1
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Guillou E, Dumazert L, Caër C, Beigbeder A, Ouagne P, Le Saout G, Beaugrand J, Bourmaud A, Le Moigne N. In-situ monitoring of changes in ultrastructure and mechanical properties of flax cell walls during controlled heat treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121253. [PMID: 37739490 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant fibres are increasingly used as reinforcements, especially in thermoplastic composites. Understanding the impact of temperature on the properties of these fibres is an important issue for the manufacturing of high-performance materials with minimal defects. In this work, the structural evolution and mechanical behaviour of flax fibre cell walls were dynamically monitored by temperature-controlled X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation from 25 to 230 °C; detailed biochemical analysis was also conducted on fibre samples after each heating step. With increasing temperature up to 230 °C, a decrease in the local mechanical performance of the flax cell walls, of about -72 % for the indentation modulus and -35 % for the hardness, was measured. This was associated with a decrease in the packing of the cellulose crystal lattice (increase in d-spacing d200), as well as significant mass losses measured by thermogravimetric analysis and changes in the biochemical composition, i.e. non-cellulosic polysaccharides attributed to the middle lamellae but also to the cell walls. This work, which proposes for the first time an in-situ investigation of the dynamic temperature evolution of the flax cell wall properties, highlights the reversible behaviour of their crystalline structure (i.e. cellulose) and local mechanical properties after cooling to room temperature, even after exposure to high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elouan Guillou
- IPC Laval, Rue Léonard De Vinci, Changé, France; Univ. Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Lorient, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH) - IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France
| | - Célia Caër
- ENSTA Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Brest, France
| | | | - Pierre Ouagne
- Laboratoire Génie de Production, LGP, Université de Toulouse, INP-ENIT, Tarbes, France
| | - Gwenn Le Saout
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ales, France
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- Univ. Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Lorient, France.
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH) - IMT Mines Ales, Ales, France.
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2
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Kosakowski W, Bryszewska MA, Dziugan P. Biochars from Post-Production Biomass and Waste from Wood Management: Analysis of Carbonization Products. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13214971. [PMID: 33158296 PMCID: PMC7663828 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Waste biomass can be used as an alternative source of energy. However, such use requires prior treatment of the material. This paper describes the physicochemical characteristics of biochar obtained by the thermochemical decomposition of six types of agricultural waste biomass: residues from the production of flavored spirits (a pulp of lime, grapefruit and lemon), beetroot pulp, apple pomace, brewer’s spent grain, bark and municipal solid waste (bark, sawdust, off-cuts and wood chips). The biomass conversion process was studied under conditions of limited oxygen access in a reactor. The temperature was raised from 450 to 850 °C over 30 min, followed by a residence time of 60 min. The solid products were characterized in terms of their elemental compositions, mass, energy yield and ash content. The gaseous products from pyrolysis of the biomass were also analyzed and their compositions were characterized by GCMS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry). The carbonization process increased the carbon content by, on average, 1.7 times, from an average percentage of 46.09% ± 3.65% for biomass to an average percentage of 74.72% ± 5.36% for biochars. After carbonization, the biochars were found to have a net calorific value of between 27 and 32 MJ/kg, which is comparable or even higher than good-quality coal (eco pea coal 24–26 MJ/kg). The net calorific values show that the volatile products can also be considered as a valuable source of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malgorzata Anita Bryszewska
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426-313-425
| | - Piotr Dziugan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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3
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Dvores MP, Çarçabal P, Maître P, Simons JP, Gerber RB. Gas phase dynamics, conformational transitions and spectroscopy of charged saccharides: the oxocarbenium ion, protonated anhydrogalactose and protonated methyl galactopyranoside. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4144-4157. [PMID: 32039431 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06572e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protonated intermediates are postulated to be involved in the rate determining step of many sugar reactions. This paper presents a study of protonated sugar species, isolated in the gas phase, using a combination of infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy, classical ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and quantum mechanical vibrational self-consistent field (VSCF) calculations. It provides a likely identification of the reactive intermediate oxocarbenium ion structure in a d-galactosyl system as well as the saccharide pyrolysis product anhydrogalactose (that suggests oxocarbenium ion stabilization), along with the spectrum of the protonated parent species: methyl d-galactopyranoside-H+. Its vibrational fingerprint indicates intramolecular proton sharing. Classical AIMD simulations for galactosyl oxocarbenium ions, conducted in the temperature range ∼300-350 K (using B3LYP potentials on-the-fly) reveal efficient transitions on the picosecond timescale. Multiple conformers are likely to exist under the experimental conditions and along with static VSCF calculations, they have facilitated the identification of the individual structural motifs of the galactosyl oxocarbenium ion and protonated anhydrogalactose ion conformers that contribute to the observed experimental spectra. These results demonstrate the power of experimental IRMPD spectroscopy combined with dynamics simulations and with computational spectroscopy at the anharmonic level to unravel conformer structures of protonated saccharides, and to provide information on their lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dvores
