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van der Westhuizen D, Bezuidenhout DI, Munro OQ. Cancer molecular biology and strategies for the design of cytotoxic gold(I) and gold(III) complexes: a tutorial review. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17413-17437. [PMID: 34693422 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review highlights key principles underpinning the design of selected metallodrugs to target specific biological macromolecules (DNA and proteins). The review commences with a descriptive overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and the molecular biology of cancer, particularly apoptosis, which is provided as a necessary foundation for the discovery, design, and targeting of metal-based anticancer agents. Drugs which target DNA have been highlighted and clinically approved metallodrugs discussed. A brief history of the development of mainly gold-based metallodrugs is presented prior to addressing ligand systems for stabilizing and adding functionality to bio-active gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, particularly in the burgeoning field of anticancer metallodrugs. Concepts such as multi-modal and selective cytotoxic agents are covered where necessary for selected compounds. The emerging role of carbenes as the ligand system of choice to achieve these goals for gold-based metallodrug candidates is highlighted prior to closing the review with comments on some future directions that this research field might follow. The latter section ultimately emphasizes the importance of understanding the fate of metal complexes in cells to garner key mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle van der Westhuizen
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
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Zacarias O, Petrovic AG, Abzalimov R, Pradhan P, Champeil E. Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing Trans Mitomycin C DNA Adducts at N 6 of Adenine and N 2 of Guanine. Chemistry 2021; 27:14263-14272. [PMID: 34319608 PMCID: PMC8516704 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitomycin C, (MC), an antitumor drug, is a DNA alkylating agent currently used in the clinics. Inert in its native form, MC is reduced to reactive mitosenes, which undergo nucleophilic attack by guanine or adenine bases in DNA to form monoadducts as well as interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Although ICLs are considered the most cytotoxic lesions, the role of each individual adduct in the drug's cytotoxicity is still not fully understood. Synthetic routes have been developed to access modified oligonucleotides containing dG MC-monoadducts and dG-MC-dG ICL at a single position of their base sequences to investigate the biological effects of these adducts. However, until now, oligonucleotides containing monoadducts formed by MC at the adenine base had not been available, thus preventing the examination of the role played by these lesions in the toxicity of MC. Here, we present a route to access these substrates. Structural proof of the adducted oligonucleotides were provided by enzymatic digestion to nucleosides and high-resolution mass spectral analysis. Additionally, parent oligonucleotides containing a dG monoadduct and a dG-MC-dG ICL were also produced. The stability and physical properties of all substrates were compared via CD spectroscopy and UV melting temperature studies. Finally, virtual models were created to explore the conformational space and structural features of these MC-DNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Zacarias
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Ana G Petrovic
- New York Institute of Technology, 1855 Broadway, EGGC 405 A, New York, NY, 10023, USA
| | - Rinat Abzalimov
- City University of New York, Advanced Research Center, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Padmanava Pradhan
- The City College, 138th Street at Convent Avenue, New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Elise Champeil
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 West 59th street, New York, NY, 10019, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Bose A, Surugihalli C, Pande P, Champeil E, Basu AK. Comparative Error-Free and Error-Prone Translesion Synthesis of N(2)-2'-Deoxyguanosine Adducts Formed by Mitomycin C and Its Metabolite, 2,7-Diaminomitosene, in Human Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:933-9. [PMID: 27082015 PMCID: PMC4871107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Mitomycin C (MC) is a cytotoxic and
mutagenic antitumor agent that
alkylates DNA upon reductive activation. 2,7-Diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM)
is a major metabolite of MC in tumor cells, which also alkylates DNA.
MC forms seven DNA adducts, including monoadducts and inter- and intrastrand
cross-links, whereas 2,7-DAM forms two monoadducts. Herein, the biological
effects of the dG-N2 adducts formed by
MC and 2,7-DAM have been compared by constructing single-stranded
plasmids containing these adducts and replicating them in human embryonic
kidney 293T cells. Translesion synthesis (TLS) efficiencies of dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM
were 38 ± 3 and 27 ± 3%, respectively, compared to that
of a control plasmid. This indicates that both adducts block DNA synthesis
and that dG-N2-2,7-DAM is a stronger replication
block than dG-N2-MC. TLS of each adducted
construct was reduced upon siRNA knockdown of pol η, pol κ,
or pol ζ. For both adducts, the most significant reduction occurred
with knockdown of pol κ, which suggests that pol κ plays
a major role in TLS of these dG-N2 adducts.
