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Structural, Hirshfeld, spectroscopic, quantum chemical and molecular docking studies on 6b′, 7′, 8′, 9′-Tetrahydro-2H,6′H-spiro[acenaphthylene-1,11′-chromeno [3,4-a]pyrrolizine]-2,6′(6a′H,11a′H)-dione. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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To Probe Full and Partial Activation of Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors by Pan-Agonist Chiglitazar Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:5314187. [PMID: 32308671 PMCID: PMC7152983 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5314187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiglitazar is a promising new-generation insulin sensitizer with low reverse effects for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and has shown activity as a nonselective pan-agonist to the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) (i.e., full activation of PPARγ and a partial activation of PPARα and PPARβ/δ). Yet, it has no high-resolution complex structure with PPARs and its detailed interactions and activation mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we docked chiglitazar into three experimentally resolved crystal structures of hPPAR subtypes, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, followed by 3 μs molecular dynamics simulations for each system. Our MM-GBSA binding energy calculation revealed that chiglitazar most favorably bound to hPPARγ (-144.6 kcal/mol), followed by hPPARα (-138.0 kcal/mol) and hPPARβ (-135.9 kcal/mol), and the order is consistent with the experimental data. Through the decomposition of the MM-GBSA binding energy by residue and the use of two-dimensional interaction diagrams, key residues involved in the binding of chiglitazar were identified and characterized for each complex system. Additionally, our detailed dynamics analyses support that the conformation and dynamics of helix 12 play a critical role in determining the activities of the different types of ligands (e.g., full agonist vs. partial agonist). Rather than being bent fully in the direction of the agonist versus antagonist conformation, a partial agonist can adopt a more linear conformation and have a lower degree of flexibility. Our finding may aid in further development of this new generation of medication.
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3
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Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, Fenaux M, Halcomb RL. The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5031-5073. [PMID: 31930920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. NASH is a serious condition that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of NASH with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to an emerging picture of NASH as the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise can dramatically improve NASH outcomes, significant lifestyle changes can be challenging to sustain. Pharmaceutical therapies could be an important addition to care, but currently none are approved for NASH. Here, we review the most promising targets for NASH treatment, along with the most advanced therapeutics in development. These include targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation, and fibrosis. Ultimately, combination therapies addressing multiple aspects of NASH pathogenesis are expected to provide benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony Romero
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher T Jones
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yingzi Xu
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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Murali K, Sparkes HA, Prasad K. Regioselective Synthesis of Carbazole‐Grafted Dispirothiapyrrolizine Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Strategy. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
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5
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Jiang Z, Liu X, Yuan Z, He H, Wang J, Zhang X, Gong Z, Hou L, Shen L, Guo F, Zhang J, Wang J, Xu D, Liu Z, Li H, Chen X, Long C, Li J, Chen S. Discovery of a Novel Selective Dual Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α/δ Agonist for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1068-1073. [PMID: 31312410 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/δ dual agonist 5c was developed with an EC50 of 8 nM for PPARα, 5 nM for PPARδ, and >300-fold selectivity against PPARγ (EC50 = 2939 nM), respectively. Further ADME and pharmacokinetic studies indicated 5c possessed distinguished in vitro and in vivo profiles. The excellent in vivo efficacy of compound 5c was demonstrated by the rat primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigan Jiang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- R&D Center, Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The Information Area of Xihu Industrial Base, Shilong Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523325, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Yuan
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Haiying He
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Gong
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Hou
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Fengxun Guo
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Deming Xu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Zhuowei Liu
- R&D Center, Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The Information Area of Xihu Industrial Base, Shilong Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523325, P. R. China.,Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 1701-1705, Main Building of Rongyi Tower, No. 5, Xinxi Road, SongShan Lake Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523808, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Li
- R&D Center, Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The Information Area of Xihu Industrial Base, Shilong Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523325, P. R. China.,Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 1701-1705, Main Building of Rongyi Tower, No. 5, Xinxi Road, SongShan Lake Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523808, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- R&D Center, Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The Information Area of Xihu Industrial Base, Shilong Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523325, P. R. China.,Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 1701-1705, Main Building of Rongyi Tower, No. 5, Xinxi Road, SongShan Lake Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523808, P. R. China
| | - Chaofeng Long
- R&D Center, Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The Information Area of Xihu Industrial Base, Shilong Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523325, P. R. China.,Guangdong Raynovent Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 1701-1705, Main Building of Rongyi Tower, No. 5, Xinxi Road, SongShan Lake Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Dongguan, Guangdong Province 523808, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