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - P Çarçabal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - P Maître
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - J P Simons
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - R B Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. and Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chen Y, Yan T, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li G. Characterization of the incense ingredients of cultivated grafting Kynam by TG-FTIR and HS-GC-MS. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104493. [PMID: 32045691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous wood of Aquilaria species and has been used for various applications. Burning agarwood incense is a common practice in temples and homes in Asia. Kynam is widely regarded as high-quality agarwood in the market. Recently, cultivated grafting Kynam (CGK) has emerged as a new agarwood product in the market, which greatly affects the price of high grading Kynam agarwood. In this study, the morphology, ethanol extract content, and incense chemical profile of CGK was investigated and compared with those of wild Kynam (WK) and cultivated common agarwood (CCA). The incense smoke of CGK was analyzed by thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). The results showed that the heating of most incenses occurred below 200 °C, and the mass-loss rate value of CGK was between those of WK and CCA. The HS-GC-MS analysis showed the chemical compounds of incense smoke of CGK at 40, 100, and 180 °C, corresponding to the head, middle, and tail of the heating process, respectively. The results suggested that the sesquiterpenes compounds were the major contributors to the mysterious and elegant odoriferous character of agarwood incense. However, a peak area percentage analysis revealed a significant difference in the predominant compounds between CGK and WK, especially at lower temperatures. Therefore, it is not straightforward to substitute WK with CGK. The results are helpful for the study and usage of the new cultivated grafting Kynam agarwood and the development of the agarwood incense industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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5
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Guo S, Liang H, Che D, Liu H, Sun B. Quantitative study of the pyrolysis of levoglucosan to generate small molecular gases. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18791-18802. [PMID: 35516857 PMCID: PMC9064809 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we studied 23 possible reaction paths for levoglucosan pyrolysis to generate small molecular gases and 51 compounds (including reactants, intermediates, and products), and quantified the 47 transition states involved in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin 132000
- China
| | - Honglin Liang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin 132000
- China
| | - Deyong Che
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin 132000
- China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin 132000
- China
| | - Baizhong Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering
- Northeast Electric Power University
- Jilin 132000
- China
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6
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Bouzalakou-butel L, Provatidis P, Sturrock K, Fiore A. Primary Investigation into the Occurrence of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in a Range of Smoked Products. J CHEM-NY 2018; 2018:1-8. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/5942081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is produced in foods through many different pathways. Recently, studies have revealed its potential mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Determination of HMF was originally used as an indicator of both the extent of thermal processing a food had undergone and food quality. It has been identified in a variety of food products such as bread, breakfast cereals, fruit juices, milk, and honey. In addition to the thermal processes that lead to the formation of HMF during thermal treatment, food smoking also creates conditions that result in the formation of HMF. This can take place within the food due to the elevated temperatures associated with hot smoking or by the proximity of the products of the pyrolysis of the wood matrix that is used for smoking (cold smoking). This may lead to further contamination of the product by HMF over and above that associated with the rest of the preparation process. Until now, there have been no studies examining the relation between the smoking procedure and HMF contamination in smoked food. This study is a primary investigation measuring HMF levels in three categories of smoked food products, cheese, processed meat, and fish, using HPLC-UV. The amount of HMF found in all three product categories supports our hypothesis that HMF levels are due to both internal pathways during processing and external contamination from the smoke generation matrix (wood) employed. The results ranged from 1 ppb (metsovone traditional Greek smoked cheese) to 4 ppm (hot-smoked ready-to-eat mackerel). Subsequently for smoked cheese products, a correlation was found between HMF and phenolic compounds generated by the smoking procedures and identified by SPME-GCMS. It was observed that cheese samples that had higher concentrations of HMF were also found to have higher concentrations of syringol and cresols. It is important therefore to understand the smoking procedure’s effect on HMF formation. This will aid in the development of mitigation strategies to reduce HMF formation while retaining the flavour of the smoked products.
