct reactivity profiles of the species generated by self-assembly of a single metal precursor with a mixture of different ligands. Herein, we report a catalytic system composed of a single metal/two ligands for a three-component reaction of polyfluoroarene, α-diazo ester, and allylic electrophile, leading to highly efficient construction of densely functionalized quaternary carbon centers, that are otherwise hardly accessible. Mechanistic studies suggest this reaction follows a cooperative bimetallic pathway via two catalysts with distinct reactivity profiles, which are assembled in situ from a single metal precursor and two ligands and work in concert to escort the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oganometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oganometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oganometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oganometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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5
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Chen Q, Huang T, Shao Y, Tang S, Sun J. Forming All-Carbon Quaternary Centers by Geminal Difunctionalization of Diazo Compounds with N,N-Disubstituted Anilines and Allylic Carbonates. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36760174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-component reaction of N,N-disubstituted anilines, diazo compounds, and allylic carbonates has been developed by using a rhodium-palladium dual catalysis, providing an effective protocol for the construction of tetrasubstituted esters bearing an all-carbon quaternary center as well as an allylic moiety in one pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Tingzhong Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Shengbiao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
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Ge Z, Lu B, Teng H, Wang X. Efficient Synthesis of Diaryl Quaternary Centers by Rh(II)/Xantphos Catalyzed Relay C-H Functionalization and Allylic Alkylation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202820. [PMID: 36239082 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of N, N-disubstituted aniline, α-diazo ester, and an allylic electrophile has been realized by [Rh(II)]2 /Xantphos catalysis, providing a direct access to various aniline derivatives bearing diaryl allylic quaternary centers in good yields. The synthetic utility of this protocol was demonstrated by facile derivatization of the products for preparation of biologically relevant molecules and structural scaffolds, which offers a high potential for increasing the molecular diversity. Mechanistic studies identified α, α-diarylacetate species as an active intermediate, thereby revealing the presence of a C(sp2 )-H functionalization of aniline derivatives/allylic alkylation cascade in this attractive catalytic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Ge
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Avenue, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Avenue, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang J, Lu B, Ge Z, Wang L, Wang X. Selective Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via Relay Catalysis of Indole C–H Functionalization/Allylic Alkylation. Org Lett 2022; 24:8423-8428. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaoliang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Chen Z, Huang X, Liu Q, Song D, Yang F, Ji K. Three-component Chemo-selective Oxy-allylation of α-Diazo Carbonyl Compounds: Access to α-Ternary Carboxylic Esters. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
We describe a Xantphos-containing dinuclear palladium complex-enabled geminal aminoallylation of diazocarbonyl compounds, which selectively provides a range of quaternary α-amino esters. Direct N-H insertion, allylic alkylation of amino nucleophiles, and diene formation were not observed under standard conditions. Mechanistic studies indicated that a relayed pathway via allylation of the N-H insertion product or [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of an ylide intermediate was unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Liyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xueliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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Li F, Lu B, Liu Y, Wang X. Dirhodium/Xantphos-Catalyzed Tandem C—H Functionalization/Allylic Alkylation: Direct Access to 3-Acyl-3-allyl Oxindole Derivatives from N-Aryl- α-diazo- β-keto Amides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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