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Abstract
Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster SIMS) has played a critical role in the characterization of polymeric materials over the last decade, allowing for the ability to obtain spatially resolved surface and in-depth molecular information from many polymer systems. With the advent of new molecular sources such as C(60)(+), Au(3)(+), SF(5)(+), and Bi(3)(+), there are considerable increases in secondary ion signal as compared to more conventional atomic beams (Ar(+), Cs(+), or Ga(+)). In addition, compositional depth profiling in organic and polymeric systems is now feasible, without the rapid signal decay that is typically observed under atomic bombardment. The premise behind the success of cluster SIMS is that compared to atomic beams, polyatomic beams tend to cause surface-localized damage with rapid sputter removal rates, resulting in a system at equilibrium, where the damage created is rapidly removed before it can accumulate. Though this may be partly true, there are actually much more complex chemistries occurring under polyatomic bombardment of organic and polymeric materials, which need to be considered and discussed to better understand and define the important parameters for successful depth profiling. The following presents a review of the current literature on polymer analysis using cluster beams. This review will focus on the surface and in-depth characterization of polymer samples with cluster sources, but will also discuss the characterization of other relevant organic materials, and basic polymer radiation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Mahoney
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8371, USA.
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Wang P, Ma Z, Yang YL, Fan QL, Yu XF, Wang C, Huang W, Wang LH. Self-assembly of a novel alternant amphiphilic poly(OPE-alt-TEO) copolymer: from nanowires to twist fibrillar architectures with molecular dimensions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:167-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b810630d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu D, Tao K, Wang Y, Bai R. Synthesis, characterization, and self‐assembly of ion‐bonded A
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B rod‐coil copolymer with oligo(
para
‐phenyleneethynylene) as rod segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dairen Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruke Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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Huang WY, Huang PT, Chang MY, Liaw BR, Han YK. Effects of acidity and hydrolysis on the UV and fluorescence spectra of poly(2-acetylamino-1, 4-phenylene) and its hydrolyzed derivatives in acidic solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Xu K, Wang Y, Bai R, Lu W, Pan C. Synthesis of amphiphilic rod-coil ABC triblock copolymers with oligo(para-phenyleneethynylene) as the middle rigid block. POLYMER 2005; 46:7572-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The low penetration depth and high sputter rates obtained using polyatomic primary ions have facilitated their use for the molecular depth profiling of some spin-cast polymer films by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this study, dual-beam time-of-flight (TOF) SIMS (sputter ion, 5 keV SF(5)(+); analysis ion, 10 keV Ar(+)) was used to depth profile spin-cast multilayers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and trifluoroacetic anhydride-derivatized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (TFAA-PHEMA) on silicon substrates. Characteristic positive and negative secondary ions were monitored as a function of depth using SF(5)(+) primary ion doses necessary to sputter through the polymer layer and uncover the silicon substrate (>5 x10(14) ions/cm(2)). The sputter rates of the polymers in the multilayers were typically less than for corresponding single-layer films, and the order of the polymers in the multilayer affected the sputter rates of the polymers. Multilayer samples with PHEMA as the outermost layer resulted in lowered sputter rates for the underlying polymer layer due to increased ion-induced damage accumulation rates in PHEMA. Additionally, the presence of a PMMA or PHEMA overlayer significantly decreased the sputter rate of TFAA-PHEMA underlayers due to ion-induced damage accumulation in the overlayer. Typical interface widths between adjacent polymer layers were 10-15 nm for bilayer films and increased with depth to approximately 35 nm for the trilayer films. The increase in interface width and observations using optical microscopy showed the formation of sputter-induced surface roughness during the depth profiles of the trilayer polymer films. This study shows that polyatomic primary ions can be used for the molecular depth profiling of some multilayer polymer films and presents new opportunities for the analysis of thin organic films using TOF-SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wagner
- Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20889-8371, USA.
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Hagberg EC, Goodridge B, Ugurlu O, Chumbley S, Sheares VV. Development of a Versatile Methodology for the Synthesis of Poly(2,5-benzophenone) Containing Coil−Rod−Coil Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0352983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik C. Hagberg
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Brandon Goodridge
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Ozan Ugurlu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Scott Chumbley
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Valerie V. Sheares
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Wagner MS. Impact Energy Dependence of SF5+-Induced Damage in Poly(methyl methacrylate) Studied Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1264-72. [PMID: 14987080 DOI: 10.1021/ac035330r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion-induced damage of polymers is a critical factor in the depth profiling of polymer surfaces using polyatomic primary ions. In this study, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to measure the damage of spin-cast poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films under 5-keV Cs(+) and 2.5-8.75-keV SF(5)(+) bombardment. Under 5-keV Cs(+) bombardment, the characteristic PMMA secondary ion intensities decreased rapidly for primary ion doses above 5 x 10(13) ions/cm(2). The damage profiles of PMMA under SF(5)(+) bombardment contained three distinct regions as a function of SF(5)(+) ion dose: a surface transient, an extended quasi-stabilization of the characteristic PMMA secondary ion intensities, and the decay of these intensities as the silicon substrate was reached. The PMMA film sputtered in a controlled manner for SF(5)(+) ion doses up to 4 x 10(14) ions/cm(2), with the maximum ion dose limited by the thickness of the PMMA film. Furthermore, the chemistry at the bottom of the sputter crater was significantly less modified by SF(5)(+) bombardment when compared with Cs(+) bombardment. The sputter rate was linearly correlated with the SF(5)(+) impact energy while the damage to the PMMA film varied minimally with the SF(5)(+) impact energy. These results were compared with Monte Carlo (SRIM) calculations of the penetration depth and vacancy production for SF(5)(+) at different impact energies. Since the SF(5)(+) impact energy only affected the sputter rate, selection of the appropriate SF(5)(+) impact energy for polymer depth profiling depends solely on the desired sputter rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wagner
- Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20889-8371, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Ho
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq2, 162 06, Praque, Czech Republic
| | - T. K. Kwei
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq2, 162 06, Praque, Czech Republic
| | - D. Výprachtický
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq2, 162 06, Praque, Czech Republic
| | - Y. Okamoto
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq2, 162 06, Praque, Czech Republic
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