Analysis of the progeny showed that both adducts were mutagenic, and
the mutation frequencies (MF) of dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM were 18 ±
3 and 10 ± 1%, respectively. For both adducts, the major type
of mutation was G → T transversions. Knockdown of pol η
and pol ζ reduced the MF of dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM, whereas knockdown
of pol κ increased the MF of these adducts. This suggests that
pol κ predominantly carries out error-free TLS, whereas pol
η and pol ζ are involved in error-prone TLS. The largest
reduction in MF by 78 and 80%, respectively, for dG-N2-MC and dG-N2-2,7-DAM constructs
occurred when pol η, pol ζ, and Rev1 were simultaneously
knocked down. This result strongly suggests that, unlike pol κ,
these three TLS polymerases cooperatively perform the error-prone
TLS of these adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Bose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Chaitra Surugihalli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Elise Champeil
- Department of Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice , New York, New York 10019, United States
| | - Ashis K Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Mahmoodi NO, Yazdanbakhsh MR, Kiyani H, Sharifzadeh B. Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of New Heterocyclic Derivatives of 1,3-Diazabicyclo[3.1.0]Hex-3-Ene. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Bass
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Paz MM. Reductive activation of mitomycins A and C by vitamin C. Bioorg Chem 2013; 48:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Nucleic acids are the molecular targets of many clinical anticancer drugs. However, compared with proteins, nucleic acids have traditionally attracted much less attention as drug targets in structure-based drug design, partially because limited structural information of nucleic acids complexed with potential drugs is available. Over the past several years, enormous progresses in nucleic acid crystallization, heavy-atom derivatization, phasing, and structural biology have been made. Many complicated nucleic acid structures have been determined, providing new insights into the molecular functions and interactions of nucleic acids, especially DNAs complexed with small molecule ligands. Thus, opportunities have been created to further discover nucleic acid-targeting drugs for disease treatments. This review focuses on the structure studies of DNAs complexed with small molecule ligands for discovering lead compounds, drug candidates, and/or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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Zhu Y, Wang S, Wen S, Lu P, Wang Y. Copper-catalyzed cascade approach to 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes from aziridines and ethyl diazoacetate. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paz MM, Ladwa S, Champeil E, Liu Y, Rockwell S, Boamah EK, Bargonetti J, Callahan J, Roach J, Tomasz M. Mapping DNA adducts of mitomycin C and decarbamoyl mitomycin C in cell lines using liquid chromatography/ electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2370-8. [PMID: 19053323 PMCID: PMC2630229 DOI: 10.1021/tx8002615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor antibiotic and cancer chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C (MC) alkylates and crosslinks DNA, forming six major MC-deoxyguanosine adducts of known structures in vitro and in vivo. Two of these adducts are derived from 2,7-diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM), a nontoxic reductive metabolite of MC formed in cells in situ. Several methods have been used for the analysis of MC-DNA adducts in the past; however, a need exists for a safer, more comprehensive and direct assay of the six-adduct complex. Development of an assay, based on mass spectrometry, is described. DNA from EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells, Fanconi Anemia-A fibroblasts, normal human fibroblasts, and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was isolated after MC or 10-decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC) treatment of the cells, digested to nucleosides, and submitted to liquid chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Two fragments of each parent ion were monitored ("multiple reaction monitoring"). Identification and quantitative analysis were based on a standard mixture of six adducts, the preparation of which is described here in detail. The lower limit of detection of adducts is estimated as 0.25 pmol. Three initial applications of this method are reported as follows: (i) differential kinetics of adduct repair in EMT6 cells, (ii) analysis of adducts in MC- or DMC-treated Fanconi Anemia cells, and (iii) comparison of the adducts generated by treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with MC and DMC. Notable results are the following: Repair removal of the DNA interstrand cross-link and of the two adducts of 2,7-DAM is relatively slow; both MC and DMC generate DNA interstrand cross-links in human fibroblasts, Fanconi Anemia-A fibroblasts, and MCF-7 cells as well as EMT6 cells; and DMC shows a stereochemical preference of linkage to the guanine-2-amino group opposite from that of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Tomasz
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bhadra K, Maiti M, Kumar GS. DNA-Binding Cytotoxic Alkaloids: Comparative Study of the Energetics of Binding of Berberine, Palmatine, and Coralyne. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:675-85. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kakali Bhadra
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Motilal Maiti
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lukin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, School of Medicine, 11794-8651, USA
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Bruno G, Nicolò F, Rotondo A, Risitano F, Grassi G, Foti F. Structure Investigation of Bridgehead Aziridine: Synthesis, Theoretical, and Crystallographic Study of 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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