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Comparat D, Malbrunot C, Malbrunot-Ettenauer S, Widmann E, Yzombard P. Experimental perspectives on the matter-antimatter asymmetry puzzle: developments in electron EDM and [Formula: see text] experiments. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2024; 382:20230089. [PMID: 38104615 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In the search for clues to the matter-antimatter puzzle, experiments with atoms or molecules play a particular role. These systems allow measurements with very high precision, as demonstrated by the unprecedented limits down to [Formula: see text] e cm on electron EDM using molecular ions, and relative measurements at the level of [Formula: see text] in spectroscopy of antihydrogen atoms. Building on these impressive measurements, new experimental directions offer potential for drastic improvements. We review here some of the new perspectives in those fields and their associated prospects for new physics searches. This article is part of the theme issue 'The particle-gravity frontier'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Comparat
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 505, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - C Malbrunot
- Physical Science Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2A3
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - S Malbrunot-Ettenauer
- Physical Science Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2A3
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A7
| | - E Widmann
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Yzombard
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, Paris 75252, France
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2
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Killian C, Burkley Z, Blumer P, Crivelli P, Gustafsson FP, Hanski O, Nanda A, Nez F, Nesvizhevsky V, Reynaud S, Schreiner K, Simon M, Vasiliev S, Widmann E, Yzombard P. GRASIAN: towards the first demonstration of gravitational quantum states of atoms with a cryogenic hydrogen beam. Eur Phys J D At Mol Opt Phys 2023; 77:50. [PMID: 37007801 PMCID: PMC10060317 DOI: 10.1140/epjd/s10053-023-00634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
At very low energies, a light neutral particle above a horizontal surface can experience quantum reflection. The quantum reflection holds the particle against gravity and leads to gravitational quantum states (gqs). So far, gqs were only observed with neutrons as pioneered by Nesvizhevsky and his collaborators at ill. However, the existence of gqs is predicted also for atoms. The Grasian collaboration pursues the first observation and studies of gqs of atomic hydrogen. We propose to use atoms in order to exploit the fact that orders of magnitude larger fluxes compared to those of neutrons are available. Moreover, recently the q-Bounce collaboration, performing gqs spectroscopy with neutrons, reported a discrepancy between theoretical calculations and experiment which deserves further investigations. For this purpose, we set up a cryogenic hydrogen beam at 6 K . We report on our preliminary results, characterizing the hydrogen beam with pulsed laser ionization diagnostics at 243 nm .
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Killian
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zakary Burkley
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Blumer
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Crivelli
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik P. Gustafsson
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Hanski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Amit Nanda
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - François Nez
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Valery Nesvizhevsky
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Reynaud
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Katharina Schreiner
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Martin Simon
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey Vasiliev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eberhard Widmann
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Kegelgasse 27, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pauline Yzombard
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, 75252 Paris, France
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3
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Toroš M, Cromb M, Paternostro M, Faccio D. Generation of Entanglement from Mechanical Rotation. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:260401. [PMID: 36608206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.260401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many phenomena and fundamental predictions, ranging from Hawking radiation to the early evolution of the Universe rely on the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity or more generally, quantum mechanics in curved spacetimes. However, our understanding is hindered by the lack of experiments that actually allow us to probe quantum mechanics in curved spacetime in a repeatable and accessible way. Here we propose an experimental scheme for a photon that is prepared in a path superposition state across two rotating Sagnac interferometers that have different diameters and thus represent a superposition of two different spacetimes. We predict the generation of genuine entanglement even at low rotation frequencies and show how these effects could be observed even due to the Earth's rotation. These predictions provide an accessible platform in which to study the role of the underlying spacetime in the generation of entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Toroš
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Cromb
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Paternostro
- Centre for Quantum Materials and Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Sanz ÁS. Flux trajectory analysis of Airy-type beams. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2022; 39:C79-C85. [PMID: 36520732 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.472653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Airy beams are solutions to the paraxial Helmholtz equation known for exhibiting shape invariance along their self-accelerated propagation in free space. These two properties are associated with the fact that they are not square integrable, that is, they carry infinite energy. To circumvent this drawback, families of so-called finite-energy Airy-type beams have been proposed in the literature and, in some cases, also implemented in the laboratory. Here an analysis of the propagation of this type of structured light beam is presented from a flux trajectory perspective with the purpose of better understanding the mechanisms that make infinite and finite energy beams exhibit different behaviors. As is shown, while the foremost part of the beam can be clearly and unambiguously associated with the well-known accelerating term, the rear part of the beam corresponds to a nearly homogeneous distribution of flow trajectories, particularly for long propagation distances. This is shown to be related to an effective transfer of trajectories between adjacent lobes (gradually, from the fore part of the beam to its rear part), which leads to smearing out the transverse flow along the rear part of the beam. This is in sharp contrast to the situation found in ideal Airy beams, where trajectories belonging to a given lobe of the intensity distribution remain the same all along the propagation. The analysis is supplemented with an also trajectory-based description of Young's experiment performed with finite-energy Airy beams to provide a dynamical understanding of the autofocusing phenomenon observed with circular Airy beams.
