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Nayyar IH, Ginovska B, Bowden M, Edvenson G, Tran B, Autrey T. Analysis of Intermediates and Products from the Dehydrogenation of Mg(BH 4) 2. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:444-452. [PMID: 35030001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic properties of key compounds Mg(B3H8)2, MgB2H6, MgB10H10, Mg(B11H14)2, Mg3(B3H6)2, and MgB12H12, proposed to be formed in the release of hydrogen from magnesium borohydride Mg(BH4)2 and the uptake of hydrogen by MgB2, have been investigated using solid-state density functional theory (DFT) calculations. More accurate tretment of the cell-size effects with respect to the entropies was also investigated in order to improve the accuracy of the thermodynamic properties of complex borohydrides. We find that the zero-point energy corrections can lower the electronic energies of reaction by 20-30 kJ/(mol H2) for these intermediates, while adding the thermal and entropy contibutions results in a total decrease of up to ∼50 kJ/(mol H2). Although our treatment lowers the calculated formation energy of Mg(B3H8)2, it is still too high to explain the experimental observation of B3H8-. We discuss possible reasons for this disparity and propose that the formation of B3H8- and H- in a disordered amorphous phase has a large energy difference compared to the phase-separated Mg(B3H8)2 and MgH2 considered in calculations. A comparison of the experimental and NMR chemical shifts calculated within a DFT approach for known species Mg(BH4)2, Mg(B3H8)2, Mg(B11H14)2, MgB10H10, and MgB12H12 provides validation for predicting the chemical shifts of the other compounds which are yet to be confirmed experimentally. These include MgB2H6 and the proposed trianion species Mg3(B3H6)2 that both have favorable thermodynamics for reversible hydrogen storage in Mg(BH4)2 without the formation of MgH2 as a coproduct which could phase separate and inhibit rehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat H Nayyar
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mark Bowden
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gary Edvenson
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Departments, Minnesota State University, Moorhead, Minnesota 56563, United States
| | - Ba Tran
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Tom Autrey
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Leick N, Tran B, Bowden ME, Gennett T, Autrey T. Thermal stability and structural studies on the mixtures of Mg(BH₄)₂ and glymes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7268-7273. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordination complexes of Mg(BH₄)₂ are of interest for energy storage, ranging from hydrogen storage in BH₄ to electrochemical storage in Mg based batteries. Understanding the stability of these complexes is...
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Suárez-Alcántara K, Tena García JR. Metal Borohydrides beyond Groups I and II: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14102561. [PMID: 34069281 PMCID: PMC8156325 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review consists of a compilation of synthesis methods and several properties of borohydrides beyond Groups I and II, i.e., transition metals, main group, lanthanides, and actinides. The reported properties include crystal structure, decomposition temperature, ionic conductivity, photoluminescence, etc., when available. The compiled properties reflect the rich chemistry and possible borohydrides’ application in areas such as hydrogen storage, electronic devices that require an ionic conductor, catalysis, or photoluminescence. At the end of the review, two short but essential sections are included: a compilation of the decomposition temperature of all reported borohydrides versus the Pauling electronegativity of the cations, and a brief discussion of the possible reactions occurring during diborane emission, including some strategies to reduce this inconvenience, particularly for hydrogen storage purposes.
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Abstract
Magnesium borohydride, Mg(BH4)2, and calcium borohydride, Ca(BH4)2, are promising materials for hydrogen storage. Mixtures of different borohydrides have been the subject of numerous researches; however, the whole Mg(BH4)2-Ca(BH4)2 system has not been investigated yet. In this study, the phase stability and the hydrogen desorption were experimentally investigated in the Mg(BH4)2-Ca(BH4)2 system, by means of XRD, ATR-IR, and HP-DSC. Mg(BH4)2 and Ca(BH4)2 are fully immiscible in the solid state. In the mechanical mixtures, thermal decomposition occurs at slightly lower temperatures than for pure compounds. However, they originate products that cannot be identified by XRD, apart from Mg and MgH2. In fact, amorphous phases or mixtures of different poorly crystalline or nanocrystalline phases are formed, leading to a limited reversibility of the system.
