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Leilabadi-Asl A, Divsalar A, Zare Karizak A, Fateminasab F, Shityakov S, Eslami Moghadam M, Saboury AA. Unraveling the binding interactions between two Pt(II) complexes of aliphatic glycine derivatives with human serum albumin: A comprehensive computational and multi-spectral investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131298. [PMID: 38574913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
This article delves into the interaction between HSA protein and synthesized platinum complexes, with formula: [Pt(Propyl-NH2)2(Propylglycine)]NO3 and [Pt(Tertpentyl-NH2)2(Tertpentylglycine)]NO3, through a range of methods, including spectroscopic (UV-visible, fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence and CD) analysis and computational modeling (molecular docking and MD simulation). The binding constants, the number of binding sites, and thermodynamic parameters were obtained at 25 to 37 °C. The study found that both complexes could bind with HSA (moderate affinity for Tertpentyl and strong affinity for Propyl derivatives) and occupied one binding site in HSA (validated with, Stern-Volmer, Job-plots, and molecular docking investigations) located in subdomain IIA. The binding mechanisms of both mentioned Pt(II) agents were different, with the Propyl derivative predominantly using van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond interactions with a static quenching mechanism and the Tertpentyl derivative mainly utilizing hydrophobic force with a dynamic quenching mechanism. However, the two ligands affected protein differently; the Tertpentyl complex did not significantly alter the protein structure upon binding, as evidenced by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS), CD spectroscopy, and MD analysis. The outcome helps in understanding the binding mechanisms and structural modifications induced by the ligands, which could aid in the innovation of more effective and stable Pt(II)-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amineh Leilabadi-Asl
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Divsalar
- Department of Cell & Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ashkan Zare Karizak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Fateminasab
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- ITMO University, Infochemistry Scientific Center, Division of Chemoinformatics, Saint-Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Singh A, Shiv K, Singh R, Bharty MK, Manna PP, Prasad LB. Antiproliferative activity of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of dithiocarbamate: synthesis, structural characterization, and thermal studies. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1196-1208. [PMID: 38108492 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Five new metal complexes of Fe(II) (1), Co(II) (2), Ni(II) (3), Cu(II) (4), and Zn(II) (5), derived from an N-cyclohexyl N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) dithiocarbamate ligand, have been successfully synthesized and fully characterized by different analytical techniques i.e. elemental analyses, FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H & 13C NMR, and HRMS. Furthermore, complexes 4 and 5 have been characterized by the SC-XRD technique. Complex 4 adopts a distorted square planar geometry around the Cu(II) center while complex 5 adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry around the Zn(II) center. In addition, an eight-membered symmetric chair-like metallacycle ring containing two Zn(II) centers has also been found in complex 5. XRD data also show that complexes 4 and 5 are stabilized by various weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The course of the thermal degradation of metal complexes 1-5 has been examined by TG-DTA data which revealed that metal sulphide formed as the final residue. Complexes 1-5 demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and growth inhibition of DL tumor cells. Among the compounds, complexes 1, 4, and 5 showed significant cytotoxicity and induced a loss in the viability of DL cells. Therapy with complexes 1, 4, and 5 protects DL tumor-bearing animals from exacerbation of the disease, increases lifespan, and significantly improves the histopathological parameters of the vascularized organ, including preventing metastasis. Overall cytotoxicity assay results indicate that all complexes have remarkable cytotoxic potential in comparison with the free ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Kunal Shiv
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Ranjeet Singh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - M K Bharty
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Partha Pratim Manna
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Lal Bahadur Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Eslami Moghadam M, Rezaeisadat M, Shahryari E, Mansouri-Torshizi H, Heydari M. Biological interaction of Pt complex with imidazole derivative as an anticancer compound with DNA: Experimental and theoretical studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126097. [PMID: 37543270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
