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Pawar SD, Gawali K, Kulhari H, Murty US, Kumar P. Amoxapine-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles with Superior Preclinical Pharmacokinetics for Better Brain Delivery: LC-MS/MS and GC-MS Analysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37027804 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricyclic antidepressant amoxapine (AMX) has been reported for a rapid onset of action compared to other cyclic antidepressants. It has very low solubility and bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism. Therefore, we planned to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of AMX using a single emulsification method to increase its solubility and bioavailability. HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods were developed further to quantify AMX in the formulation, plasma, and brain tissue samples. The formulation was studied for entrapment efficiency, loading, and in vitro drug release. Particle size and ζ potential analyses, AFM, SEM, TEM, DSC, and XRD were used for further characterization. In vivo oral pharmacokinetic and brain pharmacokinetic studies were performed using Wistar rats. The entrapment and loading efficiencies of AMX in SLNs were 85.8 ± 3.42 and 4.5 ± 0.45%, respectively. The developed formulation had a mean particle size of 151.5 ± 7.02 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.40 ± 0.11. DSC and XRD results indicated that AMX was incorporated into the nanocarrier system in an amorphous form. SEM, TEM, and AFM studies of AMX-SLNs confirmed the particles' spherical shape and nanoscale size. AMX solubility increased by approx. 2.67 times compared to the pure drug. The developed LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the oral and brain pharmacokinetic study of AMX-loaded SLNs in rats. Oral bioavailability was enhanced 1.6 times compared to the pure drug. The peak plasma concentrations of pure AMX and AMX-SLNs were 617.4 ± 137.4 and 1043.5 ± 150.2 (ng/mL), respectively. AMX-SLNs showed more than 5.8 times brain concentration compared to the pure drug. Based on the findings, it appears that utilizing a solid lipid nanoparticle carrier to transport AMX can be a highly effective delivery method with improved pharmacokinetic properties in the brain. This approach may prove valuable for future antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Dattram Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Post Office Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Komal Gawali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Post Office Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Post Office Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Post Office Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Post Office Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
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Jat S, Bhatt M, Roychowdhury S, Dixit VA, Pawar SD, Kulhari H, Alexander A, Kumar P. Preparation and characterization of amoxapine- and naringin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: drug-release and molecular-docking studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 17:2133-2144. [PMID: 36786368 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Amoxapine (AMX) has been reported to be metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Naringin (NG) has been reported to inhibit CYP enzymes. Therefore, the current work was designed to develop AMX solid lipid nanoparticles (AMX-SLNs) and NG-SLNs for better therapeutic performance. Materials & methods: AMX-SLNs and NG-SLNs were prepared and characterized. AMX and NG interactions with CYP450s were studied with molecular docking to rationalize the effectiveness of the combination. Results: AMX-SLNs and NG-SLNs showed nanometric size with a sustained in vitro drug-release profile. NG showed a higher predicted binding affinity for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, suggesting the potential for inhibition. Conclusion: The developed formulations were thoroughly characterized along with molecular docking data indicating promising AMX and NG combinations that may show good therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Jat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Manini Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Sanjana Roychowdhury
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 78110, India
| | - Vaibhav A Dixit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 78110, India
| | - Sachin Dattram Pawar
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India.,School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Dist. Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
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Diniz LF, Tenorio JC, Ribeiro C, Carvalho PDS. Structural aspects, solid-state properties, and solubility performance of pharmaceutical sertraline-based organic salts. J Mol Struct 2023; 1273:134293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar V, Goswami PK, Balendra, Tewari S, Ramanan A. Multicomponent Solids of Niflumic and Mefenamic Acids Based on Acid-Pyridine Synthon. Front Chem 2022; 10:729608. [PMID: 35433637 PMCID: PMC9009247 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.729608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study discusses comparative structural features of fourteen multicomponent solids of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Niflumic and Mefenamic acids, with amine and pyridine-based coformers. All the solids were structurally characterized through PXRD, SCXRD, DSC, and the monophasic nature of some of the solids was established through Rietveld refinement. The solid forms include salt, cocrystal, hydrate, and solvate. Except for two, all the solids reported here showed relatively higher solubility compared to the acids. The difference in pKa and similarity in structural features of both the molecules enabled us to study the effect of ΔpKa on crystallization outcome systematically. The structures of all the solids are described through acid-pyridine synthon perspective.