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6
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Vandana, Prasad KJR. A facile synthesis of novel 2-acetyl-1-hydroxycarbazoles– synthesis of biogenetically possible 2-phenyl-4-oxopyrano[2,3-a]carbazoles and annelated carbazoles. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234043431438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using trifluoroacetic acid as the condensing agent, the synthesis of novel 2-acetyl-1-hydroxycarbazoles has been achieved in moderate yield from 1-hydroxycarbazoles and acetyl chloride. Further, 2-acetyl-1-hydroxycarbazoles on base condensation with benzaldehyde followed by Prevost reaction with I2 – AgOAc in glacial AcOH yielded 2,3-dihydro-3-iodo-2-phenyl-4-oxopyrano[2,3-a]carbazoles which upon dehydroiodination afforded the biogenetically possible 2-phenyl-4-oxopyrano[2,3-a]carbazoles. Also, 2-acetyl-1-hydroxycarbazoles have been employed as synthones for the synthesis of annelated carbazoles viz. 3-methyl-pyrazolino- and 3-methyl-isoxazolo- [2,3-a]carbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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7
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Becerra-Rivas C, Cuervo-Prado P, Orozco-Lopez F. Efficient catalyst-free tricomponent synthesis of new spiro[cyclohexane-1,4′-pyrazolo[3,4-e][1, 4]thiazepin]-7′(6′H)-ones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1554143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Becerra-Rivas
- Group of Studies in Synthesis and Applications of Heterocyclic Compounds, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Cuervo-Prado
- Group of Studies in Synthesis and Applications of Heterocyclic Compounds, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fabian Orozco-Lopez
- Group of Studies in Synthesis and Applications of Heterocyclic Compounds, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Al Sharif M, Tsakovska I, Pajeva I, Alov P, Fioravanzo E, Bassan A, Kovarich S, Yang C, Mostrag-Szlichtyng A, Vitcheva V, Worth AP, Richarz AN, Cronin MT. The application of molecular modelling in the safety assessment of chemicals: A case study on ligand-dependent PPARγ dysregulation. Toxicology 2017; 392:140-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Shioi R, Okazaki S, Noguchi-Yachide T, Ishikawa M, Makishima M, Hashimoto Y, Yamaguchi T. Switching subtype-selectivity: Fragment replacement strategy affords novel class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ (PPARα/δ) dual agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3131-3134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Pollinger J, Merk D. Therapeutic applications of the versatile fatty acid mimetic WY14643. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:517-525. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1272578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Pollinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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11
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Cariou B, Fruchart JC, Staels B. Review: Vascular protective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/14746514050050030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
ardiovascular disease is significantly increased in patients with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. A clustering of risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, inflammation and coagulation disorders are acting in concert to promote cardiovascular events in these patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that influence vascular function by altering gene expression in vascular tissue and indirectly via effects on other tissues. Indeed, PPAR activation displays beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and also on endothelial function and vessel wall inflammation. Clinically used PPARα agonists, such as fibrates, and PPARγ agonists, such as insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones, may consequently alter the process of atherosclerosis, especially in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The present review highlights emerging evidence for beneficial effects of PPAR α and PPARγ in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in such high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Cariou
- Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille & Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille2, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Fruchart
- Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille & Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille2, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur de Lille & Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille2, Lille, France,
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12
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Dixit VA, Rathi PC, Bhagat S, Gohlke H, Petersen RK, Kristiansen K, Chakraborti AK, Bharatam PV. Design and synthesis of novel Y-shaped barbituric acid derivatives as PPARγ activators. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:423-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Sharma MC. Prospective QSAR-Based Prediction Models with Pharmacophore Studies of Oxadiazole-Substituted α-Isopropoxy Phenylpropanoic Acids with Dual Activators of PPARα and PPARγ. Interdiscip Sci 2015; 7:335-45. [PMID: 26178333 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of oxadiazole-substituted [Formula: see text]-isopropoxy phenylpropanoic acids with dual activators of PPARα and PPARγ derivatives were subjected to two-dimensional and k-Nearest Neighbors molecular field analysis. The statistically significant best 2D-QSAR (PPARα ) model having good predictive ability with statistical values of r(2) = 0:8725; q(2) = 0:7957and pred_r(2) = 0:8136 was developed by GA-PLS with the descriptors like SsClcount, SddsN (nitro) count and SsOHcount that contribute significantly to the biological activity. The best 3D-QSAR studies (PPARα ) were performed using the genetic algorithm selection k-nearest neighbor molecular field analysis approach; a leave-one-out cross-validated correlation coefficient q(2) = 0:7188 and predicate activity pred_r(2) = 0.7508 were obtained. The influences of steric and electrostatic field effects generated by the contribution plots are discussed. The best pharmacophore model includes three features, viz. hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor and aromatic features. The information rendered by 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR models may lead to a better understanding of structural requirements of substituted α-isopropoxy phenylpropanoic derivatives and also aid in designing novel potent PPARα and PPARγ for antihyperglycemic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C Sharma
- Drug Design and Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452 001, MP, India.