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7
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Wang X, Thai PK, Mallet M, Desservettaz M, Hawker DW, Keywood M, Miljevic B, Paton-Walsh C, Gallen M, Mueller JF. Emissions of Selected Semivolatile Organic Chemicals from Forest and Savannah Fires. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1293-1302. [PMID: 28019099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) for a broad range of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) from subtropical eucalypt forest and tropical savannah fires were determined for the first time from in situ investigations. Significantly higher (t test, P < 0.01) EFs (μg kg-1 dry fuel, gas + particle-associated) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑13 PAHs) were determined from the subtropical forest fire (7,000 ± 170) compared to the tropical savannah fires (1,600 ± 110), due to the approximately 60-fold higher EFs for 3-ring PAHs from the former. EF data for many PAHs from the eucalypt forest fire were comparable with those previously reported from pine and fir forest combustion events. EFs for other SVOCs including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners as well as some pesticides (e.g., permethrin) were determined from the subtropical eucalypt forest fire. The highest concentrations of total suspended particles, PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, and PBDEs, were typically observed in the flaming phase of combustion. However, concentrations of levoglucosan and some pesticides such as permethrin peaked during the smoldering phase. Along a transect (10-150-350 m) from the forest fire, concentration decrease for PCBs during flaming was faster compared to PAHs, while levoglucosan concentrations increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Marc Mallet
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Maximilien Desservettaz
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University , 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Melita Keywood
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Clare Paton-Walsh
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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Zabeti M, Baltrusaitis J, Seshan K. Chemical routes to hydrocarbons from pyrolysis of lignocellulose using Cs promoted amorphous silica alumina catalyst. Catal Today 2016; 269:156-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Acid–base bifunctional catalysts gave the highest deoxygenation activity while sacrificing relatively less carbon than the strictly acidic or basic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Yong S. Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Brent H. Shanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Di Blasi
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale
V. Tecchio, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - C. Branca
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, Piazzale V. Tecchio, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Galgano
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, Piazzale V. Tecchio, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - F. Zenone
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale
V. Tecchio, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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11
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Zhang M, Geng Z, Yu Y. Density Functional Theory (DFT) study on the pyrolysis of cellulose: The pyran ring breaking mechanism. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015; 1067:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Fukutome A, Kawamoto H, Saka S. Processes forming Gas, Tar, and Coke in Cellulose Gasification from Gas-Phase Reactions of Levoglucosan as Intermediate. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:2240-2249. [PMID: 26099988 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase pyrolysis of levoglucosan (LG), the major intermediate species during cellulose gasification, was studied experimentally over the temperature range of 400-900 °C. Gaseous LG did not produce any dehydration products, which include coke, furans, and aromatic substances, although these are characteristic products of the pyrolysis of molten LG. Alternatively, at >500 °C, gaseous LG produced only fragmentation products, such as noncondensable gases and condensable C1 -C3 fragments, as intermediates during noncondensable gas formation. Therefore, it was determined that secondary reactions of gaseous LG can result in the clean (tar- and coke-free) gasification of cellulose. Cooling of the remaining LG in the gas phase caused coke formation by the transition of the LG to the molten state. The molecular mechanisms that govern the gas- and molten-phase reactions of LG are discussed in terms of the acid catalyst effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonding to promote the molten-phase dehydration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Fukutome
- Graduate school of Energy Science, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan)
| | - Haruo Kawamoto
- Graduate school of Energy Science, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan).
