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Li S, Xiong F, Zhang S, Liu J, Gao G, Xie J, Wang Y. Oligonucleotide therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102184. [PMID: 38665220 PMCID: PMC11044058 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a severe disease subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is thought to be highly associated with systemic metabolic abnormalities. It is characterized by a series of substantial liver damage, including hepatocellular steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The end stage of NASH, in some cases, may result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nowadays a large number of investigations are actively under way to test various therapeutic strategies, including emerging oligonucleotide drugs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA, microRNA, mimic/inhibitor RNA, and small activating RNA) that have shown high potential in treating this fatal liver disease. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis of NASH/NAFLD, the promising druggable targets proven by current studies in chemical compounds or biological drug development, and the feasibility and limitations of oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches under clinical or pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
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Ji SH, Kim HB, Song Y, Chung HW, Lee DH, Jung C, Ko Y, Han SJ. Identification of 3,4-dihydropyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one scaffolds as potent Lck inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 102:129645. [PMID: 38316368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) plays vital roles in the T-cell receptor- mediated development, function, and differentiation of T-cells. Given its substantial involvement in T cell signaling, irregularities in the expression and functionality of Lck may lead to various diseases, including cancer. In this study, we found that compound 12a exerted significant inhibitory potency against Lck with an IC50 value of 10.6 nM. In addition, 12a demonstrated high efficacy in various colon cancer cell lines as indicated by GI50 values ranging from 0.24 to 1.26 μM. Notably, 12a inhibited the phosphorylation of Lck in Colo201 cells. Overall, the anti-proliferative effects of 12a on diverse cancer cell lines highlights its potential application for the treatment of various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Ji
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byeol Kim
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Song
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Won Chung
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheulhee Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Ko
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Jadhav V, Vaishnaw A, Fitzgerald K, Maier MA. RNA interference in the era of nucleic acid therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:394-405. [PMID: 38409587 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Two decades of research on RNA interference (RNAi) have transformed a breakthrough discovery in biology into a robust platform for a new class of medicines that modulate mRNA expression. Here we provide an overview of the trajectory of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) drug development, including the first approval in 2018 of a liver-targeted siRNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic in lipid nanoparticles and subsequent approvals of five more RNAi drugs, which used metabolically stable siRNAs combined with N-acetylgalactosamine ligands for conjugate-based liver delivery. We also consider the remaining challenges in the field, such as delivery to muscle, brain and other extrahepatic organs. Today's RNAi therapeutics exhibit high specificity, potency and durability, and are transitioning from applications in rare diseases to widespread, chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasant Jadhav
- Research & Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Akshay Vaishnaw
- Research & Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Fitzgerald
- Research & Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin A Maier
- Research & Development, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Van Gulck E, Conceição-Neto N, Aerts L, Pierson W, Verschueren L, Vleeschouwer M, Krishna V, Nájera I, Pauwels F. Retreatment with HBV siRNA Results in Additional Reduction in HBV Antigenemia and Immune Stimulation in the AAV-HBV Mouse Model. Viruses 2024; 16:347. [PMID: 38543713 PMCID: PMC10975807 DOI: 10.3390/v16030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Treatment with siRNAs that target HBV has demonstrated robust declines in HBV antigens. This effect is also observed in the AAV-HBV mouse model, which was used to investigate if two cycles of GalNAc-HBV-siRNA treatment could induce deeper declines in HBsAg levels or prevent rebound, and to provide insights into the liver immune microenvironment. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were transduced with one of two different titers of AAV-HBV for 28 days, resulting in stable levels of HBsAg of about 103 or 105 IU/mL. Mice were treated for 12 weeks (four doses q3wk) per cycle with 3 mg/kg of siRNA-targeting HBV or an irrelevant sequence either once (single treatment) or twice (retreatment) with an 8-week treatment pause in between. Blood was collected to evaluate viral parameters. Nine weeks after the last treatment, liver samples were collected to perform phenotyping, bulk RNA-sequencing, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Independent of HBsAg baseline levels, treatment with HBV-siRNA induced a rapid decline in HBsAg levels, which then plateaued before gradually rebounding 12 weeks after treatment stopped. A second cycle of HBV-siRNA treatment induced a further decline in HBsAg levels in serum and the liver, reaching undetectable levels and preventing rebound when baseline levels were 103 IU/mL. This was accompanied with a significant increase in inflammatory macrophages in the liver and significant upregulation of regulatory T-cells and T-cells expressing immune checkpoint receptors. CONCLUSIONS Retreatment induced an additional decline in HBsAg levels, reaching undetectable levels when baseline HBsAg levels were 3log10 or less. This correlated with T-cell activation and upregulation of Trem2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Van Gulck
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
| | - Liese Aerts
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
| | - Wim Pierson
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
| | - Lore Verschueren
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
| | - Mara Vleeschouwer
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
| | - Vinod Krishna
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse, PA 19002, USA
| | - Isabel Nájera
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, 1600 Sierra Point Parkway, South San Fransisco, CA 94005, USA
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (N.C.-N.)
