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Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the overall size of-or efficiency of carbon export from-the biosphere decreased at the end of the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) (ca. 2,400 to 2,050 Ma). However, the timing, tempo, and trigger for this decrease remain poorly constrained. Here we test this hypothesis by studying the isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals from the Belcher Group, in subarctic Canada. Using insights from sulfur and barium isotope measurements, combined with radiometric ages from bracketing strata, we infer that the sulfate minerals studied here record ambient sulfate in the immediate aftermath of the GOE (ca. 2,018 Ma). These sulfate minerals captured negative triple-oxygen isotope anomalies as low as ∼ -0.8‰. Such negative values occurring shortly after the GOE require a rapid reduction in primary productivity of >80%, although even larger reductions are plausible. Given that these data imply a collapse in primary productivity rather than export efficiency, the trigger for this shift in the Earth system must reflect a change in the availability of nutrients, such as phosphorus. Cumulatively, these data highlight that Earth's GOE is a tale of feast and famine: A geologically unprecedented reduction in the size of the biosphere occurred across the end-GOE transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter W Crockford
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel;
- Department of Geoscience, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Yongbo Peng
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Boswell A Wing
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Tristan J Horner
- Non-traditional Isotope Research on Various Advanced Novel Applications (NIRVANA) Labs, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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Koren G, Schneider L, van der Velde IR, van Schaik E, Gromov SS, Adnew GA, Mrozek Martino DJ, Hofmann MEG, Liang M, Mahata S, Bergamaschi P, van der Laan‐Luijkx IT, Krol MC, Röckmann T, Peters W. Global 3-D Simulations of the Triple Oxygen Isotope Signature Δ 17O in Atmospheric CO 2. J Geophys Res Atmos 2019; 124:8808-8836. [PMID: 31598450 PMCID: PMC6774299 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The triple oxygen isotope signature Δ17O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its "17O excess," has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3-D model simulations for Δ17O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3-D model framework we include the stratospheric source of Δ17O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on Δ17O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean Δ17O (defined as Δ 17 O = ln ( δ 17 O + 1 ) - λ RL · ln ( δ 18 O + 1 ) with λ RL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500 m of the atmosphere is 39.6 per meg, which is ∼20 per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric Δ17O in CO2 profile from Sodankylä (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of Δ17O in CO2 from Göttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of Δ17O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of Δ17O in atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerbrand Koren
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Linda Schneider
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐TRO)Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
- Now at Zentrum für Sonnenenergie‐ und Wasserstoff‐Forschung Baden‐Württemberg (ZSW)StuttgartGermany
| | - Ivar R. van der Velde
- Earth System Research LaboratoryNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulderCOUSA
- Now at Faculty of ScienceVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik van Schaik
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sergey S. Gromov
- Atmospheric Chemistry DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
- Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and RASMoscowRussia
| | - Getachew A. Adnew
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Magdalena E. G. Hofmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at Picarro B.V. 's‐HertogenboschThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sasadhar Mahata
- Institute of Global Environmental ChangeXian Jiaotong UniversityXianChina
| | | | | | - Maarten C. Krol
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Röckmann
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Peters
- Meteorology and Air Quality GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Isotope ResearchUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Planavsky NJ, Cole DB, Isson TT, Reinhard CT, Crockford PW, Sheldon ND, Lyons TW. A case for low atmospheric oxygen levels during Earth's middle history. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:149-59. [PMID: 32412619 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20170161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxygenation of the atmosphere - one of the most fundamental transformations in Earth's history - dramatically altered the chemical composition of the oceans and provides a compelling example of how life can reshape planetary surface environments. Furthermore, it is commonly proposed that surface oxygen levels played a key role in controlling the timing and tempo of the origin and early diversification of animals. Although oxygen levels were likely more dynamic than previously imagined, we make a case here that emerging records provide evidence for low atmospheric oxygen levels for the majority of Earth's history. Specifically, we review records and present a conceptual framework that suggest that background oxygen levels were below 1% of the present atmospheric level during the billon years leading up to the diversification of early animals. Evidence for low background oxygen levels through much of the Proterozoic bolsters the case that environmental conditions were a critical factor in controlling the structure of ecosystems through Earth's history.
