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Billowria K, Ali R, Rangra NK, Kumar R, Chawla PA. Bioactive Flavonoids: A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacokinetics and Analytical Aspects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:1002-1016. [PMID: 35930461 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a diversified group of natural substances which were discovered to provide a variety of health benefits in human beings. Vegetables, fruits, wine and tea are the primary flavonoid dietary sources for humans and as the flavonoids are so closely connected to human dietary items and health, it is vital to explore the structural-activity connection. The arrangement, replacement of functional groups, and total number of hydroxyl groups around flavonoid's nucleus structure affect their biological activity, metabolism, and bioavailability. Various flavonoids have been proven to have hepatoprotective properties, that help in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Similarly, these flavonoids also possess anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids have been found to have a functional and structural link with their enzyme inhibitory action, that appears to have antiviral effect through acting as antioxidants, damaging cell membranes, blocking enzymes, activating mechanisms of host self-defense, and limiting virus penetration and attaching to cells. Identification, characterization, isolation, and biological role of flavonoids, as well as their uses on health advantages, are all major topics in research and development currently. This review represents a summary of various sources of flavonoids, class, subclass, their chemical structures, biological activities, the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids and various analytical, bioanalytical and electrochemical methods for determination of flavonoids from different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushal Billowria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Rouchan Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | | | - Ram Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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Processing Technologies for the Extraction of Value-Added Bioactive Compounds from Tea. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-023-09338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Valencia-Hernandez LJ, Wong-Paz JE, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Chávez-González ML, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Aguilar CN. Procyanidins: From Agro-Industrial Waste to Food as Bioactive Molecules. Foods 2021; 10:3152. [PMID: 34945704 PMCID: PMC8701411 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Procyanidins are an important group of bioactive molecules known for their benefits to human health. These compounds are promising in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as they prevent cell damage related to oxidative stress. It is necessary to study effective extraction methods for the recovery of these components. In this review, advances in the recovery of procyanidins from agro-industrial wastes are presented, which are obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction. Current trends focus on the extraction of procyanidins from seeds, peels, pomaces, leaves and bark in agro-industrial wastes, which are extracted by ultrasound. Some techniques have been coupled with environmentally friendly techniques. There are few studies focused on the extraction and evaluation of biological activities of procyanidins. The identification and quantification of these compounds are the result of the study of the polyphenolic profile of plant sources. Antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory activity are presented as the biological properties of greatest interest. Agro-industrial wastes can be an economical and easily accessible source for the extraction of procyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Johana Valencia-Hernandez
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Jorge E. Wong-Paz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Ciudad Valles C.P. 79010, SL, Mexico;
| | - Juan Alberto Ascacio-Valdés
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Cristóbal N. Aguilar
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
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Quantitative Analysis and Discrimination of Partially Fermented Teas from Different Origins Using Visible/Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195451. [PMID: 32977413 PMCID: PMC7582835 DOI: 10.3390/s20195451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Partially fermented tea such as oolong tea is a popular drink worldwide. Preventing fraud in partially fermented tea has become imperative to protect producers and consumers from possible economic losses. Visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy integrated with stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used for origin discrimination of partially fermented tea from Vietnam, China, and different production areas in Taiwan using the full visible NIR wavelength range (400-2498 nm). The SMLR and SVM models achieved satisfactory results. Models using data from chemical constituents' specific wavelength ranges exhibited a high correlation with the spectra of teas, and the SMLR analyses improved discrimination of the types and origins when performing SVM analyses. The SVM models' identification accuracies regarding different production areas in Taiwan were effectively enhanced using a combination of the data within specific wavelength ranges of several constituents. The accuracy rates were 100% for the discrimination of types, origins, and production areas of tea in the calibration and prediction sets using the optimal SVM models integrated with the specific wavelength ranges of the constituents in tea. NIR could be an effective tool for rapid, nondestructive, and accurate inspection of types, origins, and production areas of teas.