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Khan N, Almajed MR, Fitzmaurice MG, Jafri SM. Developments in pharmacotherapeutic agents for hepatitis B - how close are we to a functional cure? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1001-1011. [PMID: 37163255 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2211259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a public health concern given its global prevalence and potential complications including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current therapies, including nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA) and interferons (IFN), are effective in chronic treatment of HBV but rarely provide a functional cure due to inadequate host response and the presence of viral DNA. Therefore, novel therapies that enhance the innate immune response while suppressing DNA transcription may provide definitive treatment of HBV. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors provide a brief overview of commonly used agents and their efficacy in treatment of HBV. Newer therapies with direct antiviral agents such as bepirovirsen (antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)) and entry inhibitors such as bulevirtide have shown efficacy in reducing viral load but demonstrate further reductions in conjunction with immune modulators such as therapeutic vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Combination therapy is far superior to monotherapy alone, necessitating the need for both immunomodulators and direct antiviral agents in chronic treatment of HBV. Therapies that target covalently closed circular (cccDNA) with immunomodulators like therapeutic vaccines have shown promising results and may ultimately achieve functional cure. However, therapies need to be evaluated in the context of the patient, considering both financial and socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshin Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mohamed Ramzi Almajed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mary Grace Fitzmaurice
- Pharmacy Department and Transplant Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Syed-Mohammed Jafri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Kumar V, Turnbull WB. Targeted delivery of oligonucleotides using multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1273-1287. [PMID: 36723021 PMCID: PMC9940626 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00788f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface protein-carbohydrate interactions are essential for tissue-specific recognition and endocytosis of viruses, some bacteria and their toxins, and many glycoproteins. Often protein-carbohydrate interactions are multivalent - multiple copies of glycans bind simultaneously to multimeric receptors. Multivalency enhances both affinity and binding specificity, and is of interest for targeted delivery of drugs to specific cell types. The first such example of carbohydrate-mediated drug delivery to reach the clinic is Givosiran, a small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that is conjugated to a trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand. This ligand enables efficient uptake of the nucleic acid by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) on hepatocytes. Synthetic multivalent ligands for ASGP-R were among the first 'cluster glycosides' developed at the birth of multivalent glycoscience around 40 years ago. In this review we trace the history of 'GalNAc targeting' from early academic studies to current pharmaceuticals and consider what other opportunities could follow the success of this delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Development of Novel siRNA Therapeutics: A Review with a Focus on Inclisiran for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044019. [PMID: 36835426 PMCID: PMC9966809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, it was discovered that introducing synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into the cytoplasm facilitates effective gene-targeted silencing. This compromises gene expression and regulation by repressing transcription or stimulating sequence-specific RNA degradation. Substantial investments in developing RNA therapeutics for disease prevention and treatment have been made. We discuss the application to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which binds to and degrades the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor, interrupting the process of LDL-C uptake into hepatocytes. PCSK9 loss-of-function modifications show significant clinical importance by causing dominant hypocholesterolemia and lessening the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Monoclonal antibodies and small interfering RNA (siRNA) drugs targeting PCSK9 are a significant new option for managing lipid disorders and improving CVD outcomes. In general, monoclonal antibodies are restricted to binding with cell surface receptors or circulating proteins. Similarly, overcoming the intracellular and extracellular defenses that prevent exogenous RNA from entering cells must be achieved for the clinical application of siRNAs. N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugates are a simple solution to the siRNA delivery problem that is especially suitable for treating a broad spectrum of diseases involving liver-expressed genes. Inclisiran is a GalNAc-conjugated siRNA molecule that inhibits the translation of PCSK9. The administration is only required every 3 to 6 months, which is a significant improvement over monoclonal antibodies for PCSK9. This review provides an overview of siRNA therapeutics with a focus on detailed profiles of inclisiran, mainly its delivery strategies. We discuss the mechanisms of action, its status in clinical trials, and its prospects.
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N-octadecyl lactose-amide modified microemulsions as targeting delivery carrier for α-linolenic acid: In vitro evaluation and interaction mechanism. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Rader DJ. Targeting ASGR1 to lower cholesterol. Nat Metab 2022; 4:967-969. [PMID: 35927356 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fung S, Choi HSJ, Gehring A, Janssen HLA. Getting to HBV cure: The promising paths forward. Hepatology 2022; 76:233-250. [PMID: 34990029 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection is a global public health burden estimated to impact nearly 300 million persons worldwide. Despite the advent of potent antiviral agents that effectively suppress viral replication, HBV cure remains difficult to achieve because of the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), HBV-DNA integration into the host genome, and impaired immune response. Indefinite treatment is necessary for most patients to maintain level of viral suppression. The success of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for hepatitis C treatment has rejuvenated the search for a cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), though an HBV cure likely requires an additional layer: immunomodulators for restoration of robust immune responses. DAAs such as entry inhibitors, capsid assembly modulators, inhibitors of subviral particle release, cccDNA silencers, and RNA interference molecules have reached clinical development. Immunomodulators, namely innate immunomodulators (Toll-like receptor agonists), therapeutic vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, are also progressing toward clinical development. The future of the HBV cure possibly lies in triple combination therapies with concerted action on replication inhibition, antigen reduction, and immune stimulation. Many obstacles remain, such as overcoming translational failures, choosing the right endpoint using the right biomarkers, and leveraging current treatments in combination regimens to enhance response rates. This review gives an overview of the current therapies for CHB, HBV biomarkers used to evaluate treatment response, and development of DAAs and immune-targeting drugs and discusses the limitations and unanswered questions on the journey to an HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Fung
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah S J Choi
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gane E, Yuen MF, Kakuda TN, Ogawa T, Takahashi Y, Goeyvaerts N, Lonjon-Domanec I, Vaughan T, Schluep T, Hamilton J, Njumbe Ediage E, Hillewaert V, Snoeys J, Lenz O, Talloen W, Biermer M. JNJ-73763989 pharmacokinetics and safety: Liver-targeted siRNAs against hepatitis B virus, in Japanese and non-Japanese healthy adults, and combined with JNJ-56136379 and a nucleos(t)ide analogue in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antivir Ther 2022; 27:13596535221093856. [PMID: 35695169 DOI: 10.1177/13596535221093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND JNJ-73763989 comprises two hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific, liver-targeted N-galactosamine-conjugated short interfering RNA triggers, JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924. JNJ-73763989 pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability were assessed in two phase 1 studies: Japanese (NCT04002752), and non-Japanese healthy participants and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients also receiving the HBV capsid assembly modulator JNJ-56136379 and a nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) (NCT03365947). METHODS Healthy participant cohorts were double-blind and randomized to receive a single subcutaneous JNJ-73763989 dose (non-Japanese participants, 35, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg; Japanese participants, 25, 100 or 200 mg) or placebo. JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 plasma concentrations were assessed over 48 h. CHB patients received JNJ-73763989 200 mg every 4 weeks plus daily oral JNJ-56136379 250 mg and NA in an open-label fashion. Safety and tolerability were assessed through Day 28 (healthy participants) or Day 112 (patients). RESULTS Thirty non-Japanese (n = 4/dose; placebo, n = 10) and 24 Japanese healthy participants (n = 6/dose; placebo, n = 6) were randomized. JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 exposure generally increased in a dose-proportional manner. Mean plasma half-life was 4-9 h. No differences between pharmacokinetic parameters were apparent between non-Japanese and Japanese healthy participants. In the 12 CHB patients, mean JNJ-73763976, JNJ-73763924 and JNJ-56136379 plasma concentrations 2 h post-dose on Day 29 were 663, 269 and 14,718 ng/mL, respectively. In both studies, all adverse events were mild/moderate. CONCLUSION JNJ-73763976 and JNJ-73763924 had short plasma half-lives and exposure generally increased in a dose-proportional manner; there were no pharmacokinetic differences between Japanese and non-Japanese healthy adults. JNJ-73763989 with or without JNJ-56136379 and NA was generally safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, 25809The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Snoeys