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14
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Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, and molecular docking studies of new tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Egawa D, Itoh T, Yamamoto K. Characterization of covalent bond formation between PPARγ and oxo-fatty acids. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:690-8. [PMID: 25785518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins is important for normal cellular regulation. Here, we report on the covalent modification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), an important drug target, by oxo-fatty acids. In this study, ESI mass spectroscopy showed that the reactivities of oxo-fatty acids with PPARγ are different from one another and that these behaviors are related to the structure of the fatty acids. X-ray crystallography showed that three oxo-fatty acids all bound to the same residue of PPARγ (Cys285), but displayed different hydrogen bonding modes. Moreover, fatty acids formed covalent bonds with both PPARγ moieties in the homodimer, one in an active conformation and the other in an alternative conformation. These two conformations may explain why covalently bound fatty acids show partial rather than full agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Egawa
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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16
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Guerra WD, Rossi RA, Pierini AB, Barolo SM. “Transition-Metal-Free” Synthesis of Carbazoles by Photostimulated Reactions of 2′-Halo[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-amines. J Org Chem 2014; 80:928-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5024393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter D. Guerra
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roberto A. Rossi
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana B. Pierini
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia M. Barolo
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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17
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Takada I, Makishima M. PPARγ ligands and their therapeutic applications: a patent review (2008 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:175-91. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.985206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Ismail MAH, Abou El Ella DA, Abouzid KAM, Abdou NS, Lahham A. Molecular modeling design, synthesis, and anti-hyprglycemic evaluation of certain 5-(aryl-alkoxy-benzylidine)-imidazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as potential PPARγ agonists. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Sharma MC. Prospective QSAR-based prediction models with pharmacophore studies of oxadiazole-substituted α-isopropoxy phenylpropanoic acids on with dual activators of PPARα and PPARγ. Interdiscip Sci 2014. [PMID: 25183350 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of oxadiazole-substituted α-isopropoxy phenylpropanoic acids with dual activators of PPARα and PPARγ derivatives were subjected to two dimensional and k-nearest neighbour Molecular field analysis. The statistically significant best 2D-QSAR (PPARα) model having good predictive ability with statistical values of r2 = 0.8725, q2 = 0.7957 and pred_r2 = 0.8136, was developed by GA-PLS with the descriptors like SsClcount, SddsN (nitro) count and SsOHcount contribute significantly to the biological activity. The best 3D-QSAR studies (PPARα) were performed using the genetic algorithm selection k-nearest neighbor molecular field analysis approach; a leave-one-out cross-validated correlation coefficient q2=0.7188 and predicate activity pred_r2 =0.7508 were obtained. The influences of steric and electrostatic field effects generated by the contribution plots are discussed. The best pharmacophore model includes three features viz. hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor, and aromatic features were developed. The information rendered by 2D, 3D QSAR models may lead to a better understanding of structural requirements of substituted α-isopropoxy phenylpropanoic derivatives and also aid in designing novel potent PPARα and PPARγ for antihyperglycemic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C Sharma
- Drug Design and Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, M.P, 452 001, India,
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20
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Kolli SK, Prasad B, Babu PV, Ashfaq MA, Ehtesham NZ, Raju RR, Pal M. TFAA/H3PO4 mediated unprecedented N-acylation of carbazoles leading to small molecules possessing anti-proliferative activities against cancer cells. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6080-4. [PMID: 25006860 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the first time TFAA/H3PO4 has facilitated the direct and metal-free N-acylation of carbazoles leading to a number of N-acylated derivatives. Several of these compounds were found to be promising when tested for their anti-proliferative properties against oral cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunder Kumar Kolli
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, A.P., India
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21
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Salakhutdinov NF, Laev SS. Triglyceride-lowering agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3551-64. [PMID: 24894768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review is the first attempt at systematization of the literature data on the structures and activities of triglyceride-lowering agents which used in medical practice or are in development. The effects and mechanisms of action of statins, squalene synthase inhibitors, fibrates, PPARα and PPARα/γ agonists, nicotinic acid, omega-3 fatty acids and some other molecular targets were considered. Unfortunately, to date, harmless and effective triglyceride-lowering drug still does not exist and there is still need for development of better triglyceride-lowering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey S Laev
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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22