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Crockford PW, Hayles JA, Bao H, Planavsky NJ, Bekker A, Fralick PW, Halverson GP, Bui TH, Peng Y, Wing BA. Triple oxygen isotope evidence for limited mid-Proterozoic primary productivity. Nature 2018; 559:613-6. [PMID: 30022163 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The global biosphere is commonly assumed to have been less productive before the rise of complex eukaryotic ecosystems than it is today1. However, direct evidence for this assertion is lacking. Here we present triple oxygen isotope measurements (∆17O) from sedimentary sulfates from the Sibley basin (Ontario, Canada) dated to about 1.4 billion years ago, which provide evidence for a less productive biosphere in the middle of the Proterozoic eon. We report what are, to our knowledge, the most-negative ∆17O values (down to -0.88‰) observed in sulfates, except for those from the terminal Cryogenian period2. This observation demonstrates that the mid-Proterozoic atmosphere was distinct from what persisted over approximately the past 0.5 billion years, directly reflecting a unique interplay among the atmospheric partial pressures of CO2 and O2 and the photosynthetic O2 flux at this time3. Oxygenic gross primary productivity is stoichiometrically related to the photosynthetic O2 flux to the atmosphere. Under current estimates of mid-Proterozoic atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (2-30 times that of pre-anthropogenic levels), our modelling indicates that gross primary productivity was between about 6% and 41% of pre-anthropogenic levels if atmospheric O2 was between 0.1-1% or 1-10% of pre-anthropogenic levels, respectively. When compared to estimates of Archaean4-6 and Phanerozoic primary production7, these model solutions show that an increasingly more productive biosphere accompanied the broad secular pattern of increasing atmospheric O2 over geologic time8.
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Abstract
Stable isotope ratio variations are regulated by physical and chemical laws. These rules depend on a relation with mass differences between isotopes. New classes of isotope variation effects that deviate from mass dependent laws, termed mass independent isotope effects, were discovered in 1983 and have a wide range of applications in basic chemistry and nature. In this special edition, new applications of these effects to physical chemistry, solar system origin models, terrestrial atmospheric and biogenic evolution, polar paleo climatology, snowball earth geology, and present day atmospheric sciences are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0356
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Wiegel AA, Cole AS, Hoag KJ, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Boering KA. Unexpected variations in the triple oxygen isotope composition of stratospheric carbon dioxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17680-5. [PMID: 23940331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213082110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report observations of stratospheric CO2 that reveal surprisingly large anomalous enrichments in (17)O that vary systematically with latitude, altitude, and season. The triple isotope slopes reached 1.95 ± 0.05(1σ) in the middle stratosphere and 2.22 ± 0.07 in the Arctic vortex versus 1.71 ± 0.03 from previous observations and a remarkable factor of 4 larger than the mass-dependent value of 0.52. Kinetics modeling of laboratory measurements of photochemical ozone-CO2 isotope exchange demonstrates that non-mass-dependent isotope effects in ozone formation alone quantitatively account for the (17)O anomaly in CO2 in the laboratory, resolving long-standing discrepancies between models and laboratory measurements. Model sensitivities to hypothetical mass-dependent isotope effects in reactions involving O3, O((1)D), or CO2 and to an empirically derived temperature dependence of the anomalous kinetic isotope effects in ozone formation then provide a conceptual framework for understanding the differences in the isotopic composition and the triple isotope slopes between the laboratory and the stratosphere and between different regions of the stratosphere. This understanding in turn provides a firmer foundation for the diverse biogeochemical and paleoclimate applications of (17)O anomalies in tropospheric CO2, O2, mineral sulfates, and fossil bones and teeth, which all derive from stratospheric CO2.
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Abstract
A large perturbation in atmospheric CO2 and O2 or bioproductivity will result in a drastic pulse of (17)O change in atmospheric O2, as seen in the Marinoan Oxygen-17 Depletion (MOSD) event in the immediate aftermath of a global deglaciation 635 Mya. The exact nature of the perturbation, however, is debated. Here we constructed a coupled, four-box, and quick-response biosphere-atmosphere model to examine both the steady state and dynamics of the MOSD event. Our model shows that the ultra-high CO2 concentrations proposed by the "snowball' Earth hypothesis produce a typical MOSD duration of less than 10(6) y and a magnitude of (17)O depletion reaching approximately -35‰. Both numbers are in remarkable agreement with geological constraints from South China and Svalbard. Moderate CO2 and low O2 concentration (e.g., 3,200 parts per million by volume and 0.01 bar, respectively) could produce distinct sulfate (17)O depletion only if postglacial marine bioproductivity was impossibly low. Our dynamic model also suggests that a snowball in which the ocean is isolated from the atmosphere by a continuous ice cover may be distinguished from one in which cracks in the ice permit ocean-atmosphere exchange only if partial pressure of atmospheric O2 is larger than 0.02 bar during the snowball period and records of weathering-derived sulfate are available for the very first few tens of thousands of years after the onset of the meltdown. In any case, a snowball Earth is a precondition for the observed MOSD event.