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Anacleto P, Barbosa V, Alves RN, Maulvault AL, Bronze MR, Marques A. Green tea infusion reduces mercury bioaccessibility and dietary exposure from raw and cooked fish. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111717. [PMID: 32890690 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) through the ingestion of seafood raises human health-related concerns. In contrast, green tea has health benefits and its consumption potentially reduces bioaccessibility of dietary Hg. The present study aimed to assess the effect of green tea in total mercury (THg) and MeHg bioaccessibility in raw and cooked marine fish species commonly having high Hg levels. Preliminary results demonstrated that significantly higher reductions of bioaccessible THg were attained after the co-ingestion of green tea infusion (1 cup or more) in the oral and intestinal phases. Overall, the present findings clearly show that the co-ingestion of green tea along with seafood grilling strongly reduces THg and MeHg bioaccessibility in all fish species and consequently diminishes the probability of exceeding MeHg provisional tolerable weekly intakes through the consumption of these species with high Hg levels. Such results point out the need to better understand the beneficial/preventive role of green tea infusions and other food processing techniques in bioaccessibility reduction of other chemical contaminants present in food products. Such information is certainly useful to help consumers to wisely select their food, and to enable food safety authorities to integrate such information in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vera Barbosa
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ricardo N Alves
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Lisboa, Portugal; KAUST - King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Guia Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Exploration of the Effects of Different Blue LED Light Intensities on Flavonoid and Lipid Metabolism in Tea Plants via Transcriptomics and Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134606. [PMID: 32610479 PMCID: PMC7369854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light extensively regulates multiple physiological processes and secondary metabolism of plants. Although blue light quantity (fluence rate) is important for plant life, few studies have focused on the effects of different blue light intensity on plant secondary metabolism regulation, including tea plants. Here, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of young tea shoots (one bud and two leaves) under three levels of supplemental blue light, including low-intensity blue light (LBL, 50 μmol m–2 s–1), medium-intensity blue light (MBL, 100 μmol m–2 s–1), and high-intensity blue light (HBL, 200 μmol m–2 s–1). The total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LBL, MBL and HBL was 1, 7 and 1097, respectively, indicating that high-intensity blue light comprehensively affects the transcription of tea plants. These DEGs were primarily annotated to the pathways of photosynthesis, lipid metabolism and flavonoid synthesis. In addition, the most abundant transcription factor (TF) families in DEGs were bHLH and MYB, which have been shown to be widely involved in the regulation of plant flavonoids. The significantly changed metabolites that we detected contained 15 lipids and 6 flavonoid components. Further weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that CsMYB (TEA001045) may be a hub gene for the regulation of lipid and flavonoid metabolism by blue light. Our results may help to establish a foundation for future research investigating the regulation of woody plants by blue light.
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Taşkın B, Aksoylu Özbek Z. Optimisation of microwave effect on bioactives contents and colour attributes of aqueous green tea extracts by central composite design. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Widely Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of a Novel Albino Tea Mutant of “Rougui”. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Albino tea mutants with specific shoot colors (white or yellow) have received increasing attention from researchers due to their unique phenotypes, beneficial metabolites, and special flavor. In this study, novel natural yellow leaf mutants of the same genetic background of “Rougui” were obtained, and the transcriptome and metabolite profiles of the yellow leaf mutant (YR) and original green cultivar (GR) were investigated. A total of 130 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) and 55 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in YR compared to GR. The leaf coloration of YR was primarily affected by pigment metabolism including of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids, and the co-expression of three heat shock proteins (HSPs) and four heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) may also regulate leaf coloration by affecting chloroplast biogenesis. Of the 130 SCMs, 103 showed clearly increased abundance in YR, especially nucleotides and amino acids and their derivatives and flavonoids, suggesting that YR may be an ideal albino tea germplasm for planting and breeding. Our results may help to characterize the leaf coloration and metabolic mechanism of albino tea germplasm.