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Brax P, Fischer H, Käding C, Pitschmann M. The environment dependent dilaton in the laboratory and the solar system. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2022; 82:934. [PMID: 36281355 PMCID: PMC9585002 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We consider the environment-dependent dilaton in the laboratory and the solar system and derive approximate analytical solutions to the field theory equations of motion in the presence of a one or two mirror system or a sphere. The solutions obtained herein can be applied to qBOUNCE experiments, neutron interferometry and for the calculation of the dilaton field induced "Casimir force" in the Cannex experiment as well as for Lunar Laser Ranging. They are typical of the Damour-Polyakov screening mechanism whereby deviations from General Relativity are suppressed by a vanishingly small direct coupling of the dilaton to matter in dense environments. We specifically focus on dilaton models which are compatible with the late time acceleration of the expansion of the Universe, i.e. the cosmological dilaton. We show how future laboratory experiments will essentially test a region of parameter space with A 2 ≃ λ 2 where A 2 is the quadratic coupling strength of the dilaton to matter and λ is the steepness of the exponential runaway potential. Current constraints favour the large A 2 regime implying that the environment-dependent dilaton satisfies two of the swampland conjectures, i.e. the distance conjecture whereby the field excursion should not exceed the Planck scale and the de Sitter conjecture specifying that the running dilaton potential should be steep enough with a large λ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Brax
- Institut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hauke Fischer
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Käding
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - Mario Pitschmann
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
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6
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Nesvizhevsky V, Sidorin A. Production of ultracold neutrons in a decelerating trap. JNR 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jnr-220006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This note proposes a new concept for the production of ultracold neutrons (UCNs) in a decelerating trap. UCNs are widely used in the physics of elementary particles and fundamental interactions, and can potentially be used in studies of condensed matter. However, most of these studies are limited by the available UCN densities and fluxes. One of the ways to increase them is to use peak fluxes in pulsed neutron sources, orders of magnitude larger than the mean values. Here, a concept of UCN sources is proposed, which allows to implement this idea. We propose to produce very cold neutrons (VCNs) in converters located in a neutron source, extract and slow them down to UCNs by a decelerating magnetic or material trap. As shown in this paper, for both pulsed and continuous neutron sources, this method could provide a high conversion efficiency of VCNs to UCNs with low losses of density in the phase space. More detailed calculations and the proposals for concrete technical designs are going to be developed in future publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Nesvizhevsky
- Institut Max von Laue – Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, F-38042, France
| | - Anatoly Sidorin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot Curie, Dubna, Ru-141980, Russia
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Dey KK, Sekh GA. Coupled matter-wave solitons on oscillating reflectors under the effects of gravity. Chaos 2022; 32:083149. [PMID: 36049948 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We consider coupled matter-waves solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates and study the dynamics under the combined effects of gravity and reflecting potential. The dynamics of matter-wave near a reflector oscillating periodically with time generates the dynamics of a special kind of localized structure called oscillon. We derive a mechanical model for the coupled oscillon dynamics. We pay special attention to the inter-component interaction and see that effective potential depends on the type (repulsive/attractive) and strength of interaction. We find that the inter-component interaction affects the frequency of oscillation and introduces an initial phase-shift between the reflector and the oscillon. This phase-shift, in addition to instantaneous phase change due to the oscillation of the reflector, results in interesting dynamics. The coupled oscillon is found to execute quasi-periodic and chaotic dynamics for both attractive and repulsive inter-component interactions. We analyze the maximum value of Lyapunov exponents and show that the dynamical response of the coupled oscillon depends on the ratio of the center of mass position and their separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Krishna Dey
- Department of Physics, Banwarilal Bhalotia College, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Golam Ali Sekh
- Department of Physics, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
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8
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Abstract
Slow neutrons possess several advantageous properties which make them useful probes for a variety of exotic interactions, including some that can form at least some components of the dark matter of interest for this issue of Symmetry. We discuss the relevant neutron properties, describe some of the recent work that has been done along these lines using neutron experiments mainly with cold and ultra-cold neutrons, and outline some interesting and exciting opportunities which can be pursued using resonant epithermal neutron interactions in heavy nuclei.
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Gudkov V, Klinby E, Meirose B, Milstead D, Nesvizhevsky VV, Protasov KV, Rizzi N, Santoro V, Snow WM, Wagner R, Yiu S. A Possible Neutron-Antineutron Oscillation Experiment at PF1B at the Institut Laue Langevin. Symmetry (Basel) 2021; 13:2314. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13122314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider a possible neutron–antineutron (n−n¯) oscillation experiment at the PF1B instrument at Institut Laue Langevin. It can improve the best existing constraint on the transition rate and also allow the testing of the methods and instrumentation which would be needed for a later larger-scale experiment at ESS. The main gain factors over the most competitive experiment, performed earlier at PF1 instrument at ILL, are: a more intense neutron beam and a new operating mode based on coherent n and n¯ mirror reflections. The installation of such an experiment would need a temporary replacement of the existing ballistic neutron guide by a specially designed n/n¯ guide with a gradually increasing cross section and a specially selected coating as well as the development and construction of an advanced n¯ annihilation detector with a high efficiency and low background. The overall gain factor could reach up to an order of magnitude and depends on the chosen experiment configuration.