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Sahle CJ, Kujawski S, Remhof A, Yan Y, Stadie NP, Al-Zein A, Tolan M, Huotari S, Krisch M, Sternemann C. In situ characterization of the decomposition behavior of Mg(BH4)2 by X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5397-403. [PMID: 26818950 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present an in situ study of the thermal decomposition of Mg(BH4)2 in a hydrogen atmosphere of up to 4 bar and up to 500 °C using X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy at the boron K-edge and the magnesium L2,3-edges. The combination of the fingerprinting analysis of both edges yields detailed quantitative information on the reaction products during decomposition, an issue of crucial importance in determining whether Mg(BH4)2 can be used as a next-generation hydrogen storage material. This work reveals the formation of reaction intermediate(s) at 300 °C, accompanied by a significant hydrogen release without the occurrence of stable boron compounds such as amorphous boron or MgB12H12. At temperatures between 300 °C and 400 °C, further hydrogen release proceeds via the formation of higher boranes and crystalline MgH2. Above 400 °C, decomposition into the constituting elements takes place. Therefore, at moderate temperatures, Mg(BH4)2 is shown to be a promising high-density hydrogen storage material with great potential for reversible energy storage applications.
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Han M, Zhao Q, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Tao Z, Chen J. The enhanced hydrogen storage of micro-nanostructured hybrids of Mg(BH4)2-carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale 2015; 7:18305-18311. [PMID: 26486063 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the facile preparation of micro-nanostructured hybrids of Mg(BH4)2-carbon nanotubes (denoted as MBH-CNTs) and their enhanced hydrogen desorption/absorption performance. The hybrids with Mg(BH4)2 loadings of 25 wt%, 50 wt% and 75 wt% are synthesized through a one-step solvent method by adjusting the ratios of Mg(BH4)2 and CNTs. The optimized MBH-CNTs with 50 wt% Mg(BH4)2 exhibit a nanosized layer coating of Mg(BH4)2 with the thickness of 2-6 nm on the surface of CNTs. The MBH-CNTs with 50 wt% Mg(BH4)2 start to release hydrogen at 76 °C, which shows a significant decrease of about 200 °C compared with that of pure Mg(BH4)2 (about 292 °C). Furthermore, 3.79 wt% of H2 can be desorbed from this sample within 10 min at the peak release temperature of 117 °C. Meanwhile, the dehydrogenated MBH-CNTs could take up 2.5 wt% of H2 at 350 °C under the hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa. The high chemical activity of nanosized Mg(BH4)2 and the catalytic effect of CNTs synergistically promote reversible hydrogen storage. The simple synthesis process and enhanced hydrogen desorption/absorption of MBH-CNT hybrids shed light on the utilization of Mg(BH4)2 on CNTs as efficient hydrogen storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhanliang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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He L, Li H, Akiba E. Thermal Decomposition of Anhydrous Alkali Metal Dodecaborates M2B12H12 (M = Li, Na, K). Energies 2015; 8:12429-38. [DOI: 10.3390/en81112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jepsen LH, Lee YS, Černý R, Sarusie RS, Cho YW, Besenbacher F, Jensen TR. Ammine Calcium and Strontium Borohydrides: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:3472-3482. [PMID: 26364708 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new series of solvent- and halide-free ammine strontium metal borohydrides Sr(NH3 )n (BH4 )2 (n=1, 2, and 4) and further investigations of Ca(NH3 )n (BH4 )2 (n=1, 2, 4, and 6) are presented. Crystal structures have been determined by powder XRD and optimized by DFT calculations to evaluate the strength of the dihydrogen bonds. Sr(NH3 )(BH4 )2 (Pbcn) and Sr(NH3 )2 (BH4 )2 (Pnc2) are layered structures, whereas M(NH3 )4 (BH4 )2 (M=Ca and Sr; P21 /c) are molecular structures connected by dihydrogen bonds. Both series of compounds release NH3 gas upon thermal treatment if the partial pressure of ammonia is low. Therefore, the strength of the dihydrogen bonds, the structure of the compounds, and the NH3 /BH4 (-) ratio for M(NH3 )n (BH4 )m have little influence on the composition of the released gasses. The composition of the released gas depends mainly on the thermal stability of the ammine metal borohydride and the corresponding metal borohydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Jepsen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Young-Su Lee
- High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Radovan Černý
- Laboratory of Crystallography, DQMP, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ram S Sarusie
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Young Whan Cho
- High Temperature Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torben R Jensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Callini E, Szilágyi PÁ, Paskevicius M, Stadie NP, Réhault J, Buckley CE, Borgschulte A, Züttel A. Stabilization of volatile Ti(BH 4) 3 by nano-confinement in a metal-organic framework. Chem Sci 2015; 7:666-672. [PMID: 28791110 PMCID: PMC5523122 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile Ti(BH4)3 molecules stabilized on the surface of a MOF.