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Oliver Lenz
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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12
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O'Sullivan J, Muñoz-Muñoz J, Turnbull G, Sim N, Penny S, Moschos S. Beyond GalNAc! Drug delivery systems comprising complex oligosaccharides for targeted use of nucleic acid therapeutics. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20432-20446. [PMID: 35919168 PMCID: PMC9281799 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (NATs) are establishing a leading role for the management and treatment of genetic diseases following FDA approval of nusinersen, patisiran, and givosiran in the last 5 years, the breakthrough of milasen, with more approvals undoubtedly on the way. Givosiran takes advantage of the known interaction between the hepatocyte specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) ligands to deliver a therapeutic effect, underscoring the value of targeting moieties. In this review, we explore the history of GalNAc as a ligand, and the paradigm it has set for the delivery of NATs through precise targeting to the liver, overcoming common hindrances faced with this type of therapy. We describe various complex oligosaccharides (OSs) and ask what others could be used to target receptors for NAT delivery and the opportunities awaiting exploration of this chemical space. Tapping the glycome space for targeted delivery. We explore GalNAc for targeting oligonucleotides to the liver and ask what other oligosaccharides could expand targeting options for other tissues.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Sullivan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Jose Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
| | - Neil Sim
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Durham, UK, DH6 5PF
| | - Stuart Penny
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Durham, UK, DH6 5PF
| | - Sterghios Moschos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8ST
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Biessen EAL, Van Berkel TJC. N-Acetyl Galactosamine Targeting: Paving the Way for Clinical Application of Nucleotide Medicines in Cardiovascular Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2855-2865. [PMID: 34645280 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the promise of oligonucleotide therapeutics, such as (chemically modified) ASO (antisense oligonucleotides) and short interfering RNAs, is undisputed from their introduction onwards, their unfavorable pharmacokinetics and intrinsic capacity to mobilize innate immune responses, were limiting widespread clinical use. However, these major setbacks have been tackled by breakthroughs in chemistry, stability and delivery. When aiming an intervention hepatic targets, such as lipid and sugar metabolism, coagulation, not to mention cancer and virus infection, introduction of N-acetylgalactosamine aided targeting technology has advanced the field profoundly and by now a dozen of N-acetylgalactosamine therapeutics for these indications have been approved for clinical use or have progressed to clinical trial stage 2 to 3 testing. This technology, in combination with major advances in oligonucleotide stability allows safe and durable intervention in targets that were previously deemed undruggable, such as Lp(a) and PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9), at high efficacy and specificity, often with as little as 2 doses per year. Their successful use even the most visionary would not have predicted 2 decades ago. Here, we will review the evolution of N-acetylgalactosamine technology. We shall outline their fundamental design principles and merits, and their application for the delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutics to the liver. Finally, we will discuss the perspectives of N-acetylgalactosamine technology and propose directions for future research in receptor targeted delivery of these gene medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A L Biessen
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (E.A.L.B.).,Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands (E.A.L.B.)
| | - Theo J C Van Berkel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, the Netherlands (T.J.C.V.B.)
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Bartoli A, Gabrielli F, Tassi A, Cursaro C, Pinelli A, Andreone P. Treatments for HBV: A Glimpse into the Future. Viruses 2021; 13:1767. [PMID: 34578347 PMCID: PMC8473442 DOI: 10.3390/v13091767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus is responsible for most of the chronic liver disease and liver cancer worldwide. As actual therapeutic strategies have had little success in eradicating the virus from hepatocytes, and as lifelong treatment is often required, new drugs targeting the various phases of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) lifecycle are currently under investigation. In this review, we provide an overview of potential future treatments for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bartoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Gabrielli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- Postgraduate School of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Tassi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- Postgraduate School of Internal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Carmela Cursaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Ambra Pinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Maternal-Infantile and Adult, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.G.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41126 Modena, Italy
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15
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Ligand conjugate SAR and enhanced delivery in NHP. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2910-2919. [PMID: 34091052 PMCID: PMC8531135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugated short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are a leading RNA interference (RNAi) platform allowing targeted inhibition of disease-causing genes in hepatocytes. More than a decade of development has recently resulted in the first approvals for this class of drugs. While substantial effort has been made to improve nucleic acid modification patterns for better payload stability and efficacy, relatively little attention has been given to the GalNAc targeting ligand. In addition, the lack of an intrinsic endosomal release mechanism has limited potency. Here, we report a stepwise analysis of the structure activity relationships (SAR) of the components comprising these targeting ligands. We show that there is relatively little difference in biological performance between bi-, tri-, and tetravalent ligand structures while identifying other features that affect their biological activity more significantly. Further, we demonstrate that subcutaneous co-administration of a GalNAc-functionalized, pH responsive endosomal release agent markedly improved the activity and duration of effect for siRNA conjugates, without compromising tolerability, in non-human primates. These findings could address a significant bottleneck for future siRNA ligand conjugate development.
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16
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Overcoming the challenges of tissue delivery for oligonucleotide therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:588-604. [PMID: 34020790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic therapeutic oligonucleotides (STO) represent the third bonafide platform for drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry after small molecule and protein therapeutics. So far, thirteen STOs have been approved by regulatory agencies and over one hundred of them are in different stages of clinical trials. STOs hybridize to their target RNA or DNA in cells via Watson-Crick base pairing to exert their pharmacological effects. This unique class of therapeutic agents has the potential to target genes and gene products that are considered undruggable by other therapeutic platforms. However, STOs must overcome several extracellular and intracellular obstacles to interact with their biological RNA targets inside cells. These obstacles include degradation by extracellular nucleases, scavenging by the reticuloendothelial system, filtration by the kidney, traversing the capillary endothelium to access the tissue interstitium, cell-surface receptor-mediated endocytic uptake, and escape from endolysosomal compartments to access the nuclear and/or cytoplasmic compartments where their targets reside. In this review, we present the recent advances in this field with a specific focus on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and siRNA therapeutics.