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Tsakovska I, Al Sharif M, Alov P, Diukendjieva A, Fioravanzo E, Cronin MTD, Pajeva I. Molecular modelling study of the PPARγ receptor in relation to the mode of action/adverse outcome pathway framework for liver steatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7651-66. [PMID: 24857909 PMCID: PMC4057697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding of the precise mode of action and/or adverse outcome pathway (MoA/AOP) of chemicals has become a key step toward the development of a new generation of predictive toxicology tools. One of the challenges of this process is to test the feasibility of the molecular modelling approaches to explore key molecular initiating events (MIE) within the integrated strategy of MoA/AOP characterisation. The description of MoAs leading to toxicity and liver damage has been the focus of much interest. Growing evidence underlines liver PPARγ ligand-dependent activation as a key MIE in the elicitation of liver steatosis. Synthetic PPARγ full agonists are of special concern, since they may trigger a number of adverse effects not observed with partial agonists. In this study, molecular modelling was performed based on the PPARγ complexes with full agonists extracted from the Protein Data Bank. The receptor binding pocket was analysed, and the specific ligand-receptor interactions were identified for the most active ligands. A pharmacophore model was derived, and the most important pharmacophore features were outlined and characterised in relation to their specific role for PPARγ activation. The results are useful for the characterisation of the chemical space of PPARγ full agonists and could facilitate the development of preliminary filtering rules for the effective virtual ligand screening of compounds with PPARγ full agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Tsakovska
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering-BAS, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.105, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Merilin Al Sharif
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering-BAS, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.105, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Petko Alov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering-BAS, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.105, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Antonia Diukendjieva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering-BAS, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.105, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Elena Fioravanzo
- Soluzioni Informatiche srl, Via Ferrari 14, Vicenza 36100, Italy.
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Ilza Pajeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering-BAS, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.105, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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23
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Lin YT. A tandem regression-outlier analysis of a ligand cellular system for key structural modifications around ligand binding. J Cheminform 2013; 5:21. [PMID: 23627990 PMCID: PMC3648400 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2946-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A tandem technique of hard equipment is often used for the chemical analysis of a single cell to first isolate and then detect the wanted identities. The first part is the separation of wanted chemicals from the bulk of a cell; the second part is the actual detection of the important identities. To identify the key structural modifications around ligand binding, the present study aims to develop a counterpart of tandem technique for cheminformatics. A statistical regression and its outliers act as a computational technique for separation. RESULTS A PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) agonist cellular system was subjected to such an investigation. Results show that this tandem regression-outlier analysis, or the prioritization of the context equations tagged with features of the outliers, is an effective regression technique of cheminformatics to detect key structural modifications, as well as their tendency of impact to ligand binding. CONCLUSIONS The key structural modifications around ligand binding are effectively extracted or characterized out of cellular reactions. This is because molecular binding is the paramount factor in such ligand cellular system and key structural modifications around ligand binding are expected to create outliers. Therefore, such outliers can be captured by this tandem regression-outlier analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, 807, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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24
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Liu L, Ma Y, Wang RL, Xu WR, Wang SQ, Chou KC. Find novel dual-agonist drugs for treating type 2 diabetes by means of cheminformatics. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:279-88. [PMID: 23630413 PMCID: PMC3623550 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s42113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the world as well as the increasing reports about the adverse side effects of the existing diabetes treatment drugs have made developing new and effective drugs against the disease a very high priority. In this study, we report ten novel compounds found by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) using virtual screening and core hopping approaches. PPARs have drawn increasing attention for developing novel drugs to treat diabetes due to their unique functions in regulating glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism. The reported compounds are featured with dual functions, and hence belong to the category of dual agonists. Compared with the single PPAR agonists, the dual PPAR agonists, formed by combining the lipid benefit of PPARα agonists (such as fibrates) and the glycemic advantages of the PPARγ agonists (such as thiazolidinediones), are much more powerful in treating diabetes because they can enhance metabolic effects while minimizing