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10
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Tutunnikov I, Rajitha KV, Voronin AY, Nesvizhevsky VV, Averbukh IS. Impulsively Excited Gravitational Quantum States: Echoes and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:170403. [PMID: 33988422 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.170403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study an impulsively excited quantum bouncer (QB)-a particle bouncing off a surface in the presence of gravity. A pair of time-delayed pulsed excitations is shown to induce a wave-packet echo effect-a partial rephasing of the QB wave function appearing at twice the delay between pulses. In addition, an appropriately chosen observable [here, the population of the ground gravitational quantum state (GQS)] recorded as a function of the delay is shown to contain the transition frequencies between the GQSs, their populations, and partial phase information about the wave-packet quantum amplitudes. The wave-packet echo effect is a promising candidate method for precision studies of GQSs of ultracold neutrons, atoms, and antiatoms confined in closed gravitational traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tutunnikov
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - K V Rajitha
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - A Yu Voronin
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow Ru-119333, Russia
| | - V V Nesvizhevsky
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - I Sh Averbukh
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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12
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Akram J, Qasim K, Wei L. Retroreflection and diffraction of a Bose-Einstein condensate by evanescent standing wave potential. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20674. [PMID: 33244135 PMCID: PMC7691367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic of the angular distributions of accelerated Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) atoms incidence on the surface is designed using the mathematical modeling method. Here, we proposed the idea to study retroreflection and diffraction of a BEC from an evanescent standing wave potential (ESWP). The ESWP is formed by multiple reflections of the laser beam from the surface of the prism under the influence of gravity. After BEC's reflection and diffraction, the so-called BEC's density rainbow patterns develop due to the interference which depends on the surface structure which we model with the periodic decaying evanescent field. The interaction of accelerated bosonic atoms with a surface can help to demonstrate surface structures or to determine surface roughness, or to build future high spatial resolution and high sensitivity magnetic-field sensors in two-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Akram
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Khan Qasim
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
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Baryshev Y. Einstein’s Geometrical versus Feynman’s Quantum-Field Approaches to Gravity Physics: Testing by Modern Multimessenger Astronomy. Universe 2020; 6:212. [DOI: 10.3390/universe6110212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern multimessenger astronomy delivers unique opportunity for performing crucial observations that allow for testing the physics of the gravitational interaction. These tests include detection of gravitational waves by advanced LIGO-Virgo antennas, Event Horizon Telescope observations of central relativistic compact objects (RCO) in active galactic nuclei (AGN), X-ray spectroscopic observations of Fe Kα line in AGN, Galactic X-ray sources measurement of masses and radiuses of neutron stars, quark stars, and other RCO. A very important task of observational cosmology is to perform large surveys of galactic distances independent on cosmological redshifts for testing the nature of the Hubble law and peculiar velocities. Forthcoming multimessenger astronomy, while using such facilities as advanced LIGO-Virgo, Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), ALMA, WALLABY, JWST, EUCLID, and THESEUS, can elucidate the relation between Einstein’s geometrical and Feynman’s quantum-field approaches to gravity physics and deliver a new possibilities for unification of gravitation with other fundamental quantum physical interactions.
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14
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Santoro V, Andersen K, DiJulio D, Klinkby E, Miller T, Milstead D, Muhrer G, Strobl M, Takibayev A, Zanini L, Zimmer O. Development of high intensity neutron source at the European Spallation Source. JNR 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/jnr-200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The European Spallation Source being constructed in Lund, Sweden will provide the user community with a neutron source of unprecedented brightness. By 2025, a suite of 15 instruments will be served by a high-brightness moderator system placed above the spallation target. The ESS infrastructure, consisting of the proton linac, the target station, and the instrument halls, allows for implementation of a second source below the spallation target. We propose to develop a second neutron source with a high-intensity moderator able to (1) deliver a larger total cold neutron flux, (2) provide high intensities at longer wavelengths in the spectral regions of Cold (4–10 Å), Very Cold (10–40 Å), and Ultra Cold (several 100 Å) neutrons, as opposed to Thermal and Cold neutrons delivered by the top moderator. Offering both unprecedented brilliance, flux, and spectral range in a single facility, this upgrade will make ESS the most versatile neutron source in the world and will further strengthen the leadership of Europe in neutron science. The new source will boost several areas of condensed matter research such as imaging and spin-echo, and will provide outstanding opportunities in fundamental physics investigations of the laws of nature at a precision unattainable anywhere else. At the heart of the proposed system is a volumetric liquid deuterium moderator. Based on proven technology, its performance will be optimized in a detailed engineering study. This moderator will be complemented by secondary sources to provide intense beams of Very- and Ultra-Cold Neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Santoro
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - K.H. Andersen
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - D.D. DiJulio
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - E.B. Klinkby
- DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - T.M. Miller
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - D. Milstead
- Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Muhrer
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Strobl
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A. Takibayev
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Zanini
- European Spallation Source ERIC, P.O. Box 176, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - O. Zimmer
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
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15
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YAMAZAKI Y. Cold and stable antimatter for fundamental physics. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2020; 96:471-501. [PMID: 33390386 PMCID: PMC7859084 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of cold antimatter physics has rapidly developed in the last 20 years, overlapping with the period of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN. The central subjects are CPT symmetry tests and Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) tests. Various groundbreaking techniques have been developed and are still in progress such as to cool antiprotons and positrons down to extremely low temperature, to manipulate antihydrogen atoms, to construct extremely high-precision Penning traps, etc. The precisions of the antiproton and proton magnetic moments have improved by six orders of magnitude, and also laser spectroscopy of antihydrogen has been realized and reached a relative precision of 2 × 10-12 during the AD time. Antiprotonic helium laser spectroscopy, which started during the Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) time, has reached a relative precision of 8 × 10-10. Three collaborations joined the WEP tests inventing various unique approaches. An additional new post-decelerator, Extra Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA), has been constructed and will be ready in 2021, which will provide 10-100 times more cold antiprotons to each experiment. A new era of the cold antimatter physics will emerge soon including the transport of antiprotons to other facilities.