Liquid complex hydrides are a new class of hydrogen storage materials with several advantages over solid hydrides, e.g. they are flexible in shape, they are a flowing fluid and their convective properties facilitate heat transport. The physical and chemical properties of a gaseous hydride change when the molecules are adsorbed on a material with a large specific surface area, due to the interaction of the adsorbate with the surface of the host material and the reduced number of collisions between the hydride molecules. In this paper we report the synthesis and stabilization of gaseous Ti(BH4)3. The compound was successfully stabilized through adsorption in nanocavities. Ti(BH4)3, upon synthesis in its pure form, spontaneously and rapidly decomposes into diborane and titanium hydride at room temperature in an inert gas, e.g. argon. Ti(BH4)3 adsorbed in the cavities of a metal organic framework is stable for several months at ambient temperature and remains stable up to 350 K under vacuum. The adsorbed Ti(BH4)3 reaches approximately twice the density of the gas phase. The specific surface area (BET, N2 adsorption) of the MOF decreased from 1200 m2 g–1 to 770 m2 g–1 upon Ti(BH4)3 adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Callini
- EPFL , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , 1950 Sion , Switzerland . .,Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory 505 Hydrogen & Energy , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - P Á Szilágyi
- University of Greenwich , Central Avenue, Medway Campus , Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB , UK.,Department of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , WA 6845 , Australia
| | - M Paskevicius
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , WA 6845 , Australia.,Department of Chemistry & iNANO , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , Aarhus 8000 , Denmark
| | - N P Stadie
- Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory 505 Hydrogen & Energy , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - J Réhault
- Paul Scherrer Institute , PSI , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - C E Buckley
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Medical Radiation Sciences , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987 , Perth , WA 6845 , Australia
| | - A Borgschulte
- Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory 505 Hydrogen & Energy , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory 502 Advanced Analytical Technologies , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - A Züttel
- EPFL , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Laboratory of Materials for Renewable Energy , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , 1950 Sion , Switzerland . .,Empa , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory 505 Hydrogen & Energy , Überlandstrasse 129 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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Stadie NP, Callini E, Mauron P, Borgschulte A, Züttel A. Supercritical nitrogen processing for the purification of reactive porous materials. J Vis Exp 2015:e52817. [PMID: 26066492 DOI: 10.3791/52817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml(-1), modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 Å. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Stadie
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology;
| | - Elsa Callini
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Philippe Mauron
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
| | - Andreas Züttel
- Hydrogen and Energy Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
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Ley MB, Paskevicius M, Schouwink P, Richter B, Sheppard DA, Buckley CE, Jensen TR. Novel solvates M(BH₄)₃S(CH₃)₂ and properties of halide-free M(BH₄)₃ (M = Y or Gd). Dalton Trans 2015; 43:13333-42. [PMID: 25062344 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth metal borohydrides have been proposed as materials for solid-state hydrogen storage because of their reasonably low temperature of decomposition. New synthesis methods, which provide halide-free yttrium and gadolinium borohydride, are presented using dimethyl sulfide and new solvates as intermediates. The solvates M(BH4)3S(CH3)2 (M = Y or Gd) are transformed to α-Y(BH4)3 or Gd(BH4)3 at ~140 °C as verified by thermal analysis. The monoclinic structure of Y(BH4)3S(CH3)2, space group P2₁/c, a = 5.52621(8), b = 22.3255(3), c = 8.0626(1) Å and β = 100.408(1)°, is solved from synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction data and consists of buckled layers of slightly distorted octahedrons of yttrium atoms coordinated to five borohydride groups and one dimethyl sulfide group. Significant hydrogen loss is observed from Y(BH4)3 below 300 °C and rehydrogenation at 300 °C and p(H2) = 1550 bar does not result in the reformation of Y(BH4)3, but instead yields YH3. Moreover, composites systems Y(BH4)3-LiBH4 1 : 1 and Y(BH4)3-LiCl 1 : 1 prepared from as-synthesised Y(BH4)3 are shown to melt at 190 and 220 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten B Ley
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
Magnesium is used as leitmotif in this review in order to explore the systems involved in natural and artificial CO2 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G. Vitillo
- Department of Science and High Technology
- Università dell'Insubria
- 22100 Como
- Italy
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Møller KT, Hansen BRS, Dippel AC, Jørgensen JE, Jensen TR. Characterization of Gas-Solid Reactions using In Situ Powder X-ray Diffraction. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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