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Humer D, Ebner J, Spadiut O. Scalable High-Performance Production of Recombinant Horseradish Peroxidase from E. coli Inclusion Bodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4625. [PMID: 32610584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme omnipresent in biotechnology, is still produced from hairy root cultures, although this procedure is time-consuming and only gives low yields. In addition, the plant-derived enzyme preparation consists of a variable mixture of isoenzymes with high batch-to-batch variation preventing its use in therapeutic applications. In this study, we present a novel and scalable recombinant HRP production process in Escherichia coli that yields a highly pure, active and homogeneous single isoenzyme. We successfully developed a multi-step inclusion body process giving a final yield of 960 mg active HRP/L culture medium with a purity of ≥99% determined by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC). The Reinheitszahl, as well as the activity with 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as reducing substrates, are comparable to commercially available plant HRP. Thus, our preparation of recombinant, unglycosylated HRP from E. coli is a viable alternative to the enzyme from plant and highly interesting for therapeutic applications.
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Olloqui-sariego JL, Zakharova GS, Poloznikov AA, Calvente JJ, Hushpulian DM, Gorton L, Andreu R. The Fe (III)/Fe(II) redox couple as a probe of immobilized tobacco peroxidase: Effect of the immobilization protocol. Electrochim Acta 2019; 299:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fattahian Y, Riahi-madvar A, Mirzaee R, Torkzadeh-mahani M, Asadikaram G, Sargazi G. Optimization of in vitro refolding conditions of recombinant Lepidium draba peroxidase using design of experiments. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Olloqui-Sariego JL, Zakharova GS, Poloznikov AA, Calvente JJ, Hushpulian DM, Gorton L, Andreu R. Fenton-like Inactivation of Tobacco Peroxidase Electrocatalysis at Negative Potentials. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Olloqui-Sariego
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González
1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Galina S. Zakharova
- D. Rogachev center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1 Samory Mashela strasse, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Poloznikov
- D. Rogachev center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1 Samory Mashela strasse, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Juan José Calvente
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González
1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dmitry M. Hushpulian
- D. Rogachev center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1 Samory Mashela strasse, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department
of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rafael Andreu
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González
1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Eggenreich B, Willim M, Wurm DJ, Herwig C, Spadiut O. Production strategies for active heme-containing peroxidases from E. coli inclusion bodies - a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:75-83. [PMID: 28352527 PMCID: PMC5040872 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Provision of a comprehensive summary of state-of-the-art strategies to obtain active peroxidases-catalases from IBs. Discussion of the challenging Heme and Calcium incorporation. Recommendations and portrayal of alternative refolding methods.
Heme-containing peroxidases are frequently used in medical applications. However, these enzymes are still extracted from their native source, which leads to inadequate yields and a mixture of isoenzymes differing in glycosylation which limits subsequent enzyme applications. Thus, recombinant production of these enzymes in Escherichia coli is a reasonable alternative. Even though production yields are high, the product is frequently found as protein aggregates called inclusion bodies (IBs). These IBs have to be solubilized and laboriously refolded to obtain active enzyme. Unfortunately, refolding yields are still very low making the recombinant production of these enzymes in E. coli not competitive. Motivated by the high importance of that enzyme class, this review aims at providing a comprehensive summary of state-of-the-art strategies to obtain active peroxidases from IBs. Additionally, various refolding techniques, which have not yet been used for this enzyme class, are discussed to show alternative and potentially more efficient ways to obtain active peroxidases from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eggenreich
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melissa Willim
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Johannes Wurm
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Olloqui-Sariego JL, Zakharova GS, Poloznikov AA, Calvente JJ, Hushpulian DM, Gorton L, Andreu R. Interprotein Coupling Enhances the Electrocatalytic Efficiency of Tobacco Peroxidase Immobilized at a Graphite Electrode. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10807-14. [PMID: 26437673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Covalent immobilization of enzymes at electrodes via amide bond formation is usually carried out by a two-step protocol, in which surface carboxylic groups are first activated with the corresponding cross-coupling reagents and then reacted with protein amine groups. Herein, it is shown that a modification of the above protocol, involving the simultaneous incubation of tobacco peroxidase and the pyrolytic graphite electrode with the cross-coupling reagents produces higher and more stable electrocatalytic currents than those obtained with either physically adsorbed enzymes or covalently immobilized enzymes according to the usual immobilization protocol. The remarkably improved electrocatalytic properties of the present peroxidase biosensor that operates in the 0.3 V ≤ E ≤ 0.8 V (vs SHE) potential range can be attributed to both an efficient electronic coupling between tobacco peroxidase and graphite and to the formation of intra- and intermolecular amide bonds that stabilize the protein structure and improve the percentage of anchoring groups that provide an adequate orientation for electron exchange with the electrode. The optimized tobacco peroxidase sensor exhibits a working concentration range of 10-900 μM, a sensitivity of 0.08 A M(-1) cm(-2) (RSD 0.05), a detection limit of 2 μM (RSD 0.09), and a good long-term stability, as long as it operates at low temperature. These parameter values are among the best reported so far for a peroxidase biosensor operating under simple direct electron transfer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Olloqui-Sariego