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17
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Palit S, Banerjee S, Mahata T, Niyogi S, Das T, Sova Mandi C, Chakrabarti P, Dutta S. Interaction of a Triantennary Quinoline Glycoconjugate with the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2211-2216. [PMID: 33860988 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted intracellular delivery is an efficient strategy for developing therapeutics against cancer and other intracellular infections. Nonspecific drug delivery shows limited clinical applications owing to high dosage, cytotoxicity, nonspecific action, high cost, etc. Therefore, targeted delivery of less cytotoxic drug candidates to hepatocytes through ASGPR-mediated endocytosis could be an efficient strategy to surmount the prevailing shortcomings. In the present work, the gene encoding ASGPR-H1-CRD was amplified from Huh7 cells, cloned into pET 11a vector, and the ASGPR-H1-CRD protein was expressed and purified from E. coli. A novel triantennary galactose-conjugated quinoline derivative 4 was synthesized that demonstrates 17-fold higher binding affinity to isolated ASGPR-H1-CRD protein receptor (Kd ∼54 μM) in comparison to D-galactose (Kd ∼900 μM). Moreover, micro-calorimetric studies for the interaction of glycoconjugate 4 with ASGPR protein on live hepatocytes showed notable thermal response in case of ASGPR-containing Huh7 cells, in comparison to non-ASGPR Chang cells. These results might serve as an approach towards targeted delivery of small glycoconjugates to hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Palit
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sayanika Banerjee
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Tridib Mahata
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sougata Niyogi
- Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Tanusree Das
- Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Chandra Sova Mandi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Partha Chakrabarti
- Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
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18
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Shchegravina ES, Sachkova AA, Usova SD, Nyuchev AV, Gracheva YA, Fedorov AY. Carbohydrate Systems in Targeted Drug Delivery: Expectation and Reality. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Honcharenko D, Druceikaite K, Honcharenko M, Bollmark M, Tedebark U, Strömberg R. New Alkyne and Amine Linkers for Versatile Multiple Conjugation of Oligonucleotides. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:579-593. [PMID: 33458510 PMCID: PMC7807750 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide (ON) conjugates are increasingly important tools for various molecular diagnostics, nanotechnological applications, and for the development of nucleic acid-based therapies. Multiple labeling of ONs can further equip ON-conjugates and provide improved or additional tailored properties. Typically, the preparation of ON multiconjugates involves additional synthetic steps and/or manipulations in post-ON assembly. This report describes the simplified methodology allowing for multiple labeling of ONs on a solid support and is compatible with phosphodiester as well as phosphorothioate (PS) ONs. The current approach utilizes two novel alkyne- and amino-functionalized linker phosphoramidites that can be readily synthesized from a common aminodiol intermediate in three steps. The combination of new linkers provides orthogonal functionalities, which allow for multiple attachments of similar or varied moieties. The linkers are incorporated into ONs during automated solid-phase ON synthesis, and the conjugation with functional entities is achieved by either amide bond formation or by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The versatility of the approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of 5'-site ON multiconjugates with small molecules, peptides, and fatty acids as well as in the preparation of an internal peptide-ON conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Honcharenko
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristina Druceikaite
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- RISE
Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Forskargatan 20J, 15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Bollmark
- RISE
Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Forskargatan 20J, 15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ulf Tedebark
- RISE
Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Forskargatan 20J, 15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Roger Strömberg
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
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20
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Bockman MR, Dalal RJ, Kumar R, Reineke TM. Facile synthesis of GalNAc monomers and block polycations for hepatocyte gene delivery. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00250c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a facile synthetic route for a monomer displaying N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and subsequent copolymerization in a block format with cationic subunits readily accessing liver-targeted polymeric pDNA delivery vehicles with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rishad J. Dalal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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21
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van den Berg F, Limani SW, Mnyandu N, Maepa MB, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Advances with RNAi-Based Therapy for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080851. [PMID: 32759756 PMCID: PMC7472220 DOI: 10.3390/v12080851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global health challenge. Approximately 292 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV and the annual mortality from the infection is approaching 900,000. Despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine, millions of individuals are at risk of potentially fatal complicating cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current drug treatments can suppress viral replication, slow the progression of liver fibrosis, and reduce infectivity, but can rarely clear the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that is responsible for HBV persistence. Alternative therapeutic strategies, including those based on viral gene silencing by harnessing the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, effectively suppress HBV replication and thus hold promise. RNAi-based silencing of certain viral genes may even lead to disabling of cccDNA during chronic infection. This review summarizes different RNAi activators that have been tested against HBV, the advances with vectors used to deliver artificial potentially therapeutic RNAi sequences to the liver, and the current status of preclinical and clinical investigation.
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22
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ASGR1 and Its Enigmatic Relative, CLEC10A. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144818. [PMID: 32650396 PMCID: PMC7404283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The large family of C-type lectin (CLEC) receptors comprises carbohydrate-binding proteins that require Ca2+ to bind a ligand. The prototypic receptor is the asialoglycoprotein receptor-1 (ASGR1, CLEC4H1) that is expressed primarily by hepatocytes. The early work on ASGR1, which is highly specific for N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), established the foundation for understanding the overall function of CLEC receptors. Cells of the immune system generally express more than one CLEC receptor that serve diverse functions such as pathogen-recognition, initiation of cellular signaling, cellular adhesion, glycoprotein turnover, inflammation and immune responses. The receptor CLEC10A (C-type lectin domain family 10 member A, CD301; also called the macrophage galactose-type lectin, MGL) contains a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) that is homologous to the CRD of ASGR1, and thus, is also specific for GalNAc. CLEC10A is most highly expressed on immature DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and alternatively activated macrophages (subtype M2a) as well as oocytes and progenitor cells at several stages of embryonic development. This receptor is involved in initiation of TH1, TH2, and TH17 immune responses and induction of tolerance in naïve T cells. Ligand-mediated endocytosis of CLEC receptors initiates a Ca2+ signal that interestingly has different outcomes depending on ligand properties, concentration, and frequency of administration. This review summarizes studies that have been carried out on these receptors.