| | - Shiro Saka
- Graduate school of Energy Science, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan)
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13
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Wei B, Li H, Tian Y, Xu X, Jin Z. Thermal degradation behavior of hypochlorite-oxidized starch nanocrystals under different oxidized levels. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Frank E, Steudle LM, Ingildeev D, Spörl JM, Buchmeiser MR. Carbonfasern: Präkursor-Systeme, Verarbeitung, Struktur und Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 126:5364-403. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Frank E, Steudle LM, Ingildeev D, Spörl JM, Buchmeiser MR. Carbon Fibers: Precursor Systems, Processing, Structure, and Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5262-98. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
We summarize the development of catalysts and provide the current understanding of the chemistry for catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocelluloses biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Liu
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | - Ayman M. Karim
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | - Junming Sun
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering
- Washington State University
- Pullman, USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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17
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Hosoya T, Sakaki S. Levoglucosan formation from crystalline cellulose: importance of a hydrogen bonding network in the reaction. ChemSusChem 2013; 6:2356-2368. [PMID: 24243863 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose) formation by the thermal degradation of native cellulose was investigated by MP4(SDQ)//DFT(B3LYP) and DFT(M06-2X)//DFT(B3LYP) level computations. The computational results of dimer models lead to the conclusion that the degradation occurs by a concerted mechanism similar to the degradation of methyl β-D-glucoside reported in our previous study. One-chain models of glucose hexamer, in which the interchain hydrogen bonds of real cellulose crystals are absent, do not exhibit the correct reaction behavior of levoglucosan formation; for instance, the activation enthalpy (Ea =≈38 kcal mol(-1) ) is considerably underestimated compared to the experimental value (48-60 kcal mol(-1) ). This problem is solved with the use of two-chain models that contain interchain hydrogen bonds. The theoretical study of this model clearly shows that the degradation of the internal glucosyl residue leads to the formation of a levoglucosan precursor at the chain end and levoglucosan is selectively formed from this levoglucosan end. The calculated Ea (56-62 kcal mol(-1) ) agrees well with the experimental value. The computational results of three-chain models indicate that this degradation occurs selectively on the crystalline surface. All these computational results provide a comprehensive understanding of several experimental facts, the mechanisms of which have not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna (Austria).
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18
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Jeon M, Jeon J, Suh DJ, Park SH, Sa YJ, Joo SH, Park Y. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass components over mesoporous catalysts using Py-GC/MS. Catal Today 2013; 204:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Zhang XS, Yang GX, Jiang H, Liu WJ, Ding HS. Mass production of chemicals from biomass-derived oil by directly atmospheric distillation coupled with co-pyrolysis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1120. [PMID: 23350028 PMCID: PMC3553461 DOI: 10.1038/srep01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of renewable commodity chemicals from bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of biomass has received considerable interests, but hindered by the presence of innumerable components in bio-oil. In present work, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated an innovative approach combining atmospheric distillation of bio-oil with co-pyrolysis for mass production of renewable chemicals from biomass, in which no waste was produced. It was estimated that 51.86 wt.% of distillate just containing dozens of separable organic components could be recovered using this approach. Ten protogenetic and three epigenetic compounds in distillate were qualitatively identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantified by gas chromatography. Among them, the recovery efficiencies of acetic acid, propanoic acid, and furfural were all higher than 80 wt.%. Formation pathways of the distillate components in this process were explored. This work opens up a fascinating prospect for mass production of chemical feedstock from waste biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Huang J, Liu C, Zeng G, Xie Y, Tong H, Li W. A density functional theory study on the mechanism of levoglucosan pyrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:807-15. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-5813(12)60030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang J, Weitz E. An in Situ NMR Study of the Mechanism for the Catalytic Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and then to Levulinic Acid Using 13C Labeled d-Fructose. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300045r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atom Efficient
Chemical Transformation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric Weitz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atom Efficient
Chemical Transformation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawshad Muhammad
- PETRONAS Ionic Liquid Centre and ‡Biofuel Center, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Wissam N. Omar
- PETRONAS Ionic Liquid Centre and ‡Biofuel Center, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Zakaria Man
- PETRONAS Ionic Liquid Centre and ‡Biofuel Center, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Azmi Bustam
- PETRONAS Ionic Liquid Centre and ‡Biofuel Center, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Sikander Rafiq
- PETRONAS Ionic Liquid Centre and ‡Biofuel Center, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Yoshimitsu Uemura
