1
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Percec V, Sahoo D. From Frank-Kasper, Quasicrystals, and Biological Membrane Mimics to Reprogramming In Vivo the Living Factory to Target the Delivery of mRNA with One-Component Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1353-1370. [PMID: 38232372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective is dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of Biomacromolecules. It provides a personal view on the developing field of the polymer and biology interface over the 25 years since the journal was launched by the American Chemical Society (ACS). This Perspective is meant to bridge an article published in the first issue of the journal and recent bioinspired developments in the laboratory of the corresponding author. The discovery of supramolecular spherical helices self-organizing into Frank-Kasper and quasicrystals as models of icosahedral viruses, as well as of columnar helical assemblies that mimic rodlike viruses by supramolecular dendrimers, is briefly presented. The transplant of these assemblies from supramolecular dendrimers to block copolymers, giant surfactants, and other self-organized soft matter follows. Amphiphilic self-assembling Janus dendrimers and glycodendrimers as mimics of biological membranes and their glycans are discussed. New concepts derived from them that evolved in the in vivo targeted delivery of mRNA with the simplest one-component synthetic vector systems are introduced. Some synthetic methodologies employed during the synthesis and self-assembly are explained. Unraveling bioinspired applications of novel materials concludes this brief 25th Anniversary Perspective of Biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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2
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Lu J, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Maurya DS, Shalihin MI, Zhang D, Chenna SS, Adamson J, Liu M, Shah HUR, Shah H, Xiao Q, Queeley B, Ona NA, Reagan EK, Ni H, Sahoo D, Peterca M, Weissman D, Percec V. Screening Libraries to Discover Molecular Design Principles for the Targeted Delivery of mRNA with One-Component Ionizable Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers Derived from Plant Phenolic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1572. [PMID: 37376020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and synthetic vectors to deliver nucleic acids were key to the rapid development of extraordinarily efficient COVID-19 vaccines. The four-component lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), containing phospholipids, PEG-conjugated lipids, cholesterol, and ionizable lipids, co-assembled with mRNA via a microfluidic technology, are the leading nonviral delivery vector used by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna to access COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. LNPs exhibit a statistical distribution of their four components when delivering mRNA. Here, we report a methodology that involves screening libraries to discover the molecular design principles required to realize organ-targeted mRNA delivery and mediate activity with a one-component ionizable multifunctional amphiphilic Janus dendrimer (IAJD) derived from plant phenolic acids. IAJDs co-assemble with mRNA into monodisperse dendrimersome nanoparticles (DNPs) with predictable dimensions, via the simple injection of their ethanol solution in a buffer. The precise location of the functional groups in one-component IAJDs demonstrated that the targeted organs, including the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and lung, are selected based on the hydrophilic region, while activity is associated with the hydrophobic domain of IAJDs. These principles, and a mechanistic hypothesis to explain activity, simplify the synthesis of IAJDs, the assembly of DNPs, handling, and storage of vaccines, and reduce price, despite employing renewable plant starting materials. Using simple molecular design principles will lead to increased accessibility to a large diversity of mRNA-based vaccines and nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Lu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Devendra S Maurya
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Muhammad Irhash Shalihin
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Srijay S Chenna
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Matthew Liu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Habib Ur Rehman Shah
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Honey Shah
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bryn Queeley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Nathan A Ona
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Erin K Reagan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Houping Ni
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Percec V, Sahoo D, Adamson J. Stimuli-Responsive Principles of Supramolecular Organizations Emerging from Self-Assembling and Self-Organizable Dendrons, Dendrimers, and Dendronized Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081832. [PMID: 37111979 PMCID: PMC10142069 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All activities of our daily life, of the nature surrounding us and of the entire society and its complex economic and political systems are affected by stimuli. Therefore, understanding stimuli-responsive principles in nature, biology, society, and in complex synthetic systems is fundamental to natural and life sciences. This invited Perspective attempts to organize, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time the stimuli-responsive principles of supramolecular organizations emerging from self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers. Definitions of stimulus and stimuli from different fields of science are first discussed. Subsequently, we decided that supramolecular organizations of self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers may fit best in the definition of stimuli from biology. After a brief historical introduction to the discovery and development of conventional and self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers, a classification of stimuli-responsible principles as internal- and external-stimuli was made. Due to the enormous amount of literature on conventional dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers as well as on their self-assembling and self-organizable systems we decided to discuss stimuli-responsive principles only with examples from our laboratory. We apologize to all contributors to dendrimers and to the readers of this Perspective for this space-limited decision. Even after this decision, restrictions to a limited number of examples were required. In spite of this, we expect that this Perspective will provide a new way of thinking about