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16
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Sedmik RI, Bosina J, Achatz L, Geltenbort P, Heiß M, Ivanov AN, Jenke T, Micko J, Pitschmann M, Rechberger T, Schmidt P, Thalhammer M, Abele H. Proof of principle for Ramsey-type gravity resonance spectroscopy with qBounce. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201921905004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultracold neutrons (UCNs) are formidable probes in precision tests of gravity. With their negligible electric charge, dielectric moment, and polarizability they naturally evade some of the problems plaguing gravity experiments with atomic or macroscopic test bodies. Taking advantage of this fact, the qBounce collaboration has developed a technique – gravity resonance spectroscopy (GRS) – to study bound quantum states of UCN in the gravity field of the Earth. This technique is used as a high-precision tool to search for hypothetical Non-Newtonian gravity on the micrometer scale. In the present article, we describe the recently commissioned Ramsey-type GRS setup, give an unambiguous proof of principle, and discuss possible measurements that will be performed.
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17
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Sekh GA, Kalikotay P. Dynamics of self-reinforcing matter-wave in gravito-optical surface trap. Chaos 2019; 29:103112. [PMID: 31675817 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider matter-wave solitons/oscillons in the presence of gravito-optical surface traps within the framework of mean-field equations. We pay special attention to the dynamics of both solitons and oscillons against the reflecting platform, the position of which can either be varied periodically or quasiperiodically with time. It is seen that with the temporal variation of reflector's vertical position, the dynamics of the soliton can change from periodic to quasiperiodic while that of the oscillon can change from regular to chaotic. We find that the transition from regular to chaotic motion is prominent in Poincaré maps for different relevant recurrence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Ali Sekh
- Department of Physics, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal 713340, India
| | - Pallavi Kalikotay
- Department of Physics, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal 713340, India
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Restuccia S, Toroš M, Gibson GM, Ulbricht H, Faccio D, Padgett MJ. Photon Bunching in a Rotating Reference Frame. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:110401. [PMID: 31573252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although quantum physics is well understood in inertial reference frames (flat spacetime), a current challenge is the search for experimental evidence of nontrivial or unexpected behavior of quantum systems in noninertial frames. Here, we present a novel test of quantum mechanics in a noninertial reference frame: we consider Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference on a rotating platform and study the effect of uniform rotation on the distinguishability of the photons. Both theory and experiments show that the rotational motion induces a relative delay in the photon arrival times at the exit beam splitter and that this delay is observed as a shift in the position of the HOM dip. This experiment can be extended to a full general relativistic test of quantum physics using satellites in Earth's orbit and indicates a new route toward the use of photonic technologies for investigating quantum mechanics at the interface with relativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Restuccia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Toroš
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M Gibson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Miles J Padgett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Nesvizhevsky VV, Gudkov V, Protasov KV, Snow WM, Voronin AY. Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:221802. [PMID: 31283255 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.221802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An observation of neutron-antineutron oscillations (n-n[over ¯]), which violate both B and B-L conservation, would constitute a scientific discovery of fundamental importance to physics and cosmology. A stringent upper bound on its transition rate would make an important contribution to our understanding of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe by eliminating the postsphaleron baryogenesis scenario in the light quark sector. We show that one can design an experiment using slow neutrons that in principle can reach the required sensitivity of τ_{n-n[over ¯]}∼10^{10} s in the oscillation time, an improvement of ∼10^{4} in the oscillation probability relative to the existing limit for free neutrons. The improved statistical accuracy needed to reach this sensitivity can be achieved by allowing both the neutron and antineutron components of the developing superposition state to coherently reflect from mirrors. We present a quantitative analysis of this scenario and show that, for sufficiently small transverse momenta of n/n[over ¯] and for certain choices of nuclei for the n/n[over ¯] guide material, the relative phase shift of the n and n[over ¯] components upon reflection and the n[over ¯] annihilation rate can be small enough to maintain sufficient coherence to benefit from the greater phase space acceptance the mirror provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Nesvizhevsky
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France 38042
| | - V Gudkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - K V Protasov
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, UGA-CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France 38026
| | - W M Snow
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, 727 E. Third St., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - A Yu Voronin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 53 Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russia 119991
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Nesvizhevsky VV, Voronin AY, Crépin P, Reynaud S. Interference of several gravitational quantum states of antihydrogen in GBAR experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 240. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-019-1570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Rozenman GG, Zimmermann M, Efremov MA, Schleich WP, Shemer L, Arie A. Amplitude and Phase of Wave Packets in a Linear Potential. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:124302. [PMID: 30978087 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.124302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study and successfully observe the evolution of Gaussian and Airy surface gravity water wave packets propagating in an effective linear potential. This potential results from a homogeneous and time-dependent flow created by a computer-controlled water pump. For both wave packets we measure the amplitudes and the cubic phases appearing due to the linear potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the self-acceleration of the Airy surface gravity water wave packets can be completely canceled by a linear potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Gary Rozenman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics & Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maxim A Efremov