- PETRONAS Ionic Liquid Centre and ‡Biofuel Center, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
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23
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Eom IY, Kim JY, Kim TS, Lee SM, Choi D, Choi IG, Choi JW. Effect of essential inorganic metals on primary thermal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2012; 104:687-694. [PMID: 22088658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study employed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and analytical Py-GC/MS in order to examine the catalytic effect of main inorganic metals (K, Mg and Ca) on the thermal degradation and the formation of pyrolytic products in lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, potential mechanisms of the primary pyrolysis in presence of the inorganic metals were derived. TG analysis showed that when potassium content increased in the biomass, char formation increased from 10.5 wt.% to 19.6 wt.% at 550 °C, and temperatures at which the maximum degradation rate was achieved shifted from 367 °C to 333 °C. With increasing magnesium content, the maximum degradation rate increased from 1.21 wt.%/°C to 1.43 wt.%/°C. Analytical Py-GC/MS revealed that potassium had a distinguished catalytic effect promoting the formation of low molecular weight compounds and suppressing the formation of levoglucosan. An increase in the yield of C6 and C2C6 lignin derivatives with increasing potassium content was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Yong Eom
- Department of Forest Sciences and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Jacquet N, Quiévy N, Vanderghem C, Janas S, Blecker C, Wathelet B, Devaux J, Paquot M. Influence of steam explosion on the thermal stability of cellulose fibres. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vogelhuber KM, Wren SW, Sheps L, Lineberger WC. The C-H bond dissociation energy of furan: photoelectron spectroscopy of the furanide anion. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:064302. [PMID: 21322675 DOI: 10.1063/1.3548873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using photoelectron spectroscopy, we interrogate the cyclic furanide anion (C(4)H(3)O(-)) to determine the electron affinity and vibrational structure of the neutral furanyl radical and the term energy of its first excited electronic state. We present the 364-nm photoelectron spectrum of the furanide anion and measure the electron affinity of the X̃(2)A(') ground state of the α-furanyl radical to be 1.853(4) eV. A Franck-Condon analysis of the well-resolved spectrum allows determination of the harmonic frequencies of three of the most active vibrational modes upon X̃(2)A(') ← X̃(1)A(') photodetachment: 855(25), 1064(25), and 1307(40) cm(-1). These modes are ring deformation vibrations, consistent with the intuitive picture of furanide anion photodetachment, where the excess electron is strongly localized on the α-carbon atom. In addition, the Ã(2)A('') excited state of the α-furanyl radical is observed 0.68(7) eV higher in energy than the X̃(2)A(') ground state. Through a thermochemical cycle involving the known gas-phase acidity of furan, the electron affinity of the furanyl radical yields the first experimental determination of the C-H(α) bond dissociation energy of furan (DH(298)(C(4)H(3)O-H(α))): 119.8(2) kcal mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Vogelhuber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Matsuoka S, Kawamoto H, Saka S. Thermal glycosylation and degradation reactions occurring at the reducing ends of cellulose during low-temperature pyrolysis. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Eom IY, Kim KH, Kim JY, Lee SM, Yeo HM, Choi IG, Choi JW. Characterization of primary thermal degradation features of lignocellulosic biomass after removal of inorganic metals by diverse solvents. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:3437-44. [PMID: 21074420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Poplar wood powders were treated with distilled water, tap water, HCl and HF, respectively, to remove inorganics from the biomass and to investigate effect of demineralization processes on pyrolysis behavior of the biomass. TG and DTG revealed that maximum degradation temperatures rose slightly from 362°C for control to 372°C, 366°C and 368°C after demineralization with distilled water, HCl and HF, respectively. Maximum degradation rates also increased from 0.96%/°C for control to 1.15%/°C for HF-biomass, 1.23%/°C for DI-H(2)O-biomass, and 1.55%/°C for HCl-biomass. Analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS of demineralized biomasses produced approximately 45 pyrolysis compounds. Total amount of low molecular weight compounds, such as acetic acid, acetol, and 3-hydroxypropanal, was significantly lowered in the demineralized biomasses. But levoglucosan increased 2-10-folds in the demineralized biomasses. One of the features regarding lignin derivatives was the reduction of the amount of C6-type phenols, such as phenol, guaiacol, and syringol after demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Yong Eom
- Department of Forest Sciences, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lu Q, Zhang Z, Dong C, Zhu X. Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Vapors with Nano Metal Oxides: An Analytical Py-GC/MS Study. Energies 2010; 3:1805-20. [DOI: 10.3390/en3111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Chen Y, Wu X, Miao X, Luo J, Jiang B. Determination of the degree of substitution of hydroxypropyl guar gum at C-6 by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Shen D, Gu S, Bridgwater A. The thermal performance of the polysaccharides extracted from hardwood: Cellulose and hemicellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2010; 82:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Käldström M, Kumar N, Heikkilä T, Tiitta M, Salmi T, Murzin DY. Formation of Furfural in Catalytic Transformation of Levoglucosan over Mesoporous Materials. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xi-feng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
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35