stimuli in all fields of self-organized complex soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Chemical Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Guardià J, Zare A, Eleeza J, Giamberini M, Reina JA, Montané X. Synthesis and characterization of dendritic compounds containing nitrogen: monomer precursors in the construction of biomimetic membranes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1725. [PMID: 35110633 PMCID: PMC8810782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we synthesized a novel dendritic 2-oxazoline, 2-(3,4,5-tris(4-dodecyloxybenzyloxy)phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole), and its amide precursor N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,4,5-tris(4-dodecyloxybenzyloxy)benzamide. Of the distinct synthetic routes explored, it was established that the direct amidation of esters with sodium methoxide followed by the dehydrative cyclisation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone as oxidizing agent and triphenylphosphine was the most efficient route to synthesize the dendritic 2-oxazoline. Besides, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,4,5-tris(4-dodecyloxybenzyloxy)benzamide exhibited a monotropic columnar mesophase, whilst the dendritic 2-oxazoline does not exhibited a liquid crystalline mesophase. At the end, the first attempts to polymerize the 2-oxazoline monomer via cationic ring opening polymerization showed promising results. Therefore, the dendritic 2-oxazoline could be used as a mesogenic monomer in the synthesis of side-chain liquid-crystalline polyoxazolines that might self-assembly into columnar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Guardià
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alireza Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - John Eleeza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marta Giamberini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Reina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montané
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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Percec V, Xiao Q. Helical Chirality of Supramolecular Columns and Spheres Self‐Organizes Complex Liquid Crystals, Crystals, and Quasicrystals. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 United States
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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7
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Percec V, Xiao Q, Lligadas G, Monteiro MJ. Perfecting self-organization of covalent and supramolecular mega macromolecules via sequence-defined and monodisperse components. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Svoboda J, Sedláček O, Riedel T, Hrubý M, Pop-Georgievski O. Poly(2-oxazoline)s One-Pot Polymerization and Surface Coating: From Synthesis to Antifouling Properties Out-Performing Poly(ethylene oxide). Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3453-3463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Svoboda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Riedel
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ognen Pop-Georgievski
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovskeho nam. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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9
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Holerca MN, Sahoo D, Partridge BE, Peterca M, Zeng X, Ungar G, Percec V. Dendronized Poly(2-oxazoline) Displays within only Five Monomer Repeat Units Liquid Quasicrystal, A15 and σ Frank–Kasper Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16941-16947. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian N. Holerca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- State Key
Laboratory
for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Glassner
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan Belgium
| | - Maarten Vergaelen
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan Belgium
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11
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Kosakowska KA, Dimitrov P, Panambur G, Grayson SM. MALDI-TOF MS investigation of the unconventional termination of living polyoxazoline with ammonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Dimitrov
- Materials Science Research and Development; MilliporeSigma; Milwaukee Wisconsin 53209
| | - Gangadhar Panambur
- Materials Science Research and Development; MilliporeSigma; Milwaukee Wisconsin 53209
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana 70118
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12
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Holerca MN, Sahoo D, Peterca M, Partridge BE, Heiney PA, Percec V. A Tetragonal Phase Self-Organized from Unimolecular Spheres Assembled from a Substituted Poly(2-oxazoline). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian N. Holerca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Barkley
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Rudick
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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14
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Liu G, Liu J, Sun H, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Qi H, Bai X, Jackson KA, Tao X. In Situ Imaging of On-Surface, Solvent-Free Molecular Single-Crystal Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4972-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfeng Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - He Qi
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth A. Jackson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xutang Tao
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
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Abstract
Programmed molecular assemblies with molecular-level precision have always intrigued mankind in the quest to master the art of molecular engineering. In this regard, our review seeks to highlight the state of the art in supramolecular engineering. Herein we describe two-dimensional (2D) nanoarchitectonics of organic and organic-inorganic based hybrid materials. Molecular systems ranging from simpler hydrogen bonding driven bis-acylurea and cyclic dipeptide derivatives to complex peptoids, arylenes, cucurbiturils, biphenyls, organosilicons and organometallics, which involve a delicate interplay of multiple noncovalent interactions are discussed. These specifically chosen examples illustrate the molecular design principles and synthetic protocols to realize 2D nanosheets. The description also emphasizes the wide variety of functional properties and technological implications of these 2D nanomaterials besides an outlook for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory (BCL), New Chemistry Unit (NCU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India.