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A & M University, Texas A & M AgriLife Research, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - Lev Shemer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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22
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Vasiliev S, Ahokas J, Järvinen J, Nesvizhevsky V, Voronin A, Nez F, Reynaud S. Gravitational and matter-wave spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen at ultra-low energies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-018-1551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Jenke T, Bosina J, Cronenberg G, Filter H, Geltenbort P, Ivanov AN, Micko J, Pitschmann M, Rechberger T, Sedmik RI, Thalhammer M, Abele H. Testing gravity at short distances: Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy with qBounce. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201921905003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrons are the ideal probes to test gravity at short distances – electrically neutral and only hardly polarizable. Furthermore, very slow, so-called ultracold neutrons form bound quantum states in the gravity potential of the Earth. This allows combining gravity experiments at short distances with powerful resonance spectroscopy techniques, as well as tests of the interplay between gravity and quantum mechanics. In the last decade, the qBounce collaboration has been performing several measurement campaigns at the ultracold and very cold neutron facility PF2 at the Institut Laue-Langevin. A new spectroscopy technique, Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy, was developed. The results were applied to test various Dark Energy and Dark Matter scenarios in the lab, like Axions, Chameleons and Symmetrons. This article reviews Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy, explains its key technology and summarizes the results obtained during the past decade.
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Nesvizhevsky V, Gudkov V, Protasov K, Snow W, Voronin A. A new operating mode in experiments searching for free neutron-antineutron oscillations based on coherent neutron and antineutron mirror reflections. EPJ Web Conf 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201819101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An observation of neutron-antineutron oscillations (n - n¯), which violate both B and B - L by 2 units, would constitute a fundamental discovery and contribute to our understanding of the baryon asymmetry of the universe. A sufficiently stringent upper constraint on this process would also make a major contribution by ruling out the possibility of post-sphaleron baryogenesis (PSB) involving first-generation quarks, which would mean that sphaleron transitions at the electroweak scale are essential for baryogenesis within the Sakharov paradigm. We show that one can design an experiment with free n using existing or projected neutron sources that can reach the sensitivity needed to rule out PSB if one allows the n and n¯, with sufficiently small tangential velocity, to coherently reflect from n/n¯ mirrors composed of certain nuclei. We show that the sensitivity of a future experiment can be greatly improved, and a more compact and less expensive apparatus can be realized. A sensitivity gain of ~ 104 in the oscillation probability relative to the existing free-n limit can be reached if one is willing to adopt a long flight path with a horizontal guide viewing a cold neutron source, or a significantly shorter flight path with a vertical guide viewing a very cold neutron source.
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Asenbaum P, Overstreet C, Kovachy T, Brown DD, Hogan JM, Kasevich MA. Phase Shift in an Atom Interferometer due to Spacetime Curvature across its Wave Function. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:183602. [PMID: 28524681 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spacetime curvature induces tidal forces on the wave function of a single quantum system. Using a dual light-pulse atom interferometer, we measure a phase shift associated with such tidal forces. The macroscopic spatial superposition state in each interferometer (extending over 16 cm) acts as a nonlocal probe of the spacetime manifold. Additionally, we utilize the dual atom interferometer as a gradiometer for precise gravitational measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Asenbaum
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chris Overstreet
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tim Kovachy
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniel D Brown
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Hogan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kasevich
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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26
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Tu X, Sun G, Gong J, Liu L, Ren Y, Gao P, Wang W, Yan H. Rotational Effects of Nanoparticles for Cooling down Ultracold Neutrons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44070. [PMID: 28294116 PMCID: PMC5353586 DOI: 10.1038/srep44070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to quantum coherence, nanoparticles have very large cross sections when scattering with very cold or Ultracold Neutrons (UCN). By calculating the scattering cross section quantum mechanically at first, then treating the nanoparticles as classical objects when including the rotational effects, we can derive the associated energy transfer. We find that rotational effects could play an important role in slowing down UCN. In consequence, the slowing down efficiency can be improved by as much as ~40%. Since thermalization of neutrons with the moderator requires typically hundreds of collisions between them, a ~40% increase of the efficiency per collision could have a significant effect. Other possible applications, such as neutrons scattering with nano shells and magnetic particles,and reducing the systematics induced by the geometric phase effect using nanoparticles in the neutron Electric Dipole Moment (nEDM), are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Tu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangai Sun
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gong
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ren
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Penglin Gao
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
| | - H Yan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, People's Republic of China
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27
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Radożycki T. Classical probability density distributions with uncertainty relations for ground states of simple non-relativistic quantum-mechanical systems. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1219409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Radożycki