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Abstract
The co-crystallization approach has been used to enhance specific desirable properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as solubility, dissolution rate, and stability. Solubility is a fundamental property that affects the bioavailability and dosage of the API. The co-crystal approach is one of the emerging methods with the potential for improving the solubility of these drugs. This paper reviews the latest progress on improving the solubility of some antidiabetic drug molecules using the co-crystal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustina Batisai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of VendaP Bag X5050Thohoyandou0950South Africa
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Sutar Y, Yadavalli T, Paul SK, Mallick S, Koganti R, Chauhan H, Date AA, Shukla D. BX795-Organic Acid Coevaporates: Evaluation of Solid-State Characteristics, In Vitro Cytocompatibility and In Vitro Activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1920. [PMID: 34834335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BX795 is a TANK binding kinase-1 inhibitor that has shown excellent therapeutic activity in murine models of genital and ocular herpes infections on topical delivery. Currently, only the BX795 free base and its hydrochloride salt are available commercially. Here, we evaluate the ability of various organic acids suitable for vaginal and/or ocular delivery to form BX795 salts/cocrystals/co-amorphous systems with the aim of facilitating pharmaceutical development of BX795. We characterized BX795-organic acid coevaporates using powder X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the interaction between BX795 and various organic acids such as taurine, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid. Furthermore, using human corneal epithelial cells and HeLa cells, we evaluated BX795-organic acid coevaporates for in vitro cytocompatibility and in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2). Our studies indicate that BX795 forms co-amorphous systems with tartaric acid and citric acid. Interestingly, the association of organic acids with BX795 improved its thermal stability. Our in vitro cytocompatibility and in vitro antiviral studies to screen suitable BX795-organic acid coevaporates for further development show that all BX795-organic acid systems, at a concentration equivalent to 10 µM BX795, retained antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 but showed differential cytocompatibility. Further, dose-dependent in vitro cytocompatibility and antiviral activity studies on the BX795-fumaric acid system, BX795-tartaric acid co-amorphous system, and BX795-citric acid co-amorphous system show similar antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 compared to BX795, whereas only the BX795-citric acid co-amorphous system showed higher in vitro cytocompatibility compared to BX795.
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Kumar Bandaru R, Rout SR, Kenguva G, Gorain B, Alhakamy NA, Kesharwani P, Dandela R. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: From Bench to Market. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:780582. [PMID: 34858194 PMCID: PMC8632238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.780582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics profile of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the solid pharmaceutical dosage forms is largely dependent on the solid-state characteristics of the chemicals to understand the physicochemical properties by particle size, size distribution, surface area, solubility, stability, porosity, thermal properties, etc. The formation of salts, solvates, and polymorphs are the conventional strategies for altering the solid characteristics of pharmaceutical compounds, but they have their own limitations. Cocrystallization approach was established as an alternative method for tuning the solubility, permeability, and processability of APIs by introducing another compatible molecule/s into the crystal structure without affecting its therapeutic efficacy to successfully develop the formulation with the desired pharmacokinetic profile. In the present review, we have grossly focused on cocrystallization, particularly at different stages of development, from design to production. Furthermore, we have also discussed regulatory guidelines for pharmaceutical industries and challenges associated with the design, development and production of pharmaceutical cocrystals with commercially available cocrystal-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Bandaru
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Rout
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gowtham Kenguva
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
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Alexandropoulos DI, Kong F, Lombardi F, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Bogani L. A manganese (II) dimer bearing the reduced derivatives of nitronyl nitroxides. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li Y, Chen H, Tan B, Xiang B, Zhang S, Luo W, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Three piperazine compounds as corrosion inhibitors for copper in 0.5 M sulfuric acid medium. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rokkam SK, Yadav M, Joshi M, Choudhury AR, Sahal D, Golakoti NR. Synthesis, in vitro anti-plasmodial potency, in-silico-cum-SPR binding with inhibition of PfPyridoxal synthase and rapid parasiticidal action by 3,5-bis{( E) arylidene}- N-methyl-4-piperidones. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04604g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DANMPs have been identified as new pharmacophores that have the ability to target PfPyridoxal synthase and cause rapid killing of the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Rokkam