the side effects. This was observed in the studies on molecular dynamics simulations, as well as on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, that these novel dual agonists not only possessed the same function as ragaglitazar (an investigational drug developed by Novo Nordisk for treating type 2 diabetes) did in activating PPARα and PPARγ, but they also had more favorable conformation for binding to the two receptors. Moreover, the residues involved in forming the binding pockets of PPARα and PPARγ among the top ten compounds are explicitly presented, and this will be very useful for the in-depth conduction of mutagenesis experiments. It is anticipated that the ten compounds may become potential drug candidates, or at the very least, the findings reported here may stimulate new strategies or provide useful insights for designing new and more powerful dual-agonist drugs for treating type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- PET/CT Center, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ren Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (TIPR), Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Gordon Life Science Institute, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kuo-Chen Chou
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Gordon Life Science Institute, Belmont, MA, USA
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25
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SAR and Computer-Aided Drug Design Approaches in the Discovery of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activators: A Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/406049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activators of PPARγ, Troglitazone (TGZ), Rosiglitazone (RGZ), and Pioglitazone (PGZ) were introduced for treatment of Type 2 diabetes, but TGZ and RGZ have been withdrawn from the market along with other promising leads due cardiovascular side effects and hepatotoxicity. However, the continuously improving understanding of the structure/function of PPARγ and its interactions with potential ligands maintain the importance of PPARγ as an antidiabetic target. Extensive structure activity relationship (SAR) studies have thus been performed on a variety of structural scaffolds by various research groups. Computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) approaches have also played a vital role in the search and optimization of potential lead compounds. This paper focuses on these approaches adopted for the discovery of PPARγ ligands for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Key concepts employed during the discovery phase, classification based on agonistic character, applications of various QSAR, pharmacophore mapping, virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies are highlighted. Molecular level analysis of the dynamic nature of ligand-receptor interaction is presented for the future design of ligands with better potency and safety profiles. Recently identified mechanism of inhibition of phosphorylation of PPARγ at SER273 by ligands is reviewed as a new strategy to identify novel drug candidates.
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26
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Skrumsager BK, Nielsen KK, Müller M, Pabst G, Drake PG, Edsberg B. Ragaglitazar: The Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Tolerability of a Novel Dual PPARα and γ Agonist in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 43:1244-56. [PMID: 14551179 DOI: 10.1177/0091270003257230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ragaglitazar is a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma agonist intended to restore insulin sensitivity and correct diabetic dyslipidemia. These studies assessed single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of ragaglitazar in healthy subjects, as well as multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of ragaglitazar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Healthy subjects received a single oral dose (1-120 mg), and healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients received a loading dose and thereafter once-daily doses (0.5-16 mg) of ragaglitazar for 6 and 20 days, respectively. Ragaglitazar was rapidly absorbed (tmax: 1.5-1.7 h), with mean AUC0-24 h and Cmax proportional to dose after single and multiple dosing; t1/2 was 80 hours following a single dose and 104 hours in healthy subjects and 122 hours in patients after multiple dosing. Administration of 4 mg ragaglitazar to patients (n = 4) for 21 days resulted in mean decreases from baseline in fasting levels of plasma glucose (18%), C-peptide (18%), fructosamine (6%), triglycerides (36%), free fatty acids (49%), total cholesterol (11%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (21%), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (15%), as well as an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (33%). Overall, ragaglitazar was well tolerated; with multiple dosing, there was a higher incidence of adverse events for patients that, at the highest dose level (16 mg), included peripheral edema and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Skrumsager
- Global Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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27
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Miglio G, Rosa AC, Rattazzi L, Grange C, Camussi G, Fantozzi R. Protective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists on human podocytes: proposed mechanisms of action. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:641-53. [PMID: 22594945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists exert anti-albuminuric effects. However, the nephroprotective effects of these drugs remain to be fully understood. We have investigated whether gemfibrozil, GW0742 and pioglitazone protect human podocytes against nutrient deprivation (ND)-induced cell death and the role of mitochondrial biogenesis as a cytoprotective process. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immortalized human podocytes were pre-treated with the PPAR agonists and exposed to ND (5 h) under normoxia, hypoxia or in the presence of pyruvate. Cell death was measured at the end of the ND and of the recovery phase (24 h). Mitochondrial mass, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunits 1 and 4 were measured as markers of mitochondrial cell content, while membrane potential as an index of mitochondrial function. PGC-1α, NRF1 and Tfam expression was studied, as crucial regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. KEY RESULTS Cell pre-treatment with gemfibrozil, GW0742, or pioglitazone significantly decreased the ND-induced cell loss, necrosis and apoptosis. These effects were attenuated by hypoxia and potentiated by pyruvate. Pre-treatment with these drugs significantly increased mitochondrial cell content, while it did not affect mitochondrial function. In all these experiments pioglitazone exerted significantly larger effects than gemfibrozil or GW0742. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Gemfibrozil, GW0742 and pioglitazone may exert direct protective effects on human podocytes. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a cell response to the PPAR agonists related to their cytoprotective activity. These results provide a mechanistic support to the clinical evidence indicating PPAR agonists as disease-modifying agents for glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Miglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.
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28
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Laghezza A, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Fracchiolla G, Faliti S, Piemontese L, Di Giovanni C, Iacobazzi V, Infantino V, Montanari R, Capelli D, Tortorella P, Loiodice F. New 2-(aryloxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ dual agonists able to upregulate mitochondrial carnitine shuttle system gene expression. J Med Chem 2012; 56:60-72. [PMID: 23171045 DOI: 10.1021/jm301018z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a series of 2-(aryloxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acids, resulting from the introduction of different substituents into the biphenyl system of the previously reported peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ (PPARα/γ) dual agonist 1, allowed the identification of new ligands with higher potency on PPARα and fine-tuned moderate PPARγ activity. For the most promising stereoisomer (S)-16, X-ray and calorimetric studies in PPARγ revealed, at high ligand concentration, the presence of two molecules simultaneously bound to the receptor. On the basis of these results and docking experiments in both receptor subtypes, a molecular explanation was provided for its different behavior as a full and partial agonist of PPARα and PPARγ, respectively. The effects of (S)-16 on mitochondrial acylcarnitine carrier and carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 gene expression, two key components of the carnitine shuttle system, were also investigated, allowing the hypothesis of a more beneficial pharmacological profile of this compound compared to the less potent PPARα agonist fibrates currently used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco and ‡Laboratorio di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
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29
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel zwitterionic compounds as PPARα/γ dual agonists (1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7075-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Le Naour M, Leclerc V, Farce A, Caignard DH, Hennuyer N, Staels B, Audinot-Bouchez V, Boutin JA, Lonchampt M, Dacquet C, Ktorza A, Berthelot P, Lebegue N. Effect of Oxime Ether Incorporation in Acyl Indole Derivatives on PPAR Subtype Selectivity. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2179-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Verma RK, Kumar V, Ghosh P, Wadhwa LK. 3D-QSAR study of tyrosine and propanoic acid derivatives as PPARα/γ dual agonists using CoMSIA. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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33
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Pirat C, Farce A, Lebègue N, Renault N, Furman C, Millet R, Yous S, Speca S, Berthelot P, Desreumaux P, Chavatte P. Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs): Development of Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4027-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101360s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pirat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Furman
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique
Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex,
France
| | - Régis Millet
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique
Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex,
France
| | - Saı̈d Yous
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Silvia Speca
- Faculté de
Médecine, Amphis J et K, Université Lille-Nord de France, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur Jules
Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Berthelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Faculté de
Médecine, Amphis J et K, Université Lille-Nord de France, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur Jules
Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique
Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex,
France
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34
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The application of comparative molecular field analysis for the design of α-anilino substituted-3-phenyl propanoic acids as novel PPARα/γ dual ligands. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Patel RN. Biocatalysis: Synthesis of Key Intermediates for Development of Pharmaceuticals. ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N. Patel
- Biotechnology Department, Unimark Remedies, Ltd., Mumbai, India
- SLRP Associates, LLC, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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36