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23
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Yamamoto T, Terada C, Kashiwada K, Yamayoshi A, Harada-Shiba M, Obika S. Synthesis of Monovalent N-Acetylgalactosamine Phosphoramidite for Liver-Targeting Oligonucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 78:e99. [PMID: 31529782 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-targeted drug delivery (LTDD) has emerged as an attractive option in the field of oligonucleotide drugs following the great success of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides. GalNAc is a well-known ligand of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), and is classified as a C-type lectin associated with the metabolism of desialylated glycoproteins. This article describes the synthesis of a non-nucleosidic monovalent GalNAc phosphoramidite-a useful reagent for facilitating the conjugation of GalNAc epitopes into oligonucleotides using DNA synthesizers-together with some important caveats. The monomeric GalNAc consists of three parts: (1) a GalNAc moiety, (2) a linker moiety, and (3) a trans-4-hydroxyprolinol (tHP) branch point. The GalNAc moiety and the tHP moiety are coupled via a condensation reaction to prepare the monovalent GalNAc phosphoramidite. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of N-acetylgalactosamine ligand Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of trans-4-hydroxyprolinol building block Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of GalNAc phosphoramidite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chisato Terada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koki Kashiwada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Asako Yamayoshi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Mével M, Bouzelha M, Leray A, Pacouret S, Guilbaud M, Penaud-Budloo M, Alvarez-Dorta D, Dubreil L, Gouin SG, Combal JP, Hommel M, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Blouin V, Moullier P, Adjali O, Deniaud D, Ayuso E. Chemical modification of the adeno-associated virus capsid to improve gene delivery. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1122-1131. [PMID: 34084369 PMCID: PMC8145868 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04189c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) are highly promising due to several desirable features of this parent virus, including a lack of pathogenicity, efficient infection of dividing and non-dividing cells and sustained maintenance of the viral genome. However, the conclusion from clinical data using these vectors is that there is a need to develop new AAVs with a higher transduction efficiency and specificity for relevant target tissues. To overcome these limitations, we chemically modified the surface of the capsid of AAV vectors. These modifications were achieved by chemical coupling of a ligand by the formation of a thiourea functionality between the amino group of the capsid proteins and the reactive isothiocyanate motif incorporated into the ligand. This strategy does not require genetic engineering of the capsid sequence. The proof of concept was first evidenced using a fluorophore (FITC). Next, we coupled the N-acetylgalactosamine ligand onto the surface of the AAV capsid for asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated hepatocyte-targeted delivery. Chemically-modified capsids also showed reduced interactions with neutralizing antibodies. Taken together, our findings reveal the possibility of creating a specific engineered platform for targeting AAVs via chemical coupling. Bioconjugated AAV vectors, achieved by coupling of ligands on amino groups of the capsid, are of great interest for gene delivery. Chemical modifications can be used to enhance cell tropism and to decrease interactions with neutralizing antibodies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mével
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | - Mohammed Bouzelha
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | - Aurélien Leray
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France .,LUNAM Université, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques 44322 Nantes France
| | - Simon Pacouret
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | - Mickael Guilbaud
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | | | - Dimitri Alvarez-Dorta
- LUNAM Université, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques 44322 Nantes France
| | - Laurence Dubreil
- PanTher-UMR 703, INRA-ONIRIS, Atlanpole-Chanterie 44307 Nantes France
| | - Sébastien G Gouin
- LUNAM Université, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques 44322 Nantes France
| | | | - Mirja Hommel
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, CIMA, FIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA) Pamplona Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Vivet Therapeutics SAS Paris France.,Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, CIMA, FIMA, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA) Pamplona Spain
| | - Véronique Blouin
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | - Philippe Moullier
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
| | - David Deniaud
- LUNAM Université, CEISAM, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR CNRS 6230, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques 44322 Nantes France
| | - Eduard Ayuso
- INSERM UMR 1089, Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes 44200 Nantes France
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25
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Leading RNA Interference Therapeutics Part 2: Silencing Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase 1, with a Focus on Givosiran. Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 24:61-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Andersen VL, Vinther M, Kumar R, Ries A, Wengel J, Nielsen JS, Kjems J. A self-assembled, modular nucleic acid-based nanoscaffold for multivalent theranostic medicine. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2662-2677. [PMID: 31131060 PMCID: PMC6525989 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Within the field of personalized medicine there is an increasing focus on designing flexible, multifunctional drug delivery systems that combine high efficacy with minimal side effects, by tailoring treatment to the individual. Methods: We synthesized a chemically stabilized ~4 nm nucleic acid nanoscaffold, and characterized its assembly, stability and functional properties in vitro and in vivo. We tested its flexibility towards multifunctionalization by conjugating various biomolecules to the four modules of the system. The pharmacokinetics, targeting capability and bioimaging properties of the structure were investigated in mice. The role of avidity in targeted liver cell internalization was investigated by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and in vivo by fluorescent scanning of the blood and organs of the animals. Results: We have developed a nanoscaffold that rapidly and with high efficiency can self-assemble four chemically conjugated functionalities into a stable, in vivo-applicable system with complete control of stoichiometry and site specificity. The circulation time of the nanoscaffold could be tuned by functionalization with various numbers of polyethylene glycol polymers or with albumin-binding fatty acids. Highly effective hepatocyte-specific internalization was achieved with increasing valencies of tri-antennary galactosamine (triGalNAc) in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: With its facile functionalization, stoichiometric control, small size and high serum- and thermostability, the nanoscaffold presented here constitutes a novel and flexible platform technology for theranostics.
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27
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Pottash AE, Kuffner C, Noonan-Shueh M, Jay SM. Protein-based vehicles for biomimetic RNAi delivery. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:19. [PMID: 30891095 PMCID: PMC6390323 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad translational success of RNA interference (RNAi) technology depends on the development of effective delivery approaches. To that end, researchers have developed a variety of strategies, including chemical modification of RNA, viral and non-viral transfection approaches, and incorporation with delivery vehicles such as polymer- and lipid-based nanoparticles, engineered and native proteins, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and others. Among these, EVs and protein-based vehicles stand out as biomimetically-inspired approaches, as both proteins (e.g. Apolipoprotein A-1, Argonaute 2, and Arc) and EVs mediate intercellular RNA transfer physiologically. Proteins specifically offer significant therapeutic potential due to their biophysical and biochemical properties as well as their ability to facilitate and tolerate manipulation; these characteristics have made proteins highly successful translational therapeutic molecules in the last two decades. This review covers engineered protein vehicles for RNAi delivery along with what is currently known about naturally-occurring extracellular RNA carriers towards uncovering design rules that will inform future engineering of protein-based vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Eli Pottash
- 1Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Christopher Kuffner
- 1Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Madeleine Noonan-Shueh
- 1Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- 1Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.,2Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.,3Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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28
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Abstract