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- Malaria Drug Discovery Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Joshi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Angshuman Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Drug Discovery Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Golakoti
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Song M, Yang F, Su C, Deng B. Characterizing hydrogen bonds in crystalline form of guanidinium salicylate in the terahertz range. RSC Adv 2020; 11:307-319. [PMID: 35423026 PMCID: PMC8691105 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For pharmaceutical compounds with poor solubility, there is an effective method to address this dilemma without tampering their intrinsic chemical properties by forming weak hydrogen bonds. Guanidinium salicylate, which is a typical pharmaceutical salt with a complex crystal structure, was systematically investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy combined with density functional theory in order to obtain the complete information of weak hydrogen bonds. As a result of the influence of weak hydrogen bonds, there are substantial differences between guanidinium salicylate and its parent molecule (salicylic acid) in the experimental fingerprint spectra in the range of 0.2-2.5 THz, such as the number, amplitude and frequency positions of absorption peaks. With the help of isolated molecule density functional theory calculations, the possible sites of weak hydrogen bonds were determined by natural bond orbital analysis. It can be concluded that there is an intricate hydrogen bond network due to the polar distribution of molecular electrostatic potential. Furthermore, all THz absorption peaks were assigned to their corresponding vibrational modes and the complete information of the related hydrogen bonds (including type, role, angle, and bond length) was determined by using dispersion-corrected density functional theory. The results laid a good foundation for further study on the enhancement of solubility of pharmaceutical salts by forming weak hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojiang Song
- Guizhou Metrology Institute Guiyang Guizhou 550003 China
| | - Fei Yang
- Guizhou Metrology Institute Guiyang Guizhou 550003 China
| | - Caixia Su
- School of Big Data and Computer Science, Guizhou Nornal University Guizhou 550001 China
| | - Bing Deng
- Guizhou Metrology Institute Guiyang Guizhou 550003 China
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Suresh A, Gonde S, Mondal PK, Sahoo J, Chopra D. Improving solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate of ofloxacin API through salt formation via mechanochemical synthesis with diphenic acid. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gao XS, Dai HJ, Tang Y, Ding MJ, Pei WB, Ren XM. Crystal Structures, Photoluminescence, and Magnetism of Two Novel Transition-Metal Complex Cocrystals with Three-Dimensional H-Bonding Organic Framework or Alternating Noncovalent Anionic and Cationic Layers. ACS Omega 2019; 4:12230-12237. [PMID: 31460338 PMCID: PMC6682111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization may alter material physicochemical properties; thus, the strategy of forming a cocrystal is generally used to improve the material performance for practical applications. In this study, two transition-metal complex cocrystals [Zn(bpy)3]H0.5BDC·H1.5BDC·0.5bpy·3H2O (1) and [Cu2(BDC)(bpy)4]BDC·bpy·2H2O (2) have been achieved using a hydrothermal reaction, where bpy and H2BDC represent 2,2'-bipyridine and benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, respectively. Cocrystals were characterized by microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Cocrystal 1 contains five components and crystallizes in a monoclinic space group P21/n. The H0.5BDC1.5-, H1.5BDC0.5-, and H2O molecules construct three-dimensional H-bonding organic framework; the [Zn(bpy)3]2+ coordination cations and uncoordinated bpy molecules reside in channels, where two coordinated bpy ligands in [Zn(bpy)3]2+ and one uncoordinated bpy adopt sandwich-type alignment via π···π stacking interactions. Cocrystal 2 with four components crystallizes in a triclinic space group P-1 to form alternating layers; the binuclear [Cu2(bpy)4(BDC)]2+ cations and uncoordinated bpy molecules build the cationic layers, and the BDC2- species with disordered lattice water molecules form the anionic layers. Cocrystal 1 shows intense photoluminescence at an ambient condition with a quantum yield of 14.96% and decay time of 0.48 ns, attributed to the π* → π electron transition within phenyl/pyridyl rings, and 2 exhibits magnetic behavior of an almost isolated spin system with rather weak antiferromagnetic coupling in the [Cu2(bpy)4(BDC)]2+ cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and
College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Jie Dai
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and
College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yuerou Tang
- American
Division, Nanjing Jinling High School, Nanjing 210005, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Juan Ding
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and
College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bo Pei
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and
College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and
College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and College of Materials Science and
Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- American
Division, Nanjing Jinling High School, Nanjing 210005, P. R. China
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Abstract
Cocrystallization of two multifunctional structural isomers viz. orotic and isoorotic acids was explored with a series of amine and pyridine-based coformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Pramod Kumar Goswami
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | | | - Arunachalam Ramanan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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