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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29
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Abele H, Jenke T, Konrad G. Spectroscopy with cold and ultra-cold neutrons. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159305002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Frenzel MF, Jennings D, Rudolph T. Reexamination of pure qubit work extraction. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:052136. [PMID: 25493768 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.052136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many work extraction or information erasure processes in the literature involve the raising and lowering of energy levels via external fields. But even if the actual system is treated quantum mechanically, the field is assumed to be classical and of infinite strength, hence not developing any correlations with the system or experiencing back-actions. We extend these considerations to a fully quantum mechanical treatment by studying a spin-1/2 particle coupled to a finite-sized directional quantum reference frame, a spin-l system, which models an external field. With this concrete model together with a bosonic thermal bath, we analyze the back-action a finite-size field suffers during a quantum-mechanical work extraction process and the effect this has on the extractable work and highlight a range of assumptions commonly made when considering such processes. The well-known semiclassical treatment of work extraction from a pure qubit predicts a maximum extractable work W=kTlog2 for a quasistatic process, which holds as a strict upper bound in the fully quantum mechanical case and is attained only in the classical limit. We also address the problem of emergent local time dependence in a joint system with a globally fixed Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max F Frenzel
- Controlled Quantum Dynamics Theory Group, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - David Jennings
- Controlled Quantum Dynamics Theory Group, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Rudolph
- Controlled Quantum Dynamics Theory Group, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
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31
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32
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Ignatovich VK, Nesvizhevsky VV. Reflection of Slow Neutrons from Nanorod Powder. ATOM ENERGY+ 2014; 116:132-143. [DOI: 10.1007/s10512-014-9830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Jenke T, Cronenberg G, Burgdörfer J, Chizhova LA, Geltenbort P, Ivanov AN, Lauer T, Lins T, Rotter S, Saul H, Schmidt U, Abele H. Gravity resonance spectroscopy constrains dark energy and dark matter scenarios. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:151105. [PMID: 24785025 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on precision resonance spectroscopy measurements of quantum states of ultracold neutrons confined above the surface of a horizontal mirror by the gravity potential of Earth. Resonant transitions between several of the lowest quantum states are observed for the first time. These measurements demonstrate that Newton's inverse square law of gravity is understood at micron distances on an energy scale of 10-14 eV. At this level of precision, we are able to provide constraints on any possible gravitylike interaction. In particular, a dark energy chameleon field is excluded for values of the coupling constant β>5.8×108 at 95% confidence level (C.L.), and an attractive (repulsive) dark matter axionlike spin-mass coupling is excluded for the coupling strength gsgp>3.7×10-16 (5.3×10-16) at a Yukawa length of λ=20 μm (95% C.L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jenke
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - G Cronenberg
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - L A Chizhova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Geltenbort
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A N Ivanov
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - T Lauer
- FRM II, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Lins
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - S Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Saul
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - U Schmidt
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Abele
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
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Gibney E. Bouncing neutrons probe dark energy on a table-top. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2014.15062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chizhova LA, Rotter S, Jenke T, Cronenberg G, Geltenbort P, Wautischer G, Filter H, Abele H, Burgdörfer J. Vectorial velocity filter for ultracold neutrons based on a surface-disordered mirror system. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 89:032907. [PMID: 24730913 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.032907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We perform classical three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of ultracold neutrons scattering through an absorbing-reflecting mirror system in the Earth's gravitational field. We show that the underlying mixed phase space of regular skipping motion and random motion due to disorder scattering can be exploited to realize a vectorial velocity filter for ultracold neutrons. The absorbing-reflecting mirror system proposed allows beams of ultracold neutrons with low angular divergence to be formed. The range of velocity components can be controlled by adjusting the geometric parameters of the system. First experimental tests of its performance are presented. One potential future application is the investigation of transport and scattering dynamics in confined systems downstream of the filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Chizhova
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - S Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - T Jenke
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - G Cronenberg
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - P Geltenbort
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, EU
| | - G Wautischer
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - H Filter
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - H Abele
- Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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36
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Ichikawa G, Komamiya S, Kamiya Y, Minami Y, Tani M, Geltenbort P, Yamamura K, Nagano M, Sanuki T, Kawasaki S, Hino M, Kitaguchi M. Observation of the spatial distribution of gravitationally bound quantum states of ultracold neutrons and its derivation using the Wigner function. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:071101. [PMID: 24579585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold neutrons (UCNs) can be bound by the potential of terrestrial gravity and a reflecting mirror. The wave function of the bound state has characteristic modulations. We carried out an experiment to observe the vertical distribution of the UCNs above such a mirror at the Institut Laue-Langevin in 2011. The observed modulation is in good agreement with that prediction by quantum mechanics using the Wigner function. The spatial resolution of the detector system is estimated to be 0.7 μm. This is the first observation of gravitationally bound states of UCNs with submicron spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, and International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - S Komamiya