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Shaheen R, Abramian A, Horn J, Dominguez G, Sullivan R, Thiemens MH. Detection of oxygen isotopic anomaly in terrestrial atmospheric carbonates and its implications to Mars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20213-8. [PMID: 21059939 PMCID: PMC2996665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014399107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate of life on Mars centers around the source of the globular, micrometer-sized mineral carbonates in the ALH84001 meteorite; consequently, the identification of Martian processes that form carbonates is critical. This paper reports a previously undescribed carbonate formation process that occurs on Earth and, likely, on Mars. We identified micrometer-sized carbonates in terrestrial aerosols that possess excess (17)O (0.4-3.9‰). The unique O-isotopic composition mechanistically describes the atmospheric heterogeneous chemical reaction on aerosol surfaces. Concomitant laboratory experiments define the transfer of ozone isotopic anomaly to carbonates via hydrogen peroxide formation when O(3) reacts with surface adsorbed water. This previously unidentified chemical reaction scenario provides an explanation for production of the isotopically anomalous carbonates found in the SNC (shergottites, nakhlaites, chassignites) Martian meteorites and terrestrial atmospheric carbonates. The anomalous hydrogen peroxide formed on the aerosol surfaces may transfer its O-isotopic signature to the water reservoir, thus producing mass independently fractionated secondary mineral evaporites. The formation of peroxide via heterogeneous chemistry on aerosol surfaces also reveals a previously undescribed oxidative process of utility in understanding ozone and oxygen chemistry, both on Mars and Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - A. Abramian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - J. Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - G. Dominguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - R. Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mark H. Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Yeung LY, Affek HP, Hoag KJ, Guo W, Wiegel AA, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Okumura M, Boering KA, Eiler JM. Large and unexpected enrichment in stratospheric 16O13C18O and its meridional variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11496-501. [PMID: 19564595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902930106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stratospheric CO(2) oxygen isotope budget is thought to be governed primarily by the O((1)D)+CO(2) isotope exchange reaction. However, there is increasing evidence that other important physical processes may be occurring that standard isotopic tools have been unable to identify. Measuring the distribution of the exceedingly rare CO(2) isotopologue (16)O(13)C(18)O, in concert with (18)O and (17)O abundances, provides sensitivities to these additional processes and, thus, is a valuable test of current models. We identify a large and unexpected meridional variation in stratospheric (16)O(13)C(18)O, observed as proportions in the polar vortex that are higher than in any naturally derived CO(2) sample to date. We show, through photochemical experiments, that lower (16)O(13)C(18)O proportions observed in the midlatitudes are determined primarily by the O((1)D)+CO(2) isotope exchange reaction, which promotes a stochastic isotopologue distribution. In contrast, higher (16)O(13)C(18)O proportions in the polar vortex show correlations with long-lived stratospheric tracer and bulk isotope abundances opposite to those observed at midlatitudes and, thus, opposite to those easily explained by O((1)D)+CO(2). We believe the most plausible explanation for this meridional variation is either an unrecognized isotopic fractionation associated with the mesospheric photochemistry of CO(2) or temperature-dependent isotopic exchange on polar stratospheric clouds. Unraveling the ultimate source of stratospheric (16)O(13)C(18)O enrichments may impose additional isotopic constraints on biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange, biosphere productivity, and their respective responses to climate change.