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Zhang N, Luxenhofer R, Jordan R. Thermoresponsive Poly(2-oxazoline) Molecular Brushes by Living Ionic Polymerization: Kinetic Investigations of Pendant Chain Grafting and Cloud Point Modulation by Backbone and Side Chain Length Variation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Percec V, Imam MR, Peterca M, Leowanawat P. Self-Organizable Vesicular Columns Assembled from Polymers Dendronized with Semifluorinated Janus Dendrimers Act As Reverse Thermal Actuators. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4408-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2118267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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18
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Rao VS, Samui AB. Photoactive liquid crystalline polymers: A comprehensive study of linear and hyperbranched polymers synthesized by A2
B2
, A2
B3
, A3
B2
, and A3
B3
approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Baumgaertel A, Altuntaş E, Kempe K, Crecelius A, Schubert US. Characterization of different poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymers by MALDI-TOF MS/MS and ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Kempe K, Baumgaertel A, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Design of new amphiphilic triblock copoly(2-oxazoline)s containing a fluorinated segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Nam KT, Shelby SA, Choi PH, Marciel AB, Chen R, Tan L, Chu TK, Mesch RA, Lee BC, Connolly MD, Kisielowski C, Zuckermann RN. Free-floating ultrathin two-dimensional crystals from sequence-specific peptoid polymers. Nat Mater 2010; 9:454-60. [PMID: 20383129 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of protein-like polymers is a fundamental challenge in materials science. A biomimetic approach is to explore the impact of monomer sequence on non-natural polymer structure and function. We present the aqueous self-assembly of two peptoid polymers into extremely thin two-dimensional (2D) crystalline sheets directed by periodic amphiphilicity, electrostatic recognition and aromatic interactions. Peptoids are sequence-specific, oligo-N-substituted glycine polymers designed to mimic the structure and functionality of proteins. Mixing a 1:1 ratio of two oppositely charged peptoid 36mers of a specific sequence in aqueous solution results in the formation of giant, free-floating sheets with only 2.7 nm thickness. Direct visualization of aligned individual peptoid chains in the sheet structure was achieved using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Specific binding of a protein to ligand-functionalized sheets was also demonstrated. The synthetic flexibility and biocompatibility of peptoids provide a flexible and robust platform for integrating functionality into defined 2D nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Tae Nam
- Molecular Foundry; National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Rosen BM, Wilson CJ, Wilson DA, Peterca M, Imam MR, Percec V. Dendron-Mediated Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Self-Organization of Complex Systems. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6275-540. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900157q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Rosen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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Rao VS, Samui AB. Phase behavior and photo-responsive studies of photoactive liquid crystalline hyperbranched polyethers containing benzylidene moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396
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Abstract
Control of function through the primary structure of a molecule presents a significant challenge with valuable rewards for nanoscience. Dendritic building blocks encoded with information that defines their three-dimensional shape (e.g., flat-tapered or conical) and how they associate with each other are referred to as self-assembling dendrons. Self-organizable dendronized polymers possess a flat-tapered or conical self-assembling dendritic side chain on each repeat unit of a linear polymer backbone. When appended to a covalent polymer, the self-assembling dendrons direct a folding process (i.e., intramolecular self-assembly). Alternatively, intermolecular self-assembly of dendrons mediated by noncovalent interactions between apex groups can generate a supramolecular polymer backbone. Self-organization, as we refer to it, is the spontaneous formation of periodic and quasiperiodic arrays from supramolecular elements. Covalent and supramolecular polymers jacketed with self-assembling dendrons self-organize. The arrays are most often comprised of cylindrical or spherical objects. The shape of the object is determined by the primary structure of the dendronized polymer: the structure of the self-assembling dendron and the length of the polymer backbone. It is therefore possible to predictably generate building blocks for single-molecule nanotechnologies or arrays of supramolecules for bottom-up self-assembly. We exploit the self-organization of polymers jacketed with self-assembling dendrons to elucidate how primary structure determines the adopted conformation and fold (i.e., secondary and tertiary structure), how the supramolecules associate (i.e., quaternary structure), and their resulting functions. A combination of experimental techniques is employed to interrogate the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of the self-organizable dendronized polymers. We refer to the process by which we interpolate between the various levels of structural information to rationalize function as retrostructural analysis. Retrostructural analysis validates our hypothesis that the self-assembling dendrons induce a helical backbone conformation in cylindrical self-organizable dendronized polymers. This helical conformation mediates unprecedented functions. Self-organizable dendronized polymers have emerged as powerful building blocks for nanoscience by virtue of their dimensions and ability to self-organize. Discrete cylindrical and spherical structures with well-defined dimensions can be visualized and manipulated individually. More importantly, they provide a robust framework for elucidating functions available only at the nanoscale. This Account will highlight structures and functions generated from self-organizable dendronized polymers that enable integration of the nanoworld with its macroscopic universe. Emphasis is placed on those structures and functions derived from the induced helical backbone conformation of cylindrical self-organizable dendronized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Rudick