Intracellular delivery of biological agents such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids generally rely on the endocytic pathway as the major uptake mechanism, resulting in their entrapment inside the endosome and lysosome. The recent discovery of cell-penetrating molecules of exceptionally high endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery efficiencies and elucidation of their mechanism of action represent major breakthroughs in this field. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in understanding and enhancing the endosomal escape process and the new opportunities opened up by these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marina Buyanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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29
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Su TA, Shihadih DS, Cao W, Detomasi TC, Heffern MC, Jia S, Stahl A, Chang CJ. A Modular Ionophore Platform for Liver-Directed Copper Supplementation in Cells and Animals. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13764-13774. [PMID: 30351140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper deficiency is implicated in a variety of genetic, neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Current approaches for addressing copper deficiency rely on generic copper supplementation, which can potentially lead to detrimental off-target metal accumulation in unwanted tissues and subsequently trigger oxidative stress and damage cascades. Here we present a new modular platform for delivering metal ions in a tissue-specific manner and demonstrate liver-targeted copper supplementation as a proof of concept of this strategy. Specifically, we designed and synthesized an N-acetylgalactosamine-functionalized ionophore, Gal-Cu(gtsm), to serve as a copper-carrying "Trojan Horse" that targets liver-localized asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) and releases copper only after being taken up by cells, where the reducing intracellular environment triggers copper release from the ionophore. We utilized a combination of bioluminescence imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assays to establish ASGPR-dependent copper accumulation with this reagent in both liver cell culture and mouse models with minimal toxicity. The modular nature of our synthetic approach presages that this platform can be expanded to deliver a broader range of metals to specific cells, tissues, and organs in a more directed manner to treat metal deficiency in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Su
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Diyala S Shihadih
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Wendy Cao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Tyler C Detomasi
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Shang Jia
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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30
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Kuruvilla SP, Tiruchinapally G, Kaushal N, ElSayed ME. Effect of N-acetylgalactosamine ligand valency on targeting dendrimers to hepatic cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Natural low- and high-density lipoproteins as mighty bio-nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:371-382. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Springer AD, Dowdy SF. GalNAc-siRNA Conjugates: Leading the Way for Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:109-118. [PMID: 29792572 PMCID: PMC5994659 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced RNAi responses have great potential to treat a wide variety of human diseases from cancer to pandemic viral outbreaks to Parkinson's Disease. However, before siRNAs can become drugs, they must overcome a billion years of evolutionary defenses designed to keep invading RNAs on the outside cells from getting to the inside of cells. Not surprisingly, significant effort has been placed in developing a wide array of delivery technologies. Foremost of these has been the development of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) siRNA conjugates for delivery to liver. Tris-GalNAc binds to the Asialoglycoprotein receptor that is highly expressed on hepatocytes resulting in rapid endocytosis. While the exact mechanism of escape across the endosomal lipid bilayer membrane remains unknown, sufficient amounts of siRNAs enter the cytoplasm to induce robust, target selective RNAi responses in vivo. Multiple GalNAc-siRNA conjugate clinical trials, including two phase III trials, are currently underway by three biotech companies to treat a wide variety of diseases. GalNAc-siRNA conjugates are a simple solution to the siRNA delivery problem for liver hepatocytes and have shown the RNAi (and antisense oligonucleotide) field the path forward for targeting other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Springer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
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33
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Bautista-Hernández CI, Negrón-Silva GE, Santillán R, Vergara-Arenas BI, Ángeles-Beltrán D, Lomas-Romero L, Pérez-Martínez D. Design and synthesis of new carbohydrate-lithocholic acid conjugates linked via 1,2,3-triazole rings. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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34
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Advanced siRNA Designs Further Improve In Vivo Performance of GalNAc-siRNA Conjugates. Mol Ther 2018; 26:708-717. [PMID: 29456020 PMCID: PMC5910670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the advancement of RNAi therapeutics by combining a synthetic triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine ligand targeting the asialoglycoprotein receptor with chemically modified small interfering RNA (siRNA) designs, including the recently described Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry. This strategy has demonstrated robust RNAi-mediated gene silencing in liver after subcutaneous administration across species, including human. Here we demonstrate that substantial efficacy improvements can be achieved through further refinement of siRNA chemistry, optimizing the positioning of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro and 2′-O-methyl ribosugar modifications across both strands of the double-stranded siRNA duplex to enhance stability without compromising intrinsic RNAi activity. To achieve this, we employed an iterative screening approach across multiple siRNAs to arrive at advanced designs with low 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro content that yield significantly improved potency and duration in preclinical species, including non-human primate. Liver exposure data indicate that the improvement in potency is predominantly due to increased metabolic stability of the siRNA conjugates.
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35
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Nair JK, Attarwala H, Sehgal A, Wang Q, Aluri K, Zhang X, Gao M, Liu J, Indrakanti R, Schofield S, Kretschmer P, Brown CR, Gupta S, Willoughby JLS, Boshar JA, Jadhav V, Charisse K, Zimmermann T, Fitzgerald K, Manoharan M, Rajeev KG, Akinc A, Hutabarat R, Maier MA. Impact of enhanced metabolic stability on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GalNAc-siRNA conjugates. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10969-10977. [PMID: 28981809 PMCID: PMC5737438 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent attachment of a synthetic triantennary N-acetylagalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand to chemically modified siRNA has enabled asialoglycoprotein (ASGPR)-mediated targeted delivery of therapeutically active siRNAs to hepatocytes in vivo. This approach has become transformative for the delivery of RNAi therapeutics as well as other classes of investigational oligonucleotide therapeutics to the liver. For efficient functional delivery of intact drug into the desired subcellular compartment, however, it is critical that the nucleic acids are stabilized against nucleolytic degradation. Here, we compared two siRNAs of the same sequence but with different modification pattern resulting in different degrees of protection against nuclease activity. In vitro stability studies in different biological matrices show that 5'-exonuclease is the most prevalent nuclease activity in endo-lysosomal compartments and that additional stabilization in the 5'-regions of both siRNA strands significantly enhances the overall metabolic stability of GalNAc-siRNA conjugates. In good agreement with in vitro findings, the enhanced stability translated into substantially improved liver exposure, gene silencing efficacy and duration of effect in mice. Follow-up studies with a second set of conjugates targeting a different transcript confirmed the previous results, provided additional insights into kinetics of RISC loading and demonstrated excellent translation to non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qianfan Wang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Xuemei Zhang
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Minggeng Gao
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ju Liu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Swati Gupta
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akin Akinc
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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36
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Sato Y, Matsui H, Yamamoto N, Sato R, Munakata T, Kohara M, Harashima H. Highly specific delivery of siRNA to hepatocytes circumvents endothelial cell-mediated lipid nanoparticle-associated toxicity leading to the safe and efficacious decrease in the hepatitis B virus. J Control Release 2017; 266:216-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Schmidt K, Prakash TP, Donner AJ, Kinberger GA, Gaus HJ, Low A, Østergaard ME, Bell M, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Characterizing the effect of GalNAc and phosphorothioate backbone on binding of antisense oligonucleotides to the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2294-2306. [PMID: 28158620 PMCID: PMC5389643 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) has improved the potency of ASO drugs ∼30-fold in the clinic (1). In order to fully characterize the effect of GalNAc valency, oligonucleotide length, flexibility and chemical composition on ASGR binding, we tested and validated a fluorescence polarization competition binding assay. The ASGR binding, and in vitro and in vivo activities of 1, 2 and 3 GalNAc conjugated single stranded and duplexed ASOs were studied. Two and three GalNAc conjugated single stranded ASOs bind the ASGR with the strongest affinity and display optimal in vitro and in vivo activities. 1 GalNAc conjugated ASOs showed 10-fold reduced ASGR binding affinity relative to three GalNAc ASOs but only 2-fold reduced activity in mice. An unexpected observation was that the ASGR also appears to play a role in the uptake of unconjugated phosphorothioate modified ASOs in the liver as evidenced by the loss of activity of GalNAc conjugated and unconjugated ASOs in ASGR knockout mice. Our results provide insights into how backbone charge and chemical composition assist in the binding and internalization of highly polar anionic single stranded oligonucleotides into cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schmidt