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Shen DK, Gu S. The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:6496-504. [PMID: 19625184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experiment is performed to investigate the mechanism of the cellulose pyrolysis and the formation of the main products. The evolution of the gaseous products is examined by the 3-D FTIR spectrogram at the heating rate of 5-60 K/min. A pyrolysis unit, composed of fluidized bed reactor, carbon filter, vapour condensing system and gas storage, is employed to investigate the products of the cellulose pyrolysis under different temperatures (430-730 degrees C) and residence time (0.44-1.32 s). The composition in the bio-oil is characterized by GC-MS while the gases sample is analyzed by GC. The effects of temperature and residence time on the main products in bio-oil (LG, 5-HMF, FF, HAA, HA and PA) are examined thoroughly. Furthermore the possible routes for the formation of the products are developed from the direct conversion of cellulose molecules and the secondary reactions of the fragments. It is found that the formation of CO is enhanced with elevated temperature and residence time, while slight change is observed for the yield of CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Shen
- Energy Technology Research Group, School of Engineering Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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36
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Lu Q, Xiong WM, Li WZ, Guo QX, Zhu XF. Catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with sulfated metal oxides: a promising method for obtaining high yield of light furan compounds. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:4871-4876. [PMID: 19473837 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass-spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed to achieve fast pyrolysis of cellulose and on-line analysis of the pyrolysis vapors. Three sulfated metal oxides (SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2), SO(4)(2-)/ZrO(2) and SO(4)(2-)/SnO(2)) were prepared and used for catalytic cracking of the pyrolysis vapors. The distribution of the pyrolytic products was significantly altered by the catalysts. Those important primary pyrolytic products, such as levoglucosan and hydroxyacetaldehyde, were significantly decreased or even completely eliminated. Meanwhile, the catalysis increased three light furan compounds (5-methyl furfural, furfural and furan) greatly. In regard to the selectivity of the three catalysts, the SO(4)(2-)/SnO(2) was the most effective catalyst for obtaining 5-methyl furfural, while the SO(4)(2-)/TiO(2) favored the formation of furfural and the SO(4)(2-)/ZrO(2) favored the formation of furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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37
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Jablonski W, Gaston KR, Nimlos MR, Carpenter DL, Feik CJ, Phillips SD. Pilot-Scale Gasification of Corn Stover, Switchgrass, Wheat Straw, and Wood: 2. Identification of Global Chemistry Using Multivariate Curve Resolution Techniques. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900596v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Jablonski
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Katherine R. Gaston
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Daniel L. Carpenter
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Calvin J. Feik
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Steven D. Phillips
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- AnGayle Vasiliou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, and Center for Combustion and Environmental Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, and Center for Combustion and Environmental Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427
| | - John W. Daily
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, and Center for Combustion and Environmental Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, and Center for Combustion and Environmental Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427
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40
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Fushimi C, Katayama S, Tasaka K, Suzuki M, Tsutsumi A. Elucidation of the interaction among cellulose, xylan, and lignin in steam gasification of woody biomass. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Liu Q, Wang S, Luo Z, Cen K. Catalysis Mechanism Study of Potassium Salts on Cellulose Pyrolysis by Using TGA-FTIR Analysis. J Chem Eng Japan / JCEJ 2008. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.08we056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University
| | - Shurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University
| | - Zhongyang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University
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Soares S, Ricardo NM, Heatley F, Rodrigues E. Low temperature thermal degradation of cellulosic insulating paper in air and transformer oil. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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GHARIEB HKH, FARAMAWY S, EL-AMROUSI FA, EL-SABAGH SM. Liquefaction of Cellulosic Wastes VI. Oxygen Compounds in Pyrolytic Oil and Water Fractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00908319808970076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Hydrothermolysis of D-glucose, cellobiose, and beta-cyclodextrin leads to the formation of small amounts of 3-deoxyhexonic acids. These acids are known to be produced by the alkaline degradation of carbohydrates. The formation under neutral hydrothermal conditions of the 3-deoxyhexonic acids provides evidence for the formation of 3-deoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-ulose, a compound that has been reported to play a role in both alkaline and acidic conversion of carbohydrates. Hydrothermolysis of 2- and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-hexonic acid does not lead to significant decarboxylation, and therefore these compounds cannot be considered to play a major role in the initial hydrothermal decarboxylation of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Luijkx
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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49
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50
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