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Sevilla , Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Galina S Zakharova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 33/2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Andrey A Poloznikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Vorob'evy Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Juan José Calvente
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Sevilla , Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Dmitry M Hushpulian
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Vorob'evy Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Lund, Kemicentrum , Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rafael Andreu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Sevilla , Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Zakharova GS, Poloznikov AA, Chubar TA, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI. High-yield reactivation of anionic tobacco peroxidase overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 113:85-93. [PMID: 25986322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anionic tobacco peroxidase (TOP) is extremely active in chemiluminescence reaction of luminol oxidation without addition of enhancers and more stable than horseradish peroxidase under antibody conjugation conditions. In addition, recombinant TOP (rTOP) produced in Escherichia coli is known to be a perfect direct electron transfer catalyst on electrodes of various origin. These features make the task of development of a high-yield reactivation protocol for rTOP practically important. Previous attempts to reactivate the enzyme from E. coli inclusion bodies were successful, but the reported reactivation yield was only 14%. In this work, we thoroughly screened the refolding conditions for dilution protocol and compared it with gel-filtration chromatography. The impressive reactivation yield in the dilution protocol (85%) was achieved for 8 μg/mL solubilized rTOP protein and the refolding medium containing 0.3 mM oxidized glutathione, 0.05 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM CaCl2, 5% glycerol in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 9.6, with 1 μM hemin added at the 24th hour of incubation. A practically important discovery was a 30-40% increase in the reactivation yield upon delayed addition of hemin. The reactivation yield achieved is one of the highest reported in the literature on protein refolding by dilution. The final yield of purified active non-glycosylated rTOP was ca. 60 mg per L of E. coli culture, close to the yield reported before for tomato and tobacco plants overexpressing glycosylated TOP (60 mg/kg biomass) and much higher than for the previously reported refolding protocol (2.6 mg per L of E. coli culture).
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Zakharova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Poloznikov
- Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Chubar
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Gazaryan
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Tishkov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
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Poloznikov AA, Zakharova GS, Chubar TA, Hushpulian DM, Tishkov VI, Gazaryan IG. Site-directed mutagenesis of tobacco anionic peroxidase: Effect of additional aromatic amino acids on stability and activity. Biochimie 2015; 115:71-7. [PMID: 25957835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco anionic peroxidase (TOP) is known to effectively catalyze luminol oxidation without enhancers, in contrast to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). To pursue structure-activity relationship studies for TOP, two amino acids have been chosen for mutation, namely Thr151, close to the heme plane, and Phe140 at the entrance to the active site pocket. Three mutant forms TOP F140Y, T151W and F140Y/T151W have been expressed in Escherichia coli, and reactivated to yield active enzymes. Single-point mutations introducing additional aromatic amino acid residues at the surface of TOP exhibit a significant effect on the enzyme catalytic activity and stability as judged by the results of steady-state and transient kinetics studies. TOP T151W is up to 4-fold more active towards a number of aromatic substrates including luminol, whereas TOP F140Y is 2-fold more stable against thermal inactivation and 8-fold more stable in the reaction course. These steady-state observations have been rationalized with the help of transient kinetic studies on the enzyme reaction with hydrogen peroxide in a single turnover regime. The stopped-flow data reveal (a) an increased stability of F140Y Compound I towards hydrogen peroxide, and thus, a higher operational stability as compared to the wild-type enzyme, and (b) a lesser leakage of oxidative equivalents from TOP T151W Compound I resulting in the increased catalytic activity. The results obtained show that TOP unique properties can be further improved for practical applications by site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Poloznikov
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia.