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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Lligadas G, Percec V. A comparative analysis of SET-LRP of MA in solvents mediating different degrees of disproportionation of Cu(I)Br. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Percec V, Peterca M, Dulcey AE, Imam MR, Hudson SD, Nummelin S, Adelman P, Heiney PA. Hollow Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13079-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8034703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Andrés E. Dulcey
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Steven D. Hudson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Peter Adelman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8544
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Abstract
Self-organizable dendronized helical polymers provide a suitable architecture for constructing molecular nanomachines capable of expressing their motions at macroscopic length scales. Nanomechanical function is demonstrated by a library of self-organized helical dendronized cis-transoidal polyphenylacetylenes ( cis-PPAs) that possess a first-order phase transition from a hexagonal columnar lattice with internal order (varphi h (io)) to a hexagonal columnar liquid crystal phase (varphi h). These polymers can function as nanomechanical actuators. When extruded as fibers, the self-organizable dendronized helical cis-PPAs form oriented bundles. Such fibers have been shown capable of work by displacing objects up to 250-times their mass. The helical cis-PPA backbone undergoes reversible extension and contraction on a single molecule length scale resulting from cisoid-to-transoid conformational isomerization of the cis-PPA. Furthermore, we clarify supramolecular structural properties necessary for the observed nanomechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Percec V, Rudick J, Peterca M, Yurchenko M, Smidrkal J, Heiney P. Supramolecular Structural Diversity among First-Generation Hybrid Dendrimers and Twin Dendrons. Chemistry 2008; 14:3355-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reemers S, Mela P, Mourran A, Magonov S, Keul H, Möller M. Synthesis and polymerization of first-generation dendritic methacrylate macromonomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Santini CMB, Johnson MA, Boedicker JQ, Alan Hatton T, Hammond PT. Synthesis and bulk assembly behavior of linear-dendritic rod diblock copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Percec V, Obata M, Rudick JG, De BB, Glodde M, Bera TK, Magonov SN, Balagurusamy VSK, Heiney PA. Synthesis, structural analysis, and visualization of poly(2-ethynyl-9-substituted carbazole)s and poly(3-ethynyl-9-substituted carbazole)s containing chiral and achiral minidendritic substituents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Percec V, Holerca MN, Uchida S, Yeardley DJ, Ungar G. Poly(oxazoline)s with tapered minidendritic side groups as models for the design of synthetic macromolecules with tertiary structure. A demonstration of the limitations of living polymerization in the design of 3-D structures based on single polymer chains. Biomacromolecules 2002; 2:729-40. [PMID: 11710026 DOI: 10.1021/bm015559l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and living cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-[3,4-bis(n-alkan-1-yloxy)phenyl]-2-oxazolines with alkan being tetradecan and pentadecan, i.e., (3,4)nG1-Oxz with n = 14 and 15, is described. The structural analysis of the resulting polymers with well-defined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution was carried out by a combination of techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal optical polarized microscopy (TOPM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). At low molecular weights both polymers self-assemble into spherical supramolecules that self-organize into a Pm3n 3-D lattice while at high molecular weights they form cylindrical macromolecules that self-organize into a p6mm 2-D hexagonal columnar lattice. Both polymers exhibit a 3-D shape change as a function of their degree of polymerization as was reported for the first time in a previous publication from our laboratory (Percec, V.; Ahn, C.-H; Ungar, G.; Yeardley, D. J. P.; Möller, M.; Sheiko, S. S. Nature (London) 1998, 391, 161). Since these polymers can be obtained via a living polymerization, a detailed mechanistic investigation of the influence of the degree of polymerization and molecular weight distribution on the formation of a 3-D spherical macromolecule from a single polymer chain, i.e., a tertiary structure, was possible. The experimental results have demonstrated that the synthesis of nonbiological macromolecules exhibiting tertiary structure is possible in at most a few percent of all macromolecules via living polymerization. This is the case even when macromolecules with very narrow molecular weight distributions and well-defined molecular weights are used. Therefore, the design of synthetic macromolecules with tertiary structure requires not only chains with well-defined molecular weight but also, in particular, macromolecules with no distribution of their chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Percec
- Roy&Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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