This investigation is applied to find out interesting information on DNA binding mode with Pt(II) derivative of two N, N bidentate ligands in treating cancer. Thus, one new water-soluble platinum complex with FIP and phen with a new formula of [Pt(phen)(FIP)](NO3)2 was prepared and specified. DFT data can be used to evaluate geometry parameters. Based on the ADMET prediction, this complex can be considered a drug-like agent. Cytotoxicity property was evaluated against some human cancerous MCF7, A549, and HCT116 cell lines. Accumulation of Pt complex, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin in each cancerous cell was determined, which is probably related to their lipophilicity and solubility properties. The binding mode of the complex to ct-DNA was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and molecular docking simulation. The viscosity of DNA by different concentrations of EB and Pt complex titration shows Pt complex interacts with DNA via groove binding like the spectroscopic binding result. In the MD study, DNA helix, RMSD, and RMSF analysis showed that DNA stability decreased and that the majority of residues left the initial state. DNA increased residual deviations and flexibility are linked to an increase in its gyratory radius, which is consistent with the findings of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaheh Shahryari
- Department of Physical Sciences, Emporia State University, Campus Box, 4030, KS, USA
| | | | - Maryam Heydari
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Arabpour Shiraz Z, Sohrabi N, Eslami Moghadam M, Oftadeh M. Spectroscopic study and molecular simulation: Bovine serum albumin binding with anticancer Pt complex of amyl dithiocarbamate ligand. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20090. [PMID: 37809783 PMCID: PMC10559868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Until now, many methods have been proposed to treat cancer, such as radiation therapy and drug therapy, but none of them have caused a complete cure for cancer. Heavy metal complexes such as cisplatin are among the compounds used as drugs in chemotherapy against cancer cells. These compounds cause cell death and have anti-cancer properties, but they have side effects. The biochemical mechanism of cisplatin is related to its interaction with DNA through covalent binding. To reduce the toxicity of metallodrugs, new complexes can be designed containing S, S- bidentate ligands such as diethyldithiocarbamate. Moreover, anti-cancer compounds probably interact with proteins, such as HSA, before passing the cancerous cell membrane and DNA as a target. So, the function of proteins and their stabilities are expected to change. In this research, the mode of binding of [Pt (bpy) (amyl.dtc)]NO3 complex with BSA was evaluated by various thermodynamic methods. Negative binding enthalpy and entropy changes amounts show that the connection between the Platinum compound and BSA occurs via the van Der Waals type of hydrogen bond. The negative Gibbs free energy change was obtained through isothermal titration, which showed interaction proceeds spontaneously. Moreover, the emission titration data showed that protein fluorescence quenching by platinum agent titration is static. Binding, quenching constants, and binding site number were obtained by the Stern-Volmer equation, and only one binding site was determined for this interaction. A Scatchard plot with a positive slope shows the Pt agent-BSA formation is proceeding positively cooperative. The kinetic study displayed that the absorption monitoring followed the second-order model. Finally, molecular docking simulation showed that the position of the Pt agent on protein is placed I under region II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Oftadeh
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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Jafari A, Eslami Moghadam M, Mansouri-Torshizi H. Green Synthesis and Bioactivity of Aliphatic N-Substituted Glycine Derivatives. ACS Omega 2023; 8:30158-30176. [PMID: 37636948 PMCID: PMC10448692 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Standard amino acids have an asymmetric α-carbon atom to which -COOH, -NH2, -H, and -R groups are bonded. Among them, glycine is the simplest (R = -H) with no asymmetric carbon, and other natural amino acids are C-substituted of glycine. Here, we have designed and made a green synthesis of some new N-substituted glycine derivatives with R-(NH)CH2-COOH formula, where R is flexible and hydrophobic with different chain lengths and benches of the type propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, 2-aminoheptyl, and octyl. These glycine derivatives were characterized by recording their melting points and FT-IR, mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra. DFT studies revealed that 2-aminoheptyl glycine had the highest electronegativity value and can thus act as a good bidentate ligand for the metal centers. ADME comparative results and bioavailability radars indicated that both octyl- and 2-aminoheptyl glycine had the most lipophilicity, making them good agents in cell passing. Furthermore, lipophilicity determination showed that octyl glycine was the best and propylgly was more soluble than others. Based on solubility, lipophilicity, and dipole moment values, propyl- and 2-aminoheptyl-glycine were considered for bio-macromolecular interaction studies. Thus, the interaction of these two agents with DNA and HSA was studied using absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism techniques. Due to the presence of the R-amine group, they can interact with the DNA by H-binding and hydrophobicity, while electrostatic mode could not be ruled out. Meanwhile, molecular docking studies revealed that octyl- and 2-aminoheptyl glycine had the highest negative docking energy, which reflects their higher tendency to interact with DNA. The DNA binding affinity of two candidate AAs was determined by viscosity measurement and fluorescence emission recording, which confirms that groove binding occurs. Also, the toxicity of these synthesized amino acid derivates was tested against the human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell line. They showed IC50 values within the range of 127-344 μM after 48 h with the highest toxicity for 2-aminoheptyl glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Jafari
- Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Eslami Moghadam M, Tavakoli Hafshajani K, Sohrabi N, Rezaeisadat M, Oftadeh M. Platinum (II) complex of isopentyl glycine ligand: DNA binding, molecular dynamic, and anticancer activity against breast cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37578043 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2246564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we performed thorough experimental and theoretical calculations to examine the interaction between Pt derivative, as an anticancer, and ct-DNA. The mode of DNA binding with [Pt(NH3)2(Isopentylgly)]NO3, where Isopentylgly is Isopentyl glycine, was evaluated by various spectroscopic methods, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic titration results and CD spectra of DNA-drug showed this interaction is via groove binding. Also, thermal stability studies or DNA melting temperature changes (ΔTm), as well as the quenching emissions monitoring proved it. Also, the thermodynamic parameter and binding constant displayed that complex-DNA formation is a spontaneous process, and H-binding and also groove binding were found to be the main forces. Theoretical studies stated [Pt(NH3)2(Isopentylgly)]NO3-DNA formation occurs on C-G center on DNA, along with rising DNA-compound stability. IC50 value against the human breast cell line probably is due to the Isopentyl glycine ligand in the structure of the Pt compound, and it was obtained more than cisplatin and less than carboplatin against the MCF7 cell.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Oftadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
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Eslami Moghadam M, Hasanzadeh Esfahani M, Behzad M, Zolghadri S, Ramezani N, Azadi Y. New platinum (II) complexes based on schiff bases: synthesis, specification, X-ray structure, ADMET, DFT, molecular docking, and anticancer activity against breast cancer. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023:10.1007/s00775-023-02005-1. [PMID: 37452868 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acylpyrazolone-based Schiff base ligands (HLn) and their corresponding Pt(II) complexes with the general formula [Pt(Ln)(Cl)] (n = 1-3) were synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques including 1H-NMR, 195Pt-NMR, LC-Mass, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis. The crystal structure of one of the Schiff base ligands was also obtained. Based on the ADMET comparative results and the bioavailability radar charts, the complexes are completely drug-like. The Schiff base complexes with a structural difference of one methyl group in ligand were used as anticancer agents against human breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231. The IC50 values after treatment by [Pt(L1)Cl] and [Pt(L2)Cl] were obtained more than cisplatin and less than carboplatin on cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3, while the IC50 value of [Pt(L3)Cl] was more than both other complexes and clinical Pt drugs. Molecular docking data showed that the groove binding is the main interaction with DNA double strands with a minor contribution from electrostatic interactions. To investigate the structure-activity relationship, DFT computational was done. All quantum chemical parameters display the drug approaching biomacromolecule and more biological activity of [Pt(L1)Cl] > [Pt(L2)Cl] > [Pt(L3)Cl]. So, three Schiff base platinum complexes can be suitable candidates as anticancer drugs. Schiff-base ligands (HLn) and their Pt(II) complexes ([Pt(Ln)(Cl)], n=1-3) were obtained. To investigate their biological property and main interactions with DNA, ADMET, and cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3, DFT, and Molecular docking were done.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahdi Behzad
- Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Azadi
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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Eslami Moghadam M, Rezaeisadat M, Mansouri-Torshizi H, Hosseinzadeh S, Daneshyar H. New anticancer potential Pt complex with tertamyl dithiocarbamate ligand: Synthesis, DNA targeting behavior, molecular dynamic, and biological activity. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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9
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Moghadam ME, Sadeghi M, Mansouri-Torshizi H, Saidifar M. High cancer selectivity and improving drug release from mesoporous silica nanoparticles in the presence of human serum albumin in cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and oxalipalladium treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023:106477. [PMID: 37225004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this project, drug release was examined based on the adsorption of cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and oxalipalladium on aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (N-HMSNs) and human serum albumin (HSA). These compounds were characterized by different techniques where three clinical Pt-drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, plus oxalipalladium were loaded and investigated for release. Based on loading analysis, the loading ability of the mentioned metallodrug on N-HMSNs was dependent on the nature of the drug structure as well as hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions. Different adsorption and release profiles were observed for all mentioned compounds via dialysis and ICP method analysis. Although the maximum to minimum loading occurred for oxalipalladium, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin to carboplatin, respectively, release from a surface with greater control belonged to carboplatin to cisplatin systems in the absence and presence of HSA to 48 hours due to weak interaction for carboplatin drug. The quick release of all mentioned compounds from the protein level at high doses of the drug during chemotherapy occurred very fast within the first 6 hours. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of both free drugs and drug-loaded@N-HMSNs samples on cancerous MCF-7, HCT116, A549, and normal HFF cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. It was found that free metallodrugs exhibited more active cytotoxic behavior on both cancerous and normal cell lines than drug-loaded@N-HMSNs. Data demonstrated that the Cisplatin@N-HMSNs with SI=6.0 and 6.6 for MCF7 and HCT116 cell lines, respectively, and Oxaliplatin@N-HMSNs with SI=7.4 for HCT116 cell line can be good candidates as an anticancer drug with minimal side effects by protecting cytotoxic drugs as well as controlled release and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Sadeghi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Saidifar
- Materials and Energy Research Center of Chemistry, Karaj, Iran
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Tavakoli Hafshajani K, Sohrabi N, Eslami Moghadam M, Oftadeh M. Spectroscopy and molecular dynamic study of the interaction of calf thymus DNA by anticancer Pt complex with butyl glycine ligand. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 299:122826. [PMID: 37216815 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the past few decades since the discovery of anticancer drugs, there is still no definitive treatment for its treatment. Cisplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat some cancers. In this research, the DNA binding affinity of Pt complex with butyl glycine ligand was studied by various spectroscopy methods and simulation studies. Fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopic data showed groove binding in ct-DNA-[Pt(NH3)2(butylgly)]NO3 complex formation by the spontaneous process. The results were also confirmed by small changes in CD spectra and thermal study (Tm), as well as the quenching emission of [Pt(NH3)2(butylgly)]NO3 complex on DNA. Finally, thermodynamic and binding parameters displayed that hydrophobic forces are the main forces. Based on docking simulation, [Pt(NH3)2(butylgly)]NO3 could bind to DNA and via minor groove binding on C-G center on DNA, formed a stable DNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohsen Oftadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
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Benjamin I, Louis H, Okon GA, Qader SW, Afahanam LE, Fidelis CF, Eno EA, Ejiofor EE, Manicum ALE. Transition Metal-Decorated B 12N 12-X (X = Au, Cu, Ni, Os, Pt, and Zn) Nanoclusters as Biosensors for Carboplatin. ACS Omega 2023; 8:10006-10021. [PMID: 36969422 PMCID: PMC10035017 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical studies on the adsorption, sensibility, and reactivity of a boron nitride nanocage decorated with Au, Cu, Ni, Os, Pt, and Zn metals as a biosensor material were carried out for the adsorption of carboplatin by applying the density functional theory computation at the B3LYP-GD3BJ/def2svp level of theory. All the optimized structures, as well as the calculations as regards the studied objective including electronic properties, geometry optimization parameters, adsorption energy studies, natural bond orbital analysis, topology studies, sensor mechanistic parameters, and thermodynamic properties (ΔG and ΔH), were investigated herein. As a result, the noticeable change in the energy gap of the studied surfaces when interacting with carboplatin accounted for the surfaces' reactivity, stability, conductivity, work function, and overall adsorption ability, implying that the studied decorated surfaces are good sensor materials for sensing carboplatin. Furthermore, the negative adsorption energies obtained for interacting surfaces decorated with Cu, Ni, Os, and Zn suggest that the surface has a superior ability to sense carboplatin as chemisorption was seen. Substantially, the geometric short adsorption bond length after adsorption, thermodynamically spontaneous reactions, and acceptable sensor mechanism results demonstrate that the investigated surfaces have strong sensing characteristics for sensing carboplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Benjamin
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Gideon A. Okon
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta 451101, Nigeria
| | - Suhailah W. Qader
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Science, Knowledge
University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Lucy E. Afahanam
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Chidera F. Fidelis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Ededet A. Eno
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel E. Ejiofor
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540221, Nigeria
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta 451101, Nigeria
| | - Amanda-Lee E. Manicum
- Department
of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
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