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, and International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Kamiya
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, and International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Minami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, and International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Tani
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, and International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - P Geltenbort
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - K Yamamura
- Research Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Nagano
- Research Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Sanuki
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - S Kawasaki
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - M Hino
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2, Asahiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - M Kitaguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Voronin AY, Nesvizhevsky VV, Dalkarov OD, Kupriyanova EA, Froelich P. Resonance spectroscopy of gravitational states of antihydrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 228:133-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-014-1023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Indelicato P, Chardin G, Grandemange P, Lunney D, Manea V, Badertscher A, Crivelli P, Curioni A, Marchionni A, Rossi B, Rubbia A, Nesvizhevsky V, Brook-Roberge D, Comini P, Debu P, Dupré P, Liszkay L, Mansoulié B, Pérez P, Rey JM, Reymond B, Ruiz N, Sacquin Y, Vallage B, Biraben F, Cladé P, Douillet A, Dufour G, Guellati S, Hilico L, Lambrecht A, Guérout R, Karr JP, Nez F, Reynaud S, Szabo CI, Tran VQ, Trapateau J, Mohri A, Yamazaki Y, Charlton M, Eriksson S, Madsen N, van der Werf D, Kuroda N, Torii H, Nagashima Y, Schmidt-Kaler F, Walz J, Wolf S, Hervieux PA, Manfredi G, Voronin A, Froelich P, Wronka S, Staszczak M. The Gbar project, or how does antimatter fall? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10751-014-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Jenke T, Cronenberg G, Filter H, Geltenbort P, Klein M, Lauer T, Mitsch K, Saul H, Seiler D, Stadler D, Thalhammer M, Abele H. Ultracold neutron detectors based on 10B converters used in the qBounce experiments. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 2013; 732:1-8. [PMID: 25843998 PMCID: PMC4375608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gravity experiments with very slow, so-called ultracold neutrons connect quantum mechanics with tests of Newton's inverse square law at short distances. These experiments face a low count rate and hence need highly optimized detector concepts. In the frame of this paper, we present low-background ultracold neutron counters and track detectors with micron resolution based on a 10B converter. We discuss the optimization of 10B converter layers, detector design and concepts for read-out electronics focusing on high-efficiency and low-background. We describe modifications of the counters that allow one to detect ultracold neutrons selectively on their spin-orientation. This is required for searches of hypothetical forces with spin-mass couplings. The mentioned experiments utilize a beam-monitoring concept which accounts for variations in the neutron flux that are typical for nuclear research facilities. The converter can also be used for detectors, which feature high efficiencies paired with high spatial resolution of [Formula: see text]. They allow one to resolve the quantum mechanical wave function of an ultracold neutron bound in the gravity potential above a neutron mirror.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jenke
- Atominstitut TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | | | - Hanno Filter
- Atominstitut TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Geltenbort
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Martin Klein
- Physikalisches Institut Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lauer
- FRM II, TU München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kevin Mitsch
- Atominstitut TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
| | - Heiko Saul
- Atominstitut TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
- FRM II, TU München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik Seiler
- Physik Department, TU München, James-Franck-Straße, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Stadler
- Physikalisches Institut Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Abele
- Atominstitut TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien, Austria
- Physikalisches Institut Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Physik Department, TU München, James-Franck-Straße, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Abstract
I review the current status of phenomenological programs inspired by quantum-spacetime research. I stress in particular the significance of results establishing that certain data analyses provide sensitivity to effects introduced genuinely at the Planck scale. My main focus is on phenomenological programs that affect the directions taken by studies of quantum-spacetime theories.
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Bonder Y, Fischbach E, Hernandez-Coronado H, Krause DE, Rohrbach Z, Sudarsky D. Testing the equivalence principle with unstable particles. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.87.125021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Steffen A, Alberti A, Alt W, Belmechri N, Hild S, Karski M, Widera A, Meschede D. Digital atom interferometer with single particle control on a discretized space-time geometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9770-4. [PMID: 22665771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204285109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering quantum particle systems, such as quantum simulators and quantum cellular automata, relies on full coherent control of quantum paths at the single particle level. Here we present an atom interferometer operating with single trapped atoms, where single particle wave packets are controlled through spin-dependent potentials. The interferometer is constructed from a sequence of discrete operations based on a set of elementary building blocks, which permit composing arbitrary interferometer geometries in a digital manner. We use this modularity to devise a space-time analogue of the well-known spin echo technique, yielding insight into decoherence mechanisms. We also demonstrate mesoscopic delocalization of single atoms with a separation-to-localization ratio exceeding 500; this result suggests their utilization beyond quantum logic applications as nano-resolution quantum probes in precision measurements, being able to measure potential gradients with precision 5 x 10(-4) in units of gravitational acceleration g.