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Thazha P Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Aaron J Donner
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Garth A Kinberger
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hans J Gaus
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Audrey Low
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Melanie Bell
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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38
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In vitro 3D model and miRNA drug delivery to target calcific aortic valve disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:181-195. [PMID: 28057890 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in the Western population, claiming 17000 deaths per year in the United States and affecting 25% of people older than 65 years of age. Contrary to traditional belief, CAVD is not a passive, degenerative disease but rather a dynamic disease, where initial cellular changes in the valve leaflets progress into fibrotic lesions that induce valve thickening and calcification. Advanced thickening and calcification impair valve function and lead to aortic stenosis (AS). Without intervention, progressive ventricular hypertrophy ensues, which ultimately results in heart failure and death. Currently, aortic valve replacement (AVR), surgical or transcatheter, is the only effective therapy to treat CAVD. However, these costly interventions are often delayed until the late stages of the disease. Nonetheless, 275000 are performed per year worldwide, and this is expected to triple by 2050. Given the current landscape, next-generation therapies for CAVD are needed to improve patient outcome and quality of life. Here, we first provide a background on the aortic valve (AV) and the pathobiology of CAVD as well as highlight current directions and future outlook on the development of functional 3D models of CAVD in vitro We then consider an often-overlooked aspect contributing to CAVD: miRNA (mis)regulation. Therapeutics could potentially normalize miRNA levels in the early stages of the disease and may slow its progression or even reverse calcification. We close with a discussion of strategies that would enable the use of miRNA as a therapeutic for CAVD. This focuses on an overview of controlled delivery technologies for nucleic acid therapeutics to the valve or other target tissues.
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39
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Huang Y. Preclinical and Clinical Advances of GalNAc-Decorated Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 6:116-132. [PMID: 28325278 PMCID: PMC5363494 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A main challenge in realizing the full potential of nucleic acid therapeutics is efficient delivery of them into targeted tissues and cells. N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is a well-defined liver-targeted moiety benefiting from its high affinity with asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). By conjugating it directly to the oligonucleotides or decorating it to a certain delivery system as a targeting moiety, GalNAc has achieved compelling successes in the development of nucleic acid therapeutics in recent years. Several oligonucleotide modalities are undergoing pivotal clinical studies, followed by a blooming pipeline in the preclinical stage. This review covers the progress of GalNAc-decorated oligonucleotide drugs, including siRNAs, anti-miRs, and ASOs, which provides a panorama for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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40
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Huang X, Leroux JC, Castagner B. Well-Defined Multivalent Ligands for Hepatocytes Targeting via Asialoglycoprotein Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:283-295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Huang
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Castagner
- Department
of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Prom. Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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41
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Ho W, Zhang XQ, Xu X. Biomaterials in siRNA Delivery: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2715-2731. [PMID: 27700013 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the dearth of effective treatment options for prominent diseases including Ebola and cancer, RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific mechanism for genetic regulation that can silence nearly any gene, holds the promise of unlimited potential in treating illness ever since its discovery in 1999. Given the large size, unstable tertiary structure in physiological conditions and negative charge of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the development of safe and effective delivery vehicles is of critical importance in order to drive the widespread use of RNAi therapeutics into clinical settings. Immense amounts of time and billions of dollars have been devoted into the design of novel and diverse delivery strategies, and there are a handful of delivery systems that have been successfully translated into clinic. This review provides an introduction to the in vivo barriers that need to be addressed by siRNA delivery systems. We also discuss the progress up to the most effective and clinically advanced siRNA delivery systems including liposomal, polymeric and siRNA conjugate delivery systems, as well as their design to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ho
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
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42
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Gooding M, Malhotra M, Evans JC, Darcy R, O'Driscoll CM. Oligonucleotide conjugates - Candidates for gene silencing therapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:321-40. [PMID: 27521696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications of oligonucleotides (ONs) have attracted great attention in recent years. The capability of ONs to selectively inhibit target genes through antisense and RNA interference mechanisms, without causing un-intended sideeffects has led them to be investigated for various biomedical applications, especially for the treatment of viral diseases and cancer. In recent years, many researchers have focused on enhancing the stability and target specificity of ONs by encapsulating/complexing them with polymers or lipid chains to formulate nanoparticles/nanocomplexes/micelles. Also, chemical modification of nucleic acids has emerged as an alternative to impart stability to ONs against nucleases and other degrading enzymes and proteins found in blood. In addition to chemically modifying the nucleic acids directly, another strategy that has emerged, involves conjugating polymers/peptide/aptamers/antibodies/proteins, preferably to the sense strand (3'end) of siRNAs. Conjugation to the siRNA not only enhances the stability and targeting specificity of the siRNA, but also allows for the development of self-administering siRNA formulations, with a much smaller size than what is usually observed for nanoparticle (∼200nm). This review concentrates mainly on approaches and studies involving ON-conjugates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Gooding
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - James C Evans
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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43
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Hamil AS, Dowdy SF. Synthesis and Conjugation of Small Interfering Ribonucleic Neutral SiRNNs. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1364:1-9. [PMID: 26472437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high potency (EC50 ~1 pM) and exquisite target selectivity for all expressed mRNAs, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced RNAi responses hold significant promise as a therapeutic modality. However, the size and high negative charge of siRNAs render them unable to enter cells without assistance from a delivery agent. Most current methods of siRNA delivery rely on encasing siRNA molecules in large nanoparticles or cationic liposomes. However, these approaches suffer from a number of problems, including a poor diffusion coefficient, cytotoxicity, and poor pharmacokinetics. To address the problem of siRNA in vivo delivery, we developed monomeric neutral RNAi prodrugs, termed siRibonucleic neutrals (siRNNs), that directly neutralize the phosphate backbone negative charge by synthesis with bioreversible phosphotriester groups that are enzymatically cleaved off in the cytoplasm of cells. Here we describe the synthesis and purification of siRNN conjugates that induce in vivo target gene knockdown following systemic delivery into mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Hamil
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC-0686, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0686, USA
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC-0686, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0686, USA.