| | - G S Zakharova
- Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Chubar
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - D M Hushpulian
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Tishkov
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Gazaryan
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; Burke Medical Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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Yeh SY, Huang FC, Hoffmann T, Mayershofer M, Schwab W. FaPOD27 functions in the metabolism of polyphenols in strawberry fruit (Fragaria sp.). Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:518. [PMID: 25346738 PMCID: PMC4191155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most preferred fresh fruit worldwide, accumulates numerous flavonoids but has limited shelf life due to excessive tissue softening caused by cell wall degradation. Since lignin is one of the polymers that strengthen plant cell walls and might contribute to some extent to fruit firmness monolignol biosynthesis was studied in strawberry fruit. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and a peroxidase (POD27) gene were strongly expressed in red, ripe fruit whereas a second POD gene was primarily expressed in green, immature fruit. Moreover, FaPOD27 transcripts were strongly and constitutively induced in fruits exposed to Agrobacterium infection. Gene expression levels and enzymatic activities of FaCCR and FaCAD were efficiently suppressed through RNAi in FaCCR- and FaCAD-silenced strawberries. Besides, significantly elevated FaPOD transcript levels were detected after agroinfiltration of pBI-FaPOD constructs in fruits. At the same time, levels of G-monomers were considerably reduced in FaCCR-silenced fruits whereas the proportion of both G- and S-monomers decisively decreased in FaCAD-silenced and pBI-FaPOD fruits. Development, firmness, and lignin level of the treated fruits were similar to pBI-intron control fruits, presumably attributed to increased expression levels of FaPOD27 upon agroinfiltration. Additionally, enhanced firmness, accompanied with elevated lignin levels, was revealed in chalcone synthase-deficient fruits (CHS(-)), independent of down- or up-regulation of individual and combined FaCCR. FaCAD, and FaPOD genes by agroinfiltration, when compared to CHS(-)/pBI-intron control fruits. These approaches provide further insight into the genetic control of flavonoid and lignin synthesis in strawberries. The results suggest that FaPOD27 is a key gene for lignin biosynthesis in strawberry fruit and thus to improving the firmness of strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wilfried Schwab
- *Correspondence: Wilfried Schwab, Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany e-mail:
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Shigeto J, Itoh Y, Tsutsumi Y, Kondo R. Identification of Tyr74 and Tyr177 as substrate oxidation sites in cationic cell wall-bound peroxidase from Populus alba L. FEBS J 2011; 279:348-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pham LTM, Kim SJ, Song BK, Kim YH. Optimized refolding and characterization of S-peroxidase (CWPO_C of Populus alba) expressed in E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 80:268-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rodriguez-Cabrera NA, Regalado C, Garcia-Almendarez BE. Cloning, heterologous expression and properties of a recombinant active turnip peroxidase. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:7120-7126. [PMID: 21591783 DOI: 10.1021/jf2006722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Turnip (Brassica napus) roots peroxidase isoforms have been used in diagnostic kits and can also efficiently polymerize phenolic compounds from wastewaters. Heterologous expression of a turnip acidic peroxidase (BnPA) was investigated to increase availability of this widely used enzyme. The mature BnPA was ligated into the pET28a(+) vector and used to transform Escherichia coli Rosetta 2. Recombinant BnPA peroxidase was overexpressed and accumulated in inclusion bodies from which it was purified to homogeneity by immobilized metal affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. Peroxidase activity was observed after a refolding process under oxidative conditions. The yield of pure recombinant BnPA was 29 mg L(-1) of culture with a specific activity of 981 ± 20 ABTS units mg(-1) at optimal conditions (pH 6, 45 °C). Recombinant BnPA showed similar kinetic properties compared to native turnip peroxidase, and its secondary structure evaluated by circular dichroism comprised 20% α-helix, 32% β-sheet and 48% random structure. Recombinant BnPA showed high yield and good kinetic properties which are key steps for future structure-function studies and biotechnological applications.