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Abstract
Ultracold and very cold neutrons (UCN and VCN) interact strongly with nanoparticles due to the similarity of their wavelengths and nanoparticles sizes. We analyze the hypothesis that this interaction can provide efficient cooling of neutrons by ultracold nanoparticles at certain experimental conditions, thus increasing the density of UCN by many orders of magnitude. The present analytical and numerical description of the problem is limited to the model of independent nanoparticles at zero temperature. Constraints of application of this model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. PIGNOL
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K. V. PROTASOV
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3-UJF, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble, France
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Ghosh S, Chakrabarti N. Nonlinear wave propagation in a gravitating quantum fluid. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 84:046601. [PMID: 22181290 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.046601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear wave propagation in a Bose-Einstein gravitationally condensate gas is investigated using a gravitating quantum fluid model. The small-amplitude dynamics is shown to be governed by a Korteweg-de Vries equation with a nonlocal term. The quantum effect provides the necessary dispersion, and the gravitational effect is responsible for the nonlocal term. This novel equation is solved analytically. The implications of such a soliton-like solution are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Ghosh
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700 009, India. sran−
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45
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Zimmer O, Piegsa FM, Ivanov SN. Superthermal source of ultracold neutrons for fundamental physics experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:134801. [PMID: 22026860 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold neutrons (UCNs) play an important role for precise measurements of the properties of the neutron and its interactions. During the past 25 years, a neutron turbine coupled to a liquid deuterium cold neutron source at a high-flux reactor has defined the state of the art for UCN production, despite a long history of efforts towards a new generation of UCN sources. This Letter reports a world-best UCN density available for users, achieved with a new source based on conversion of cold neutrons in superfluid helium. A conversion volume of 5 liters provides at least 274,000 UCN in a single accumulation run. Cyclically repeated operation of the source has been demonstrated, as well.
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Abstract
We consider the potential detection of chameleons using bouncing ultracold neutrons. We show that the presence of a chameleon field over a planar plate would alter the energy levels of ultracold neutrons in the terrestrial gravitational field. When chameleons are strongly coupled to nuclear matter, β≳10(8), we find that the shift in energy levels would be detectable with the forthcoming GRANIT experiment, where a sensitivity of the order of 1% of a peV is expected. We also find that an extremely large coupling β≳10(11) would lead to new bound states at a distance of order 2 μm, which is already ruled out by previous Grenoble experiments. The resulting bound, β≲10(11), is already 3 orders of magnitude better than the upper bound, β≲10(14), from precision tests of atomic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Brax
- Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, IPhT, CNRS, URA 2306, F-91191Gif/Yvette Cedex, France.
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Siria A, Huant S, Auvert G, Comin F, Chevrier J. A scheme for solving the plane-plane challenge in force measurements at the nanoscale. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010; 5:1360-1365. [PMID: 20676201 PMCID: PMC2897036 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Non-contact interaction between two parallel flat surfaces is a central paradigm in sciences. This situation is the starting point for a wealth of different models: the capacitor description in electrostatics, hydrodynamic flow, thermal exchange, the Casimir force, direct contact study, third body confinement such as liquids or films of soft condensed matter. The control of parallelism is so demanding that no versatile single force machine in this geometry has been proposed so far. Using a combination of nanopositioning based on inertial motors, of microcrystal shaping with a focused-ion beam (FIB) and of accurate in situ and real-time control of surface parallelism with X-ray diffraction, we propose here a "gedanken" surface-force machine that should enable one to measure interactions between movable surfaces separated by gaps in the micrometer and nanometer ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siria
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, BP 166 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- CEA/LETI-MINATEC, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- LPMCN, CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Serge Huant
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, BP 166 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Geoffroy Auvert
- ST Microelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, 38926, Crolles, France
| | - Fabio Comin
- ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Joel Chevrier
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, BP 166 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Nesvizhevsky V, Cubitt R, Lychagin E, Muzychka A, Nekhaev G, Pignol G, Protasov K, Strelkov A. Application of Diamond Nanoparticles in Low-Energy Neutron Physics. Materials 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445881 DOI: 10.3390/ma3031768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diamond, with its exceptionally high optical nuclear potential and low absorption cross-section, is a unique material for a series of applications in VCN (very cold neutron) physics and techniques. In particular, powder of diamond nanoparticles provides the best reflector for neutrons in the complete VCN energy range. It allowed also the first observation of quasi-specular reflection of cold neutrons (CN) from disordered medium. Effective critical velocity for such a quasi-specular reflection is higher than that for the best super-mirror. Nano-diamonds survive in high radiation fluxes; therefore they could be used, under certain conditions, in the vicinity of intense neutron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Nesvizhevsky
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble, F-38046, France; E-Mail: (R.C.)
- Research Institute of Materials Technology, Presnenskii val, 21/18, Moscow, 123557, Russia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-476207795; Fax: +33-476207777
| | - Robert Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble, F-38046, France; E-Mail: (R.C.)
| | - Egor Lychagin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot Curie, Dubna, Moscow reg., 141980, Russia; E-Mails: (E.L.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
- Research Institute of Materials Technology, Presnenskii val, 21/18, Moscow, 123557, Russia
| | - Alexei Muzychka
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot Curie, Dubna, Moscow reg., 141980, Russia; E-Mails: (E.L.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
- Research Institute of Materials Technology, Presnenskii val, 21/18, Moscow, 123557, Russia
| | - Grigory Nekhaev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot Curie, Dubna, Moscow reg., 141980, Russia; E-Mails: (E.L.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
- Research Institute of Materials Technology, Presnenskii val, 21/18, Moscow, 123557, Russia
| | - Guillaume Pignol
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, UJF Grenoble 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, 53 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, F-38026, France; E-Mails: (G.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Konstantin Protasov
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, UJF Grenoble 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, 53 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, F-38026, France; E-Mails: (G.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Alexander Strelkov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot Curie, Dubna, Moscow reg., 141980, Russia; E-Mails: (E.L.); (A.M.); (A.S.)
- Research Institute of Materials Technology, Presnenskii val, 21/18, Moscow, 123557, Russia
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