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Rue EA, Rush MD, van Breemen RB. Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:1-16. [PMID: 29651231 PMCID: PMC5891158 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are polyphenols abundant in dietary fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and grains with a variety of chemopreventive biological effects. Rapid structure determination of these compounds is needed, notably for the more complex polymeric procyanidins. We review the recent developments in the structure elucidation of procyanidins with a focus on mass spectrometric approaches, especially liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Rue
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Il, 60612, USA
| | - Michael D Rush
- University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, Il, 60612, USA
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Huang CC, Chen W. A SERS method with attomolar sensitivity: a case study with the flavonoid catechin. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:120. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Phenolic compounds of green tea: Health benefits and technological application in food. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Moravcová D, Rantamäki AH, Duša F, Wiedmer SK. Monoliths in capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:880-912. [PMID: 26800083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have reviewed separation studies utilizing monolithic capillary columns for separation of compounds preceding MS analysis. The review is divided in two parts according to the used separation method, namely CEC and capillary LC (cLC). Based on our overview, monolithic CEC-MS technique have been more focused on the syntheses of highly specialized and selective separation phase materials for fast and efficient separation of specific types of analytes. In contrast, monolithic cLC-MS is more widely used and is often employed, for instance, in the analysis of oligonucleotides, metabolites, and peptides and proteins in proteomic studies. While poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-based and silica-based monolithic capillaries found their place in proteomic analyses, the other laboratory-synthesized monoliths still wait for their wider utilization in routine analyses. The development of new monolithic materials will most likely continue due to the demand of more efficient and rapid separation of increasingly complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Duša
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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Qureshi MN, Numonov S, Abudurexiti A, Aisa HA. Phytochemical investigations and evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Prunus dulcis nuts. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Phytochemical Profiling and Evaluation of Pharmacological Activities of Hypericum scabrum L. Molecules 2015; 20:11257-71. [PMID: 26096433 PMCID: PMC6272622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200611257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigations of ethyl acetate-soluble part of the aerial part of Hypericum scabrum L. delivered eight pure phenolic compounds 1–8. The pure compounds were identified through physico-chemical, NMR (1D, 2D) and mass spectrometric studies as: 3-8′′-bisapigenin (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside (4), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside (6), (−)-epicatechin (7), (+)-catechin (8). Total polyphenolic compounds and total flavonoids contents were determined in the extract as 0.107 mg∙mg−1 and 0.023 mg∙mg−1 of the dried extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay delivered very strong activity for compounds 2 and 5, 6 and crude extract 10. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) inhibition experiment of isolated compounds and crude extracts resulted in significant inhibition activity for samples 2, 7a, 8a, 11 and 12 with IC50 values ranging from 1.57 to 2.91 µM. Antimicrobial activity of the pure compounds and extracts produced average results against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans strains. From our literature survey, it appears that all pure compounds except 2 were isolated and reported for the first time in H. scabrum.
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Peterson JJ, Dwyer JT, Jacques PF, McCullough ML. Improving the estimation of flavonoid intake for study of health outcomes. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:553-76. [PMID: 26084477 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprecision in estimating intakes of non-nutrient bioactive compounds such as flavonoids is a challenge in epidemiologic studies of health outcomes. The sources of this imprecision, using flavonoids as an example, include the variability of bioactive compounds in foods due to differences in growing conditions and processing, the challenges in laboratory quantification of flavonoids in foods, the incompleteness of flavonoid food composition tables, and the lack of adequate dietary assessment instruments. Steps to improve databases of bioactive compounds and to increase the accuracy and precision of the estimation of bioactive compound intakes in studies of health benefits and outcomes are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Peterson
- J.J. Peterson, J.T. Dwyer, and P.F. Jacques are with the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer and P.F. Jacques are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer is with the Tufts University School of Medicine and Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M.L. McCullough is with the Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Johanna T Dwyer
- J.J. Peterson, J.T. Dwyer, and P.F. Jacques are with the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer and P.F. Jacques are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer is with the Tufts University School of Medicine and Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M.L. McCullough is with the Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- J.J. Peterson, J.T. Dwyer, and P.F. Jacques are with the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer and P.F. Jacques are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer is with the Tufts University School of Medicine and Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M.L. McCullough is with the Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marjorie L McCullough
- J.J. Peterson, J.T. Dwyer, and P.F. Jacques are with the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer and P.F. Jacques are with the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. J.T. Dwyer is with the Tufts University School of Medicine and Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M.L. McCullough is with the Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Development of HPLC Protocol and Simultaneous Quantification of Four Free Flavonoids from Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:503139. [PMID: 26064121 PMCID: PMC4429222 DOI: 10.1155/2015/503139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the four flavonoids, namely, luteolin, kaempferol, diosmetin, and chrysosplenetin, has been performed for the first time in 80% ethanolic extract of Dracocephalum heterophyllum B. through HPLC coupled to UV detector after optimization of extracting solvent and chromatographic conditions. Total flavonoids quantified were 0.324 mg/mL of the extract. HPLC analysis delivered contents of the luteolin, kaempferol, diosmetin, and chrysosplenetin as 0.08%, 0.14%, 0.28%, and 0.79% of the dried extract, respectively. LOD (%) values calculated were 0.04, 0.03, 0.03, and 0.08 and LOQ (%) values were 0.08, 0.12, 0.11, and 0.28 for luteolin, kaempferol, diosmetin, and chrysosplenetin, respectively. The recovery percentages for these flavonoids were within the acceptable range of 95% to 105%. Standard deviation and %RSD were calculated for each target analytes individually in extract for determining the reproducibility and accuracy of the method. In no case the %RSD was higher than 1 taking retention time as a factor while in the case of area under the curve maximum %RSD was noted in the case of diosmetin as 2.85. From our literature review regarding the plant species under study, it appears that these flavonoids have not been quantified before and are reported for the first time in this paper.