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Increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ in human atherosclerosis. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Mehendale-Munj S, Ghosh R, Ramaa CS. Synthesis and evaluation of the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of novel 5-benzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinedione analogs in a type-2 diabetes model. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Fidelak J, Ferrer S, Oberlin M, Moras D, Dejaegere A, Stote RH. Dynamic correlation networks in human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ nuclear receptor protein. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2010; 39:1503-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-010-0608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Natarajan P, Ray KK, Cannon CP. High-Density Lipoprotein and Coronary Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1283-99. [PMID: 20338488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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40
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Fracchiolla G, Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Tortorella P, Mazza F, Montanari R, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Pierno S, Conte Camerino D, Loiodice F. New 2-aryloxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha/gamma dual agonists with improved potency and reduced adverse effects on skeletal muscle function. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6382-93. [PMID: 19775169 DOI: 10.1021/jm900941b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a new series of 2-aryloxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acids, resulting from the introduction of a linker into the diphenyl system of the previously reported PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist 1, allowed the identification of new ligands with improved potency on PPARalpha and unchanged activity on PPARgamma. For the most interesting stereoisomers S-2 and S-4, X-ray studies in PPARgamma and docking experiments in PPARalpha provided a molecular explanation for their different behavior as full and partial agonists of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, respectively. Due to the adverse effects provoked by hypolipidemic drugs on skeletal muscle function, we also investigated the blocking activity of S-2 and S-4 on skeletal muscle membrane chloride channel conductance and found that these ligands have a pharmacological profile more beneficial compared to fibrates currently used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italia
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41
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Lewis SN, Bassaganya-Riera J, Bevan DR. Virtual Screening as a Technique for PPAR Modulator Discovery. PPAR Res 2009; 2010:861238. [PMID: 19746174 PMCID: PMC2738858 DOI: 10.1155/2010/861238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual screening (VS) is a discovery technique to identify novel compounds with therapeutic and preventive efficacy against disease. Our current focus is on the in silico screening and discovery of novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists. It is well recognized that PPARgamma agonists have therapeutic applications as insulin sensitizers in type 2 diabetes or as anti-inflammatories. VS is a cost- and time-effective means for identifying small molecules that have therapeutic potential. Our long-term goal is to devise computational approaches for testing the PPARgamma-binding activity of extensive naturally occurring compound libraries prior to testing agonist activity using ligand-binding and reporter assays. This review summarizes the high potential for obtaining further fundamental understanding of PPARgamma biology and development of novel therapies for treating chronic inflammatory diseases through evolution and implementation of computational screening processes for immunotherapeutics in conjunction with experimental methods for calibration and validation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Lewis
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 201 Engel Hall 0308, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Nutrition, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Washington Street 0477, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - David R. Bevan
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 201 Engel Hall 0308, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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42
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Liu W, Liu K, Wood HB, McCann ME, Doebber TW, Chang CH, Akiyama TE, Einstein M, Berger JP, Meinke PT. Discovery of a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) Modulator with Balanced PPARα Activity for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4443-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900367w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | | | - Thomas W. Doebber
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Ching H. Chang
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Taro E. Akiyama
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Monica Einstein
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Joel P. Berger
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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Parmenon C, Guillard J, Caignard DH, Hennuyer N, Staels B, Audinot-Bouchez V, Boutin JA, Dacquet C, Ktorza A, Viaud-Massuard MC. 4,4-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-based PPARα/γ agonists. Part. II: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of oxime and acidic head group structural variations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2683-7. [PMID: 19376700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Tanrikulu Y, Rau O, Schwarz O, Proschak E, Siems K, Müller-Kuhrt L, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Schneider G. Structure-based pharmacophore screening for natural-product-derived PPARgamma agonists. Chembiochem 2009; 10:75-8. [PMID: 19067454 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Tanrikulu
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Goethe-Universität, CMP/LiFF/ZAFES, Siesmayerstrasse 70, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Magnus NA, Astleford BA, Brennan J, Stout JR, Tharp-Taylor RW. Syntheses of a Selective Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Modulator and Practical New Preparations of 2-(4-Alkoxyphenyl)ethylamines. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op800215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Magnus