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Hushpulian DM, Poloznikov AA, Savitski PA, Rozhkova AM, Chubar TA, Fechina VA, Lagrimini LM, Tishkov VI, Gazaryan IG. Biocatalytic properties of recombinant tobacco peroxidase in chemiluminescent reaction. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701379684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hushpulian DM, Poloznikov AA, Savitski PA, Rozhkova AM, Chubar TA, Fechina VA, Orlova MA, Tishkov VI, Gazaryan IG, Lagrimini LM. Glutamic acid-141: a heme 'bodyguard' in anionic tobacco peroxidase. Biol Chem 2007; 388:373-80. [PMID: 17391058 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of the conserved glutamic acid residue in anionic plant peroxidases with regard to substrate specificity and stability was examined. A Glu141Phe substitution was generated in tobacco anionic peroxidase (TOP) to mimic neutral plant peroxidases such as horseradish peroxidase C (HRP C). The newly constructed enzyme was compared to wild-type recombinant TOP and HRP C expressed in E. coli. The Glu141Phe substitution supports heme entrapment during the refolding procedure and increases the reactivation yield to 30% compared to 7% for wild-type TOP. The mutation reduces the activity towards ABTS, o-phenylenediamine, guaiacol and ferrocyanide to 50% of the wild-type activity. No changes are observed with respect to activity for the lignin precursor substrates, coumaric and ferulic acid. The Glu141Phe mutation destabilizes the enzyme upon storage and against radical inactivation, mimicking inactivation in the reaction course. Structural alignment shows that Glu141 in TOP is likely to be hydrogen-bonded to Gln149, similar to the Glu143-Lys151 bond in Arabidopsis A2 peroxidase. Supposedly, the Glu141-Gln149 bond provides TOP with two different modes of stabilization: (1) it prevents heme dissociation, i.e., it 'guards' heme inside the active center; and (2) it constitutes a shield to protect the active center from solvent-derived radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri M Hushpulian
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Chemical Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Ryan BJ, Carolan N, O'Fágáin C. Horseradish and soybean peroxidases: comparable tools for alternative niches? Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:355-63. [PMID: 16815578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Horseradish and soybean peroxidases (HRP and SBP, respectively) are useful biotechnological tools. HRP is often termed the classical plant heme peroxidase and although it has been studied for decades, our understanding has deepened since its cloning and subsequent expression, enabling numerous mutational and protein engineering studies. SBP, however, has been neglected until recently, despite offering a real alternative to HRP: SBP actually outperforms HRP in terms of stability and is now used in numerous biotechnological applications, including biosensors. Review of both is timely. This article summarizes and discusses the main insights into the structure and mechanism of HRP, with special emphasis on HRP mutagenesis, and outlines its use in a variety of applications. It also reviews the current knowledge and applications to date of SBP, particularly biosensors. The final paragraphs speculate on the future of plant heme-based peroxidases, with probable trends outlined and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Ryan
- School of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensors Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Makris TM, von Koenig K, Schlichting I, Sligar SG. The status of high-valent metal oxo complexes in the P450 cytochromes. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:507-18. [PMID: 16510191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative prowess of the P450 cytochromes in physiological reactions is attributed to the production of a high-valent iron-oxo complex, or Compound I intermediate, in the reaction cycle. Despite many years of study, however, the full electronic description of this fleeting intermediate still remains an active area of study. In this manuscript, the current status of the isolation and characterization of the P450 oxo-Fe(IV) is examined and compared to analogous states in related heme enzymes. In addition, the utilization of cofactor exchange to stabilize high-valent oxo-states in the P450 is addressed. Structural and spectroscopic studies on manganese reconstituted P450, and its corresponding oxo-complex, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Makris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 116 Morrill Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Castillo J, Ferapontova E, Hushpulian D, Tasca F, Tishkov V, Chubar T, Gazaryan I, Gorton L. Direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of H2O2 reduction of recombinant tobacco peroxidase on graphite. Effect of peroxidase single-point mutation on Ca2+-modulated catalytic activity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006; 588:112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ferapontova EE, Castillo J, Hushpulian D, Tishkov V, Chubar T, Gazaryan I, Gorton L. Direct electrochemistry of recombinant tobacco peroxidase on gold. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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