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Bhattacharya SK, Pandey A, Savarino J. Determination of intramolecular isotope distribution of ozone by oxidation reaction with silver metal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Landais A, Yakir D, Barkan E, Luz B. The Triple Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Leaf Water and Its Implications for Quantifying Biosphere Productivity. Stable Isotopes as Indicators of Ecological Change. Elsevier; 2007. pp. 111-25. [DOI: 10.1016/s1936-7961(07)01008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Brenninkmeijer CAM, Janssen C, Kaiser J, Röckmann T, Rhee TS, Assonov SS. Isotope Effects in the Chemistry of Atmospheric Trace Compounds. Chem Rev 2003; 103:5125-62. [PMID: 14664646 DOI: 10.1021/cr020644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chakraborty S. Experimental investigation of oxygen isotope exchange between CO2and O(1D) and its relevance to the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Savarino J, Lee CCW, Thiemens MH. Laboratory oxygen isotopic study of sulfur (IV) oxidation: Origin of the mass-independent oxygen isotopic anomaly in atmospheric sulfates and sulfate mineral deposits on Earth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Farquhar J, Thiemens MH. Oxygen cycle of the Martian atmosphere-regolith system: Δ17O of secondary phases in Nakhla and Lafayette. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E. Weston
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
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Luz B, Barkan E, Bender ML, Thiemens MH, Boering KA. Triple-isotope composition of atmospheric oxygen as a tracer of biosphere productivity. Nature 1999; 400:547-50. [DOI: 10.1038/22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cliff SS, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Thiemens MH. First measurement of the18O/16O and17O/16O ratios in stratospheric nitrous oxide: A mass-independent anomaly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
In situ ion microprobe analyses of oxygen isotopes in Yamato-86009 and Murchison chondrites show that they contain abundant olivine-rich inclusions that have large oxygen-16 (16O) excesses, similar to those in spinel grains in calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions in Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites. The existence of 16O-enriched olivine-rich inclusions suggests that oxygen isotopic anomalies were more extensive in the early solar system than was previously thought and that their origin may be attributed to a nebular chemical process rather than to an unidentified 16O-rich carrier of presolar origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hiyagon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Abstract
A class of isotope effects that alters isotope ratios on a mass-independent basis provides a tool for studying a wide range of processes in atmospheres of Earth and other planets as well as early processes in the solar nebula. The mechanism for the effect remains uncertain. Mass-independent isotopic compositions have been observed in O3, CO2, N2O, and CO in Earth's atmosphere and in carbonate from a martian meteorite, which suggests a role for mass-independent processes in the atmosphere of Mars. Observed mass-independent meteoritic oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions may derive from chemical processes in the presolar nebula, and their distributions could provide insight into early solar system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0356, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Young
- E. D. Young, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK.S. S. Russell, Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Sara S. Russell
- E. D. Young, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK.S. S. Russell, Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Röckmann T, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Neeb P, Crutzen PJ. Ozonolysis of nonmethane hydrocarbons as a source of the observed mass independent oxygen isotope enrichment in tropospheric CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Measurements of the oxygen isotope ratios (18O/16O and 17O/16O) in atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) from La Jolla, Pasadena, and the White Mountain Research Station (elevation, 3801 meters) in California and the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico show that N2O has a mass-independent composition. These data suggest the presence of a previously undefined atmospheric process. The La Jolla samples can be explained by a mixing between an atmospherically derived source of mass-independent N2O and biologically derived mass-dependent N2O. Possible origins of the mass-independent anomaly in N2O are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- SS Cliff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0356, USA
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Yung YL, Lee AY, Irion FW, DeMore WB, Wen J. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: isotopic exchange with ozone and its use as a tracer in the middle atmosphere. J Geophys Res 1997; 102:10857-66. [PMID: 11541125 DOI: 10.1029/97jd00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric heavy ozone is enriched in the isotopes 18O and 17O. The magnitude of this enhancement, of the order of 100%, is very large compared with that commonly known in atmospheric chemistry and geochemistry. The heavy oxygen atom in heavy ozone is therefore useful as a tracer of chemical species and pathways that involve ozone or its derived products. As a test of the isotopic exchange reactions, we successfully carry out a series of numerical experiments to simulate the results of the laboratory experiments performed by Wen and Thiemens [1993] on ozone and CO2. A small discrepancy between the experimental and the model values for 17O exchange is also revealed. The results are used to compute the magnitude of isotopic exchange between ozone and carbon dioxide via the excited atom O(1D) in the middle atmosphere. The model for 18O is in good agreement with the observed values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Thiemens
- M. H. Thiemens and T. Jackson, Department of Chemistry 0356, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Teresa Jackson
- M. H. Thiemens and T. Jackson, Department of Chemistry 0356, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edward C. Zipf
- E. C. Zipf, P. W. Erdman, C. van Egmond, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Peter W. Erdman
- E. C. Zipf, P. W. Erdman, C. van Egmond, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Cornel van Egmond
- E. C. Zipf, P. W. Erdman, C. van Egmond, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Brenninkmeijer CAM, Lowe DC, Manning MR, Sparks RJ, van Velthoven PFJ. The13C,14C, and18O isotopic composition of CO, CH4, and CO2in the higher southern latitudes lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Johnston JC, Cliff SS, Thiemens MH. Measurement of multioxygen isotopic (δ18O and δ17O) fractionation factors in the stratospheric sink reactions of nitrous oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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