- Eli Lilly and Company, Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - Bret A. Astleford
- Eli Lilly and Company, Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - John Brennan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - James R. Stout
- Eli Lilly and Company, Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - Roger W. Tharp-Taylor
- Eli Lilly and Company, Chemical Product Research and Development Division, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
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Synthesis and evaluation of a series of benzopyran derivatives as PPAR α/γ agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2428-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Larsen PJ, Lykkegaard K, Larsen LK, Fleckner J, Sauerberg P, Wassermann K, Wulff EM. Dissociation of antihyperglycaemic and adverse effects of partial perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) agonist balaglitazone. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 596:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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PAR-5359, a well-balanced PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, exhibits equivalent antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 595:119-25. [PMID: 18727927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma are key regulators of lipid homeostasis and insulin resistance. In this study, we characterize the pharmacological profiles of PAR-5359, a dual agonist of PPARalpha and gamma with well-balanced activities. In transient transactivation assay, PAR-5359 (3-(4-(2[4-(4chloro-phenyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridin-1-yl]-ethoxy)-phenyl)-(2S)-ethoxy-propionic acid) significantly activated human and mouse PPARalpha and gamma without activating PPARdelta. In functional assays using human mesenchymal stem cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells, PAR-5359 significantly induced adipocyte differentiation and human ApoA1 secretion, which coincided with its transactivation potencies against the corresponding human receptor subtypes. Interestingly, PAR-5359 showed equivalent potencies against the mouse receptor subtypes (alpha and gamma; 2.84 microM and 3.02 microM, respectively), which suggests the possibility that PAR-5359 could simultaneously activates each subtype of receptors subtype in under physiological conditions. In an insulin-resistant ob/ob mouse model, PAR-5359 significantly reduced plasma insulin levels, improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), and completely normalized plasma glucose levels. In a severe diabetic db/db mouse model, PAR-5359 dose-dependently reduced the plasma levels of glucose (ED(30) = 0.07 mg/kg). Furthermore, it lowered plasma levels of non HDL- (ED(30) = 0.13 mg/kg) and total cholesterol (ED(30) = 0.03 mg/kg) in high cholesterol diet-fed rats for 4 days treatment. These results suggest that PAR-5359 has the balanced activities for PPARalpha and PPARgamma in vivo as well as in vitro. And its balanced activities may render PAR-5359 as a pharmacological tool in elucidating the complex roles of PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists.
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Fracchiolla G, Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Carbonara G, Lavecchia A, Tortorella P, Crestani M, Novellino E, Loiodice F. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling investigation of chiral phenoxyacetic acid analogues with PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonist activity. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:641-54. [PMID: 17357171 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that govern lipid and glucose homeostasis, and play a central role in cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Thus, there is significant interest in developing new and specific agonists for these receptors. Herein we present screening results for a series of chiral phenoxyacetic acid analogues, some of which are potent PPARalpha agonists as well as PPARgamma agonists. The stereochemistry of these compounds plays an important role in determining their activity; the S isomers were observed to be more active than the corresponding R isomers. Interestingly, for one of these analogues, the stereoselectivity toward PPARalpha was reversed, and for this reason docking experiments were performed to rationalize this peculiar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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50
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Felts AS, Siegel BS, Young SM, Moth CW, Lybrand TP, Dannenberg AJ, Marnett LJ, Subbaramaiah K. Sulindac derivatives that activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma but lack cyclooxygenase inhibition. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4911-9. [PMID: 18665581 PMCID: PMC2651753 DOI: 10.1021/jm700969c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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A series of novel derivatives of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac sulfide were synthesized as potential agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Nonpolar and aromatic substitutions on the benzylidene ring as well as retention of the carboxylic acid side chain were required for optimal activity. Compound 24 was as potent a compound as any other in the series with an EC50 of 0.1 μM for the induction of peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE)-luciferase activity. Direct binding of compound 24 to PPARγ was demonstrated by the displacement of [3H]troglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, in a scintillation proximity assay. Compound 24 also stimulated the binding of PPARγ to a PPRE-containing oligonucleotide and induced expression of liver fatty-acid binding protein (L-FABP) and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), two established PPARγ target genes. Taken together, these compounds represent potential leads in the development of novel PPARγ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Felts
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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