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44
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Prakash TP, Yu J, Migawa MT, Kinberger GA, Wan WB, Østergaard ME, Carty RL, Vasquez G, Low A, Chappell A, Schmidt K, Aghajan M, Crosby J, Murray HM, Booten SL, Hsiao J, Soriano A, Machemer T, Cauntay P, Burel SA, Murray SF, Gaus H, Graham MJ, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Comprehensive Structure-Activity Relationship of Triantennary N-Acetylgalactosamine Conjugated Antisense Oligonucleotides for Targeted Delivery to Hepatocytes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2718-33. [PMID: 26914862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive structure-activity relationships of triantennary GalNAc conjugated ASOs for enhancing potency via ASGR mediated delivery to hepatocytes is reported. Seventeen GalNAc clusters were assembled from six distinct scaffolds and attached to ASOs. The resulting ASO conjugates were evaluated in ASGR binding assays, in primary hepatocytes, and in mice. Five structurally distinct GalNAc clusters were chosen for more extensive evaluation using ASOs targeting SRB-1, A1AT, FXI, TTR, and ApoC III mRNAs. GalNAc-ASO conjugates exhibited excellent potencies (ED50 0.5-2 mg/kg) for reducing the targeted mRNAs and proteins. This work culminated in the identification of a simplified tris-based GalNAc cluster (THA-GN3), which can be efficiently assembled using readily available starting materials and conjugated to ASOs using a solution phase conjugation strategy. GalNAc-ASO conjugates thus represent a viable approach for enhancing potency of ASO drugs in the clinic without adding significant complexity or cost to existing protocols for manufacturing oligonucleotide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thazha P Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Michael T Migawa
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Garth A Kinberger
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - W Brad Wan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Michael E Østergaard
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Recaldo L Carty
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Guillermo Vasquez
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Audrey Low
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Alfred Chappell
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Karsten Schmidt
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Mariam Aghajan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Jeff Crosby
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Heather M Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Sheri L Booten
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Jill Hsiao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Armand Soriano
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Todd Machemer
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Patrick Cauntay
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Sebastien A Burel
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Susan F Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Hans Gaus
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Mark J Graham
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc. , 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
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45
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Monestier M, Charbonnier P, Gateau C, Cuillel M, Robert F, Lebrun C, Mintz E, Renaudet O, Delangle P. ASGPR-Mediated Uptake of Multivalent Glycoconjugates for Drug Delivery in Hepatocytes. Chembiochem 2016; 17:590-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Monestier
- Université Grenoble Alpes; INAC-SCIB; CEA; INAC-SCIB; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; DCM; CNRS; DCM; 570 rue de la chimie 38041 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Peggy Charbonnier
- Université Grenoble Alpes; iRTSV-LCBM; CEA; iRTSV-LCBM; CNRS; iRTSV-LCBM; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Christelle Gateau
- Université Grenoble Alpes; INAC-SCIB; CEA; INAC-SCIB; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Martine Cuillel
- Université Grenoble Alpes; iRTSV-LCBM; CEA; iRTSV-LCBM; CNRS; iRTSV-LCBM; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Faustine Robert
- Université Grenoble Alpes; INAC-SCIB; CEA; INAC-SCIB; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Colette Lebrun
- Université Grenoble Alpes; INAC-SCIB; CEA; INAC-SCIB; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Elisabeth Mintz
- Université Grenoble Alpes; iRTSV-LCBM; CEA; iRTSV-LCBM; CNRS; iRTSV-LCBM; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Université Grenoble Alpes; DCM; CNRS; DCM; 570 rue de la chimie 38041 Grenoble cedex 09 France
- Institut Universitaire de France; 103 boulevard Saint-Michel 75005 Paris France
| | - Pascale Delangle
- Université Grenoble Alpes; INAC-SCIB; CEA; INAC-SCIB; 17 rue des martyrs 38054 Grenoble cedex 09 France
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Dhande YK, Wagh BS, Hall BC, Sprouse D, Hackett PB, Reineke TM. N-Acetylgalactosamine Block-co-Polycations Form Stable Polyplexes with Plasmids and Promote Liver-Targeted Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:830-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh K. Dhande
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bharat S. Wagh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bryan C. Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dustin Sprouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Perry B. Hackett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Center
for Genome Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Center for Genome Engineering, and §Department of Genetics,
Cell Biology and Development, and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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47
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Witzigmann D, Detampel P, Porta F, Huwyler J. Isolation of multiantennary N-glycans from glycoproteins for hepatocyte specific targeting via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18297f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on parenchymal liver cells specifically binds multivalent carbohydrates from desialylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Basel
- Basel CH-4056
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Basel
- Basel CH-4056
- Switzerland
| | - Fabiola Porta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Basel
- Basel CH-4056
- Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Basel
- Basel CH-4056
- Switzerland
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48
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Prakash TP, Brad Wan W, Low A, Yu J, Chappell AE, Gaus H, Kinberger GA, Østergaard ME, Migawa MT, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Solid-phase synthesis of 5'-triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine conjugated antisense oligonucleotides using phosphoramidite chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4127-30. [PMID: 26299345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A convenient solid-phase synthetic method was developed for assembling a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) cluster on the 5'-end of antisense oligonucleotide using phosphoramidite chemistry. Conjugation of the 5'-triantennary GalNAc cluster improved potency of the 14 mer ASO 7-fold in mice and more than 50 fold in hepatocytes. The synthetic approach described in this Letter simplifies the synthesis of 5'-triantennary GalNAc cluster conjugated ASOs and helps understand the structure-activity relationship for targeting hepatocytes with oligonucleotide therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thazha P Prakash
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States.
| | - W Brad Wan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Audrey Low
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Alfred E Chappell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Hans Gaus
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Garth A Kinberger
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Michael E Østergaard
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Michael T Migawa
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
| | - Punit P Seth
- Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, United States
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Marchiori MF, Pires Souto DE, Oliveira Bortot L, Francisco Pereira J, Kubota LT, Cummings RD, Dias-Baruffi M, Carvalho I, Campo VL. Synthetic 1,2,3-triazole-linked glycoconjugates bind with high affinity to human galectin-3. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3414-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Rajeev KG, Nair JK, Jayaraman M, Charisse K, Taneja N, O'Shea J, Willoughby JLS, Yucius K, Nguyen T, Shulga-Morskaya S, Milstein S, Liebow A, Querbes W, Borodovsky A, Fitzgerald K, Maier MA, Manoharan M. Hepatocyte-Specific Delivery of siRNAs Conjugated to Novel Non-nucleosidic TrivalentN-Acetylgalactosamine Elicits Robust Gene Silencing in Vivo. Chembiochem 2015; 16:903-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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