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Hellenbrand N, Sendker J, Lechtenberg M, Petereit F, Hensel A. Isolation and quantification of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins in leaves and flowers of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). Fitoterapia 2015; 104:14-22. [PMID: 25917901 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) constitute a class of polyphenols with flavan-3-ols as monomeric building blocks. These polyphenols are mostly quantified by colorimetric methods or by chromatographic determination of monomeric flavan-3-ols or low molecular oligomers as lead compounds. No reliable analytical methods are available for unambiguous identification of the homologues series of oligo- and polymeric PAs. For Hawthorn leaf and flower (Crataegi folium cum flore) from Crataegus spp. (Rosaceae) a protocol for preparative isolation of oligomeric and polymeric PAs from an acetone-water extract was developed, yielding procyanidin reference clusters with defined degree of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 10 besides a procyanidin-polymer. Identity and purity of these clusters were proven by HPLC, MS and in part NMR studies. For identification and quantification from Hawthorn an ICH-Q2 validated UHPLC method with fluorimetric detection and less than 10min runtime was developed. The method enabled quantification of procyanidin clusters with DP from 2 to 10 besides the polymer fraction. Batch analysis revealed procyanidin contents of about 20 to 45mg/g from a homologues series of oligomeric PAs and about 50% of polymer fraction. Monitoring of procyanidin distribution during seasonal growth of fresh plants of Crataegus monogyna showed more or less constant contents between 20 and 55mg/g dry weight of oligomeric procyanidins during the growing season in the different plant organs with strong accumulation in the flowers and fruits (55mg/g dry weight). From these data it can be speculated that procyanidins serve as part of the plants defense system in the reproductive organs of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hellenbrand
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J Sendker
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Lechtenberg
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F Petereit
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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A catechin-enriched green tea extract prevents glucose-induced survival reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans through sir-2.1 and uba-1 dependent hormesis. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Falkova MT, Pushina MO, Bulatov AV, Alekseeva GM, Moskvin LN. Stepwise Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.862806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Fraser K, Harrison SJ, Lane GA, Otter DE, Hemar Y, Quek SY, Rasmussen S. Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Metabolites in Tea Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:924-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.619670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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del Castillo MD, Martinez-Saez N, Amigo-Benavent M, Silvan JM. Phytochemomics and other omics for permitting health claims made on foods. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Teshome K, Debela A, Garedew W. Effect of Drying Temperature and Duration on Biochemical Composition and Quality of Black Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) O. Kuntze at Wush Wush, South Western Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2013.235.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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UHPLC determination of catechins for the quality control of green tea. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 88:307-14. [PMID: 24103292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with UV detection method was developed for the fast quantitation of the most represented and biologically important green tea catechins and caffeine. UHPLC system was equipped with C18 analytical column (50mm×2.1mm, 1.8μm), utilizing a mobile phase composed of pH 2.5 triethanolamine phosphate buffer (0.1M) and acetonitrile in a gradient elution mode; under these conditions six major catechins and caffeine were separated in a 3min run. The method was fully validated in terms of precision, detection and quantification limits, linearity, accuracy, and it was applied to the identification and quantification of catechins and caffeine present in green tea infusions. In particular, commercially available green tea leaves samples of different geographical origin (Sencha, Ceylon Green and Lung Ching) were used for infusion preparations (water at 85°C for 15min). The selectivity of the developed UHPLC method was confirmed by comparison with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The recovery of the main six catechins and caffeine on the three analyzed commercial tea samples ranged from 94 to 108% (n=3). Limits of detection (LOD) were comprised in the range 0.1-0.4μgmL(-1). An orthogonal micellar electrokinetic (MEKC) method was applied for comparative purposes on selectivity and quantitative data. The combined use of the results obtained by the two techniques allowed for a fast confirmation on quantitative characterization of commercial samples.
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Duan Y, Luo X, Qin Y, Zhang H, Sun G, Sun X, Yan Y. Determination of epigallocatechin-3-gallate with a high-efficiency electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted poly(o-phenylenediamine) film. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Quesille-Villalobos AM, Torrico JS, Ranilla LG. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, andin vitro α-amylase inhibitory potential of tea infusions (Camellia sinensis) commercialized in Chile. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2012.688219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Song M, Li Q, Guan X, Wang T, Bi K. Novel HPLC Method to Evaluate the Quality and Identify the Origins of Longjing Green Tea. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.704532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Song M, Wang T, Li Q, Zhao L, Fang H, Li D, Bi K. Identification and dynamic analysis of the purine alkaloids in rat plasma after oral administration of green tea by liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fraser K, Harrison SJ, Lane GA, Otter DE, Hemar Y, Quek SY, Rasmussen S. HPLC–MS/MS profiling of proanthocyanidins in teas: A comparative study. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Kinetic optimisation of the reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation of proanthocyanidins on sub-2μm and superficially porous phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:63-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Wang Y, Yu L, Wei X. Monosaccharide composition and bioactivity of tea flower polysaccharides obtained by ethanol fractional precipitation and stepwise precipitation. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2010.523901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bedner M, Duewer DL. Dynamic Calibration Approach for Determining Catechins and Gallic Acid in Green Tea Using LC–ESI/MS. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6169-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bedner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - David L. Duewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Unachukwu UJ, Ahmed S, Kavalier A, Lyles JT, Kennelly EJ. White and green teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. J Food Sci 2011; 75:C541-8. [PMID: 20722909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have associated white teas with anti-carcinogenic, immune-boosting, and antioxidative properties that may impact human health in a manner comparable to green teas. An in-depth chemical analysis of white tea types was conducted to quantify polyphenols and antioxidant potential of 8 commercially available white teas, and compare them to green tea. Extraction and HPLC protocols were optimized and validated for the quantification of 9 phenolic and 3 methylxanthine compounds to examine inter- and intra-variation in white and green tea types and subtypes. A sampling strategy was devised to assess various subtypes procured from different commercial sources. Variation in antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of both tea types was further assessed by the 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteau (F-C) assays, respectively. Total catechin content (TCC) for white teas ranged widely from 14.40 to 369.60 mg/g of dry plant material for water extracts and 47.16 to 163.94 mg/g for methanol extracts. TCC for green teas also ranged more than 10-fold, from 21.38 to 228.20 mg/g of dry plant material for water extracts and 32.23 to 141.24 mg/g for methanol extracts. These findings indicate that statements suggesting a hierarchical order of catechin content among tea types are inconclusive and should be made with attention to a sampling strategy that specifies the tea subtype and its source. Certain white teas have comparable quantities of total catechins to some green teas, but lesser antioxidant capacity, suggesting that white teas have fewer non-catechin antioxidants present. Practical Application: In this investigation white and green teas were extracted in ways that mimic common tea preparation practices, and their chemical profiles were determined using validated analytical chemistry methods. The results suggest certain green and white tea types have comparable levels of catechins with potential health promoting qualities. Specifically, the polyphenolic content of green teas was found to be similar to certain white tea varieties, which makes the latter tea type a potential substitute for people interested in consuming polyphenols for health reasons. Moreover, this study is among the first to demonstrate the effect subtype sampling, source of procurement, cultivation, and processing practices have on the final white tea product, as such analysis has previously been mostly carried out on green teas.
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Gao X, Yang XW, Marriott PJ. Simultaneous analysis of seven alkaloids in Coptis-Evodia herb couple and Zuojin pill by UPLC with accelerated solvent extraction. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2714-22. [PMID: 20715137 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Tabart J, Kevers C, Pincemail J, Defraigne JO, Dommes J. Evaluation of spectrophotometric methods for antioxidant compound measurement in relation to total antioxidant capacity in beverages. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nkhili E, Tomao V, El Hajji H, El Boustani ES, Chemat F, Dangles O. Microwave-assisted water extraction of green tea polyphenols. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:408-415. [PMID: 19609884 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Green tea, a popular drink with beneficial health properties, is a rich source of specific flavanols (polyphenols). There is a special interest in the water extraction of green tea polyphenols since the composition of the corresponding extracts is expected to reflect the one of green tea infusions consumed worldwide. OBJECTIVE To develop a microwave-assisted water extraction (MWE) of green tea polyphenols. METHODOLOGY MWE of green tea polyphenols has been investigated as an alternative to water extraction under conventional heating (CWE). The experimental conditions were selected after consideration of both temperature and extraction time. The efficiency and selectivity of the process were determined in terms of extraction time, total phenolic content, chemical composition (HPLC-MS analysis) and antioxidant activity of the extracts. RESULTS By MWE (80 degrees C, 30 min), the flavanol content of the extract reached 97.46 (+/- 0.08) mg of catechin equivalent/g of green tea extract, vs. only 83.06 (+/- 0.08) by CWE (80 degrees C, 45 min). In particular, the concentration of the most bioactive flavanol EGCG was 77.14 (+/- 0.26) mg of catechin equivalent/g of green tea extract obtained by MWE, vs 64.18 (+/- 0.26) mg/g by CWE. CONCLUSION MWE appears more efficient than CWE at both 80 and 100 degrees C, particularly for the extraction of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids. Although MWE at 100 degrees C typically affords higher yields in total phenols, MWE at 80 degrees C appears more convenient for the extraction of the green tea-specific and chemically sensitive flavanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzohra Nkhili
- Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco
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Friedman M, Levin CE, Lee SU, Kozukue N. Stability of green tea catechins in commercial tea leaves during storage for 6 months. J Food Sci 2009; 74:H47-51. [PMID: 19323750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To help meet the needs of consumers, producers of dietary tea products, and researchers for information on health-promoting tea ingredients, we determined by HPLC 7 catechins [(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-catechin (C), (+)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), (-)-gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCG), (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate (ECG), and (-)-catechin 3-gallate (CG)] in samples of 8 commercial green tea leaves of unknown history sold as tea bags in the United States, Korea, and Japan. The samples were stored at 20 degrees C and sampled at 1 wk and 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo. The following ranges in the initial values (0 controls) were observed (in mg/g tea leaves): EGC and C, 0 to trace amounts; EC, 1.9 to 21.1; EGCG, 13.3 to 113.0; GCG, 0.2 to 1.6; ECG, 5.7 to 50.5; CG 0.5 to 3.7; total catechins 36.5 to 169.7. Statistical analysis of the results and plots of changes in individual and total catechin levels as a function of storage time indicate a progressive decrease in the content in the total levels, most of which is due to losses in the most abundant catechins, EGCG and ECG. Possible mechanisms of degradations of catechins during storage and the possible significance of the results to consumers of tea are discussed.
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Benzie IF, Wachtel‐Galor S. Chapter 7 Biomarkers in Long‐Term Vegetarian Diets. Adv Clin Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(09)47007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:568-575. [PMID: 18988322 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Mayer R, Stecher G, Wuerzner R, Silva RC, Sultana T, Trojer L, Feuerstein I, Krieg C, Abel G, Popp M, Bobleter O, Bonn GK. Proanthocyanidins: target compounds as antibacterial agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:6959-6966. [PMID: 18636738 DOI: 10.1021/jf800832r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Grape seeds accumulate in huge quantities as byproduct during wine production and are therefore a cheap source for pharmacologically active agents. However, studies prove poor antibacterial activity, and results of analyses are sometimes contradictory. The aim of this study was, thus, to determine the antibacterial activity of grape seed extracts with special focus on the chromatographic characterization of active fractions. In the course of these investigations, extraction protocols were optimized so that microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) guaranteed highest preconcentration efficiency. Proanthocyanidins, monomeric flavonoid aglycones, as well as some of their glycosides could be identified within yielded extracts via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). By that means the coherence number of possible isomers of procyanidins was approximated by a newly developed equation. As far as antibacterial activity determined via screening tests is concerned, the extracts generally have been found to be positively responsive toward 10 different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria strains. After fractionation of the raw extracts, proanthocyanidins P2, P3, P4 and gallate esters P2G and P3G (P = proanthocyanidin consisting of catechin and epicatechin units, n = oligomerization degree, G = gallate ester) were determined as active antibacterial agents toward 10 different pathogens. Only moderate activity was found for monomeric